Explaining the Severity of Civil Wars

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 276-289

  Lacina, Bethany ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

battle deaths; civil war; democracy; ethnic violence; state strength

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747395234     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002705284828     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bayer, R., and M. C. Rupert. 2004. Effects of civil wars on international trade, 1950-92. Journal of Peace Research 41 (6): 699-713.
2. Bennett, D. S., and A. C. Stam. 1996. The duration of interstatewars, 1816-1985. AmericanPolitical Science Review 90 (2): 239-257.
3. Bennett, D. S., and A. C. Stam. 2000. EUGene: A conceptual manual. International Interactions 26 (2): 179-204.
4. Benson, M., and J. Kugler. 1998. Power parity, democracy, and the severity of internal violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (2): 196-209.
5. Black, R., S. Morris, and J. Bryce. 2003. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361 (9376): 2226-2234.
6. Brass, P. 1994. The politics of India since independence: Vol. 1. The new Cambridge history of India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bueno de Mesquita, B., and D. Lalman. 1992. War and reason: Domestic imperatives and international imperatives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
8. Carey, S. C. 2005. Patterns of authority and the escalation of intrastate conflict. Paper presented at the general meeting of the European Consortium for Political Research, September 8-10, Budapest.
9. Collier, P., L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol, and N. Sambanis. 2003. Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10. Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2001. Greed and grievance in civil war. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2355, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
11. Duffield, M. 1998. Post-modern conflict: Warlords, post-adjustment states and private protection. Civil Wars 1 (1): 65-102.
12. Elbadawi, I. A., and N. Sambanis. 2002. How muchwar will we see? Explaining the prevalence of civilwar. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3): 307-334.
13. Ellingsen, T. 2000. Colorful community or ethnic witches'brew? Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (2): 228-249.
14. Eriksson, M., P. Wallensteen, and M. Sollenberg. 2003. Armed conflict, 1989-2002. Journal of Peace Research 40 (5): 593-607.
15. Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin. 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civilwar. AmericanPolitical Science Review 97 (1): 75-90.
16. Fortna, V. P. 2004. Does peacekeeping keep peace? International intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International Studies Quarterly 48 (2): 269-292.
17. Ghobarah, H. A., P. K. Huth, and B. Russett. 2003. Civilwars kill and maim people—long after the shooting stops. American Political Science Review 97 (2): 189-202.
18. Gleditsch, N. P., P. Wallensteen, M. Eriksson, M. Sollenberg, and H. Strand. 2002. Armed conflict, 1946-2001: A new dataset. Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615-637.
19. Harff, B. 2003. No lessons learned from the Holocaust? Assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. American Political Science Review 97 (1): 57-73.
20. Harff, B., and T. R. Gurr. 1988. Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides: Identification and measurement of cases since 1945. International Studies Quarterly 32 (3): 359-371.
21. Hegre, H., T. Ellingsen, N. P. Gleditsch, and S. Gates. 2001. Towards a democratic civil peace? American Political Science Review 95 (1): 33-48.
22. Herbst, J. 2004. African militaries and rebellion: The political economy of threat and combat effectiveness. Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 357-369.
23. Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
24. Huntington, S. 1997. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
25. Kaldor, M. 1999. New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
26. Kalyvas, S. N. 2001. “New” and “old” civil wars: A valid distinction? World Politics 54 (1): 99-118.
27. Kalyvas, S. N. 2005. Warfare in civil wars. In Rethinking the nature of war, edited by I. Duyvesteyn and J. Angstrom, 88-108. London: Frank Cass.
28. Karp, A. 1988. The trade in conventional weapons. In SIPRI yearbook 1988: World armaments and disarmament, 175-201. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
29. Krug, E. G., L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, and R. Lozano. 2002. World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
30. Lacina, B. 2004. From side show to centre stage: Civil conflict after the cold war. Security Dialogue 35 (2): 191-205.
31. Lacina, B. 2005. Rebels as lobbyists: A political theory of asymmetrical insurgency. Paper presented at the general meeting of the European Consortium for Political Research, September 8-10, Budapest.
32. Lacina, B., and N. P. Gleditsch. 2005. Monitoring trends in global combat: A new dataset of battle deaths. European Journal of Population 2-3: 145-166.
33. Marshall, M. G., and K. Jaggers. 2003. Polity IV project. College Park: Center for InternationalDevelopment and Conflict Management at the University of Maryland.
34. Mueller, J. 2003. Policing the remnants of war. Journal of Peace Research 40 (5): 507-518.
35. Murdoch, J. C., and T. Sandler. 2002. Economic growth, civilwars, and spatial spillovers. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 91-110.
36. Pape, R. A. 2003. The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. AmericanPolitical Science Review 97 (3): 343-361.
37. Regan, P. 2000. Civil wars and foreign powers: Outside intervention in intrastate conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
38. Reynal-Querol, M. 2002. Ethnicity, political systems, and civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29-54.
39. Sambanis, N. 2002. A review of recent advances and future directions in the quantitative literature on civil war. Defence and Peace Economics 13 (3): 215-243.
40. Sambanis, N. 2004. What is a civilwar? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (6): 814-858.
41. Singer, J. D., S. Bremer, and J. Stuckey. 1972. Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820-1965. In Peace, war and numbers, edited by B. Russett, 19-48. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
42. SIPRI. 1969. SIPRI yearbook of world armaments and disarmament 1968/9. NewYork: Humanities Press.
43. SIPRI. 1978. SIPRI yearbook 1978: World armaments and disarmament. London: Taylor & Francis.
44. SIPRI. 1988. SIPRI yearbook 1988: World armaments and disarmament. London: Taylor & Francis.
45. Siverson, R. M. 1995. Democracies and war participation: In defense of the institutional constraints argument. European Journal of International Relations 1 (4): 481-489.
46. Snow, D. M. 1996. Uncivil wars: International security and the new internal conflicts. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
47. Thies, C. G. 2004. State building, interstate and intrastate rivalry: Astudy of post-colonial developing country extractive efforts, 1975-2000. International Studies Quarterly 48 (1): 53-72.
48. Valentino, B., P. K. Huth, and D. Balch-Lindsay. 2004. “Draining the sea”: Mass killing and guerillawarfare. International Organization 58 (2): 375-407.
49. Walter, B. 1997. The critical barrier to civil war settlement. International Organization 51 (3): 335-364.
50. World Bank. 2003. World development indicators. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.