Colorful community or ethnic witches' brew? Multiethnicity and domestic conflict during and after the cold war

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 228-249

  Ellingsen, Tanja ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034164113     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002700044002004     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Aldrich, J. H., and F. D. Nelson 1984. Linear probability, logit and probit models. Sage University Papers series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Science, series no. 07-045. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
2. Auvinen, J. Y. 1997. Political conflict in less developed countries, 1981-89. Journal of Peace Research 34:177-95.
3. Beck, N., J. N. Katz, and R. Tucker. 1998. Taking time seriously: Time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. American Journal of Political Science 42: 825-44.
4. Boswell, T., and W. Dixon 1990. Dependency and rebellion: A cross-national analysis. American Sociological Review 45: 540-59.
5. Britannica book of the year. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
6. Brown, M. E. 1996. The causes and regional dimensions of internal conflict. In The international dimensions of internal conflict, edited by M. E. Brown, 571-602. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Burkhart, R. E., and M. S. Lewis-Beck. 1994. Comparative democracy: The economic development thesis. American Political Science Review 88: 903-10.
8. Carment, D. B. 1993. The international dimensions of ethnic conflict: Concepts, indicators, and theory. Journal of Peace Research 30: 137-50.
9. -. 1994. The ethnic dimension in world politics: Theory, policy and early warning. Third World Quarterly 15: 551-82.
10. Carment, D. B., and P. James 1995. Internal constraints and interstate ethnic conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39: 82-109.
11. -. 1996. Two-level games and third party intervention: Evidence from ethnic conflict in the Balkans and South Asia. Canadian Journal of Political Science 29: 521-54.
12. Crighton, E., and M. A. MacIver. 1991. The evolution of protracted ethnic conflict: Group dominance and political underdevelopment in Northern-Ireland and Lebanon. Comparative Politics 23: 127-42.
13. Dahl, R. A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
14. Davies, J. C. 1962. Toward a theory of revolution. American Sociological Review 27: 5-19.
15. Demographic yearbook. New York: United Nations.
16. Dollard, J., L. W. Doob, N. E. Miller, O. H. Mowrer, and R. R. Sears. 1939. Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
17. Eckstein, H., and T.R. Gurr 1975. Patterns of authority: A structural basis for political inquiry. New York: Wiley.
18. Ellingsen, T. 1995. Multietnisitet og væpnede konflikter. En kvantitativ analyse av befolkningssammensetning, politisk styresett og borgerkrig 1945-92. [Multiethnicity and armed conflicts. A quantitative analysis of composition of population, type of political regime and civil war 1945-92]. Candidatus politicus thesis, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.
19. -. 1997. Farverikt fellesskap eller etnisk heksebrygg? Politisk styresett og væpnet konflikt 1945-92.[Colorful community or ethnic witches' brew? Political regime and armed conflict 1945-92]. Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift 13: 145-167. Reprinted in revised form in Det nye sikkerhetsbildet. Mot en demokratisk og fredelig verden [The new security environment. Towards a democratic and peaceful world]. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir.
20. -. 1997. Farverikt fellesskap eller etnisk heksebrygg? Politisk styresett og væpnet konflikt 1945-92.[Colorful community or ethnic witches' brew? Political regime and armed conflict 1945-92]. Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift 13: 145-167. Reprinted in revised form in Det nye sikkerhetsbildet. Mot en demokratisk og fredelig verden [The new security environment. Towards a democratic and peaceful world]. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir.
21. Ellingsen, T., and N. P. Gleditsch 1997. Democracy and armed conflict in the third world. In Causes of conflict in the third world, edited by K. Volden and D. Smith, 69-81. Oslo, Norway: North/South Coalition and International Peace Research Institute.
22. Ellingsen, T., and A. Schjølset 1999. Are all democracies built on methods of non-violence? Type of democracy and domestic conflict. Paper presented at the Nordic Political Science Congress in Uppsala, Sweden 19-21 August.
23. Engene, J. O. 1994. Europeisk terrorisme: Vold, stat og legitimitet [European terrorism: Violence, state and legitimacy]. Oslo, Norway: TANO.
24. -. 1998. Patterns of terrorism in Western Europe, 1950-1995. Ph.D. diss., Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen.
25. Feierabend, I. K., and R. L. Feierabend. 1972. Systemic conditions of political aggression: An application of frustration-aggression theory. In Anger, violence and politics: Theories and research, edited by I. K. Feierabend, R. L. Feierabend, and T. R. Gurr, 136-83. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
26. Feng, Y. 1997. Democracy, political stability and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science 27: 391-418.
27. Flanagan, W. H., and E. Fogelman. 1970. Patterns of political violence in comparative historical perspective. Comparative Politics 3: 1-20.
28. Gissinger, R. 1998. Fører økonomisk åpenhet til indre konflikter? [Does economic openness lead to domestic violence?]. Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift 14: 309-20.
29. Gleditsch, N. P. 1996. Det nye sikkerhetsbildet: Mot en demokratisk og fredelig verden? [The new security pattern: Towards a democratic and peaceful world?]. Internasjonal Politikk 54: 291-310.
30. Gleditsch, N. P., and H. Hegre. 1997. Peace and democracy: Three levels of analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41: 283-310.
31. Goldberger, A. S. 1991. A course in econometrics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
33. -. 1979. Political protest and rebellion in the 1960s: The United States in world perspective. In Violence in America: Historical and comparative perspectives, edited by D. G. Hugh and T. R. Gurr, 120-145. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
34. -. 1993. Peoples against states: Ethno-political conflict and the changing world system. International Studies Quarterly 38: 347-77.
35. -. 1994. Minorities at risk. Washington DC: U.S. Institute of Peace.
36. Gurr, T. R., and R. Duval. 1973. Civil conflict in the 1960s: A reciprocal theoretical system with parameter estimates. Comparative Political Studies 6: 135-70.
37. Gurr, T. R., and B. Harff. 1994. Ethnic conflict in world politics. Boulder, CO: Westview.
38. Gurr, T. R., and M. I. Lichbach. 1979. A forecasting model for political conflict within nations. In To augur well: Early warning indicators in world politics, edited by J. D. Singer and M. D. Wallace, 120-45. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
39. -. 1981. The conflict process: A formal model. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25: 3-30.
40. Handbook of the nations. annual. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
41. Hardin, R. 1995. One for all: The logic of group conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. Hauge, W. and T. Ellingsen 1998. Beyond environmental scarcity: Causal pathways to conflict. Journal of Peace Research 35: 299-317.
43. Hegre, H., T. Ellingsen, S. Gates, and N. P. Gleditsch. 1999. Towards a democratic civil peace: Opportunity, grievance, and civil war 1816-1992. Paper presented at the Launch seminar for the project on Civil War and Crime in the Third World, World Bank, Washington, DC, 22-23 February.
44. Helliwell, J. F. 1994. Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth. British Journal of Political Science 24:225-48.
45. Heraclides, A. 1990. Secessionist minorities and external involvement. International Organization 44: 341-78.
46. Horowitz, D. 1985. Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
47. -. 1990. Making moderation pay: The comparative politics of ethnic conflict agreement. In Conflict and peacemaking in multiethnic societies, edited by J. V. Monteville, 68-87. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
48. -. 1991. The self-determination of minorities in international politics. Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
49. Huntington, S. P. 1991. The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
50. Jaggers, K., and T. R. Gurr. 1995. Transitions to democracy: Tracking the third wave with Polity III indicators of democracy and autocracy. Journal of Peace Research 31: 469-82.
51. Jakobsen, M. S. 1996a. Fred og velstand eller demokratisk kaos? Regimeendring og borgerkrig 1946-92 [Peace and prosperity or democratic chaos? A quantitative study of regime change and civil war 1946-92]. Internasjonal Politikk 54: 237-52.
52. -. 1996b. Peace and prosperity or democratic chaos? A quantitative study of regime change and civil war 1946-92. Paper presented at the 37th annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, 16-20 April.
53. Jenkins, C. J., and A. Kposowa. 1992. The political origins of African military coups: Ethnic competition, military centrality and the struggle over the post-colonial state. International Studies Quarterly 36: 271-91.
54. Jowitt, K. 1991. The new world disorder. Journal of Democracy 2: 11-20.
55. Laitin, D. D. 1992. Language repertoires and state constructions in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Lake, D. A., and D. Rothchild. 1998. Spreading fear: The genesis of transnational ethnic conflict. In The international spread of ethnic conflict. Fear, diffusion, and escalation, edited by D. A. Lake and D. Rothchild, 3-32. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57. Lipset, S. M. 1959. Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53: 69-106.
58. Londregan, J. B., and K. T. Poole. 1990. Poverty, the coup trap, and the seizure of executive power. World Politics 42: 151-83.
59. -. 1996. Does high income promote democracy? World Politics 49: 1-30.
60. Mearsheimer, J. J. 1990. Back to the future: Instability in Europe after the cold war. International Security 15: 5-56.
61. Muller, E. N., and E. Weede. 1990. Cross national variation in political violence: A rational action approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 34: 624-51.
62. O'Donnell, G., P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead. 1986. Transitions from authoritarian rule: Prospects for democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
63. Przeworski, A., and F. Limongi. 1997. Modernization: Theories and facts. World Politics 49: 131-48.
64. Raknerud, A., and H. Hegre. 1997. The hazard of war: Reassessing the evidence for the democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research 34: 385-404.
65. Riggs, F. W. 1994. Ethno-national rebellions and viable constitutionalism. Paper presented at the 16th World Congress of Political Science, Berlin, 21-25 August.
66. Rothchild, D. 1991. Ghana: The political economy of recovery. Boulder, CO: Lynne Ríenner.
67. Rummel, R. J. 1995. Democracy, power, genocide, and mass murder. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39: 3-26.
68. Rupesinghe, K. 1992. The disappearing boundaries between internal and external conflicts. In Internal conflict and governance, edited by K. Rupesinghe, 1-26. New York: St. Martin's.
69. Schjølset, A. 1996. Are some democracies more peaceful than others? A suggestion for extending the democratic peace perspective. Candidatus politicus thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
70. -. 1998. Er noen demokratier fredeligere enn andre? [Are some democracies more peaceful than others?]. Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift 14:67-90. Reprinted in revised form in Det nye sikkerhetsbildet: Mot en demokratisk og fredelig verden [The new security environment: Towards a democratic and peaceful world]. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir.
71. -. 1998. Er noen demokratier fredeligere enn andre? [Are some democracies more peaceful than others?]. Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift 14:67-90. Reprinted in revised form in Det nye sikkerhetsbildet: Mot en demokratisk og fredelig verden [The new security environment: Towards a democratic and peaceful world]. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir.
72. Singer, J. D. 1996. Cultural correlates of war, 1820-1990. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
73. Singer, J. D., and M. Small. 1993. National capabilities data. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
74. -. 1994. Correlates of war project: International and civil war data, 1816-1992 (ICPSR 9905). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
75. Small, M., and J. D. Singer. 1982. Resort to arms: International and civil wars 1816-1980. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
76. Smith, A. D. 1993. National identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
77. Tilly, C. 1978. From mobilization to revolution. New York: Random House.
78. -. 1991. Ethnic conflict in the Soviet Union. Theory and Society 20: 572-80.
79. Väyrynen, R. 1994. Towards a theory of ethnic conflicts and their resolution. Notre Dame, IN: Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, Notre Dame University.
80. Wallensteen, P., and M. Sollenberg. 1999. Armed conflict, 1989-98. Journal of Peace Research 36: 593-606.
81. Weede, E. 1981. Income inequality, average income and domestic violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25: 639-54.
82. Weede, E., and E. N. Mueller. 1998. Rebellion, violence and revolution: A rational choice perspective. Journal of Peace Research 35: 43-59.