Higher-level phylogenetics of linyphiid spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence

Cladistics

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 231-262

  Arnedo, Miquel A ^a   Hormiga, Gustavo ^b   Scharff, Nikolaj ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLADISTICS; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; SPECIALIZATION; SPIDER;

ARANEAE; ARANEIDAE; ARANEOIDEA; BATHYPHANTES; CYATHOLIPIDAE; ERIGONINAE; LABULLA; LINYPHIIDAE; LINYPHIINAE; MYSMENIDAE; NESTICIDAE; PIMOIDAE; PITYOHYPHANTES; SYNOTAXIDAE; TETRAGNATHIDAE; THERIDIIDAE; THERIDIOSOMATIDAE;

EID: 65249149974     PISSN: 07483007     EISSN: 10960031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00249.x     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Agnarsson, I., 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 141 (4 447 626.
2. Agnarsson, I., Coddington, J.A., 2008. Quantitative tests of primary homology. Cladistics 24, 51 61.
3. Agustí, N., Shayler, S.P., Harwood, J.D., Vaughan, I.P., Sunderland, K.D., Symondson, W.O.C., 2003. Collembola as alternative prey sustaining spiders in arable ecosystems: prey detection within predators using molecular markers. Mol. Ecol. 12, 3467 3475.
4. Alfaro, M.E., Zoller, S., Lutzoni, F., 2003. Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 255 266.
5. Alvarez-Padilla, F., Hormiga, G., 2008. A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. J. Arachnol. 35, 538 542.
6. Alvarez-Padilla, F., Dimitrov, D.S., Giribet, G., Hormiga, G. In press. Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Cladistics, doi
7. Anderson, J.F., Prestwich, K.N., 1982. Respiratory gas exchange in spiders. Physiol. Zool. 55, 72 90.
8. Arnedo, M.A., Oromí, P., Ribera, C., 2001. Radiation of the spider genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets. Cladistics 17, 313 353.
9. Arnedo, M.A., Coddington, J., Agnarsson, I., Gillespie, R.G., 2004. From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 225 245.
10. Arnedo, M.A., Agnarsson, I., Gillespie, R.G., 2007. Molecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna. Zool. Scr. 36, 337 352.
11. Benjamin, S.P., Zschokke, S., 2004. Homology, behaviour and spider webs: web construction behaviour of Linyphia hortensis and L. triangularis (Araneae Linyphiidae) and its evolutionary significance. J. Evol. Biol. 17, 120 130.
12. Blackledge, T., Scharff, N., Coddington, J.A., Szüts, T., Wenzel, J.W., Hayashi, C.Y., Agnarsson, I., 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi :.
13. Blest, A.D., 1976. The tracheal arrangement and the classification of linyphiid spiders. J. Zool. 180, 185 194.
14. Blest, A.D., 1979. Linyphiidae Mynogleninae. In : Forster, R.R., Blest, A.D. (Eds The spiders of New Zealand, part V. Otago Mus. Bull. 5, 95 173.
15. Blest, A.D., 1987. The copulation of a linyphiid spider, Baryphyma pratense: does a female receive a blood-meal from her mate? J. Zool. 213, 189 191.
16. Blest, A.D., Pomeroy, G., 1978. The sexual behaviour and genital mechanics of three species of Mynoglenes (Araneae: Linyphiidae). J. Zool. 185, 319 340.
17. Blest, A.D., Taylor, H.H., 1977. The clypeal glands of Mynoglenes and of some other Linyphiid spiders. J. Zool. 183, 473 493.
18. Bremer, K., 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42, 795 803.
19. Bremer, K., 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10, 295 304.
20. Bristowe, W.S., 1931. The mating habits of spiders: a second supplement, with the description of a new thomisid from Krakatau. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 4, 1401 1412.
21. Bromhall, C., 1987. Spider tracheal systems. Tissue Cell 19, 793 807.
22. Buckley, T.R., Arensburger, P., Simon, C., Chambers, G.K., 2002. Combined data, Bayesian phylogenetics, and the origin of the New Zealand cicada genera. Syst. Biol. 51, 4 18.
23. Clerck, C., 1757. Svenska spindlar uti sina hufvud-slägter indelte samt under några och sextio särskildte arter beskrefne och med illuminerade figurer upplyste, på Kongl. Vetensk. Societ. i Upsala befallning utgifne-Aranei svecici, descriptionibus et figuris aeneis illustrati, ad genera subalterna redacti, speciebus ultra LX determinati, auspiciis Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. L. Salvius, Stockholmiae. http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no-cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=222310
24. Coddington, J.A., 1983. A temporary slide mount allowing precise manipulation of small structures. Verh. naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg., NF 26, 291 292.
25. Coddington, J.A., 1986. The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 422, 1 96.
26. Coddington, J.A., Scharff, N., 1996. Problems with 'soft' polytomies. Cladistics 12, 139 145.
27. Colgan, D.J., McLauchlan, A., Wilson, G.D.F., Livingston, S.P., Edgecombe, G.D., Macaranas, J., Cassis, G., Gray, M.R., 1998. Histone H3 and U2 snRNA DNA sequences and arthropod molecular evolution. Aust. J. Zool. 46, 419 437.
28. Colless, D.H., 1980. Congruence between morphometric and allozyme data for Menidia species: a reappraisal. Syst. Zool. 29, 288 299.
29. Denis, J., 1949. Notes sur les érigonides. XVI. Essai sur la détermination des femelles d'érigonides. Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 83, 129 158.
30. Eberhard, W.G., 1985. Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
31. Eberhard, W.G., 1996. Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
32. Eernisse, D.J., Kluge, A.G., 1993. Taxonomic congruence versus total evidence, and amniote phylogeny inferred from fossils, molecules, and morphology. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 1170 1195.
33. Eggleton, P., Vane-Wright, R. (Eds 1994. Phylogenetics and Ecology. Academic Press, London.
34. Farris, J.S., Albert, V.A., Källersjö, M., Lipscomb, D., Kluge, A.G., 1996. Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 12, 99 124.
35. Fitch, W.M., 1971. Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Zool. 20, 404 416.
36. Floren, A., Deeleman-Reinhold, C., 2005. Diversity of arboreal spiders in primary and disturbed tropical forests. J. Arachnol. 33, 323 333.
37. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., Vrijenhoek, R., 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Marine Biol. Biotechnol. 3, 294 299.
38. Garb, J.E., Gonzalez, A., Gillespie, R.G., 2004. The black widow spider genus Latrodectus: phylogeny, biogeography and invasion history. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 1127 1142.
39. Gillespie, R.G., Croom, H.B., Hasty, G.L., 1997. Phylogenetic relationships and adaptive shifts among major clades of Tetragnatha spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) in Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 51, 380 394.
40. Gillespie, R.G., Palumbi, S.R., Croom, H.B., 1994. Multiple origins of a spider radiation in Hawaii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2290 2294.
41. Giribet, G., Wheeler, W.C., 1999. On gaps. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13, 132 143.
42. Giribet, G., Wheeler, W.C., 2007. The case for sensitivity: a response to Grant and Kluge. Cladistics 23, 294 296.
43. Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Riutort, M., Baguna, J., Ribera, C., 1999. Internal phylogeny of the Chilopoda (Myriapoda, Arthropoda) using complete 18S rDNA and partial 28S rDNA sequences. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 354, 215 222.
44. Goloboff, P.A., 1993. Pee-Wee, version 3.0. Program available at http://www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/Nona-PeeWee.
45. Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Nixon, K.C., 2003. TNT: Tree Analysis Using New Technologi. Program and documentation available at http://www.zmuc.dk/ public/phylogeny/TNT.
46. Grandjean, F., 1949. Observation et conservation des très petits arthropodes. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. 21, 363 370.
47. Grant, T., Kluge, A.G., 2005. Stability, sensitivity, science, and heurism. Cladistics 21, 597 604.
48. Griswold, C.E., Coddington, J.A., Hormiga, G., Scharff, N., 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 123, 1 99.
49. Hall, T.A., 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95-98-NT. Symposium on RNA biology; RNA, tool and target. Oxford University Press, Research Triangle Park, NC, pp. 95 98.
50. Hedin, M., 1997a. Speciational history in a diverse clade of habitat-specialized spiders (Araneae: Nesticidae: Nesticus): inferences from geographic-based sampling. Evolution 51, 1927 1943.
51. Hedin, M., 1997b. Molecular phylogenetics at the population-species interface in cave spiders of the southern Appalachians (Araneae: Nesticidae: Nesticus). Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 309 324.
52. Hedin, M.C., Maddison, W.P., 2001. A combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 18, 386 403.
53. Holm, Å., 1979. A taxonomic study of European and East African species of the genera Pelecopsis and Trichopterna (Araneae, Linyphiidae), with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of Pelecopsis from Kenya. Zool. Scr. 8, 255 278.
54. Hormiga, G., 1993. Implications of the phylogeny of Pimoidae (new rank) for the systematics of linyphiid spiders (Araneae: Araneoidea, Linyphiidae). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 33, 533 542.
55. Hormiga, G., 1994a. Cladistics and the comparative morphology of linyphiid spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 111, 1 71.
56. Hormiga, G., 1994b. A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 549, 1 104.
57. Hormiga, G., 1999. Cephalothoracic sulci in linyphiine spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae). J. Arachnol. 27, 94 102.
58. Hormiga, G., 2000. Higher level phylogenetics of erigonine spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 609, 1 160.
59. Hormiga, G., 2002. Orsonwelles, a new genus of giant linyphiid spiders (Araneae) from the Hawaiian islands. Invertebr. Syst. 16, 369 448.
60. Hormiga, G., 2003. Weintrauboa, a new genus of pimoid spiders from Japan and adjacent islands, with comments on the monophyly and diagnosis of the family Pimoidae and the genus Pimoa (Araneoidea, Araneae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 139, 261 281.
61. Hormiga, G., 2007. Web architecture in the spider family Linyphiidae. Am. Arachnol. 74, 6.
62. Hormiga, G., 2008. On the spider genus Weintrauboa (Araneae, Pimoidae), with a description of a new species from China and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. Zootaxa 1814, 1 20.
63. Hormiga, G., Scharff, N., 2005. Monophyly and phylogenetic placement of the spider genus Labulla Simon, 1884 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) and description of the new genus Pecado. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 143, 359 404.
64. Hormiga, G., Tu, L., 2008. On Putaoa, a new genus of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneae) from China, with a cladistic test of its monophyly and phylogenetic placement. Zootaxa 1792, 1 21.
65. Hormiga, G., Eberhard, W.G., Coddington, J.A., 1995. Web construction behavior in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Aust. J. Zool. 43, 313 364.
66. Hormiga, G., Arnedo, M.A., Gillespie, G., 2003. Speciation on a conveyor belt: sequential colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Orsonwelles spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Syst. Biol. 52, 70 88.
67. Hormiga, G., Buckle, D.J., Scharff, N., 2005. Nanoa, an enigmatic new genus of pimoid spiders from western North America (Pimoidae, Araneae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145, 249 262.
68. Huber, B.A., 2004. The significance of copulatory structures in spider systematics. In : Schult, J. (Ed Studien zur Theorie der Biologie, Band 5, Biosemiotik - Praktische Anwendung und Konsequenzen für die Einzeldisziplinen. Berlin, VWB-Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, pp. 89 100.
69. Huber, B.A., 2005. Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases. Biol. Rev. 80, 363 385.
70. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Ronquist, F., Nielsen, R., Bollback, J.P., 2001. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. Science 294, 2310 2314.
71. Kjer, K.M., 1995. Use of rRNA secondary structure in phylogenetic studies to identify homologous positions: An example of alignment and data presentation from the frogs. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 4, 314 330.
72. Kluge, A.G., 1998. Total evidence or taxonomic congruence: cladistics or consensus classification. Cladistics 14, 151 158.
73. Lamy, E., 1902. Recherches anatomiques sur les trachées des Araignées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 15, 149 280.
74. Lehtonen, S., 2008. Phylogeny estimation and alignment via POY versus Clustal + PAUP*: A response to Ogden and Rosenberg (2007). Syst. Biol. 57, 653 657.
75. Levi, H.W., 1967. Adaptation of respiratory systems of spiders. Evolution, 21, 571 583.
76. Lewis, P.O., 2001. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst. Biol. 50, 913 925.
77. Lewis, P.O., Swofford, D.L., 2001. Phylogenetic systematics turns over a new leaf. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 30 36.
78. Liu, K., Nelesen, S., Raghavan, S., Linder, C.R., Warnow, T., 2008. Barking up the wrong treelength: the impact of gap penalty on alignment and tree accuracy. IEEE-ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TCBB.2008.63.
79. Lopardo, L., Hormiga, G., 2007. On the synaphrid spider Cepheia longiseta (Simon 1881) (Araneae, Synaphridae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3575, 1 18.
80. Lopardo, L., Hormiga, G., 2008. Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24, 1 33.
81. Maddison, W.P., 1990. A method for testing the correlated evolution of two binary characters: are gains or losses concentrated on certain branches of a phylogenetic tree? Evolution 44, 539 557.
82. Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., 2007. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.0. Available from http://mesquiteproject.org.
83. Merrett, P., 1963. The palpus of male spiders of the family Linyphiidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 140, 347 467.
84. Mickevich, M.F., Farris, J.S., 1981. The implications of incongruence in Menidia. Syst. Zool. 30, 351 370.
85. Miller, J.A., 2007. Review of Erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae,: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 149 (S1 1 263.
86. Miller, J.A., Hormiga, G., 2004. Clade stability and the addition of data - a case study from erigonine spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Cladistics 20, 385 442.
87. Millidge, A.F., 1977. The conformation of the male palpal organs of Linyphiid spiders and its application to the taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of the family (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 4, 1 60.
88. Millidge, A.F., 1984. The taxonomy of the Linyphiidae, based chiefly on the epigynal and tracheal characters (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 6, 229 267.
89. Millidge, A.F., 1986. A revision of the tracheal structures of the Linyphiidae (Araneae). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 7, 57 61.
90. Millidge, A.F., 1993. Further remarks on the taxonomy and relationships of the Linyphiidae, based on the epigynal duct conformation and other characters (Araneae). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 9, 145 156.
91. Mindell, D.P., 1991. Aligning DNA sequences: homology and phylogenetic weighting. In : Miyamoto, M.M., Cracraft, J. (Eds Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 73 89.
92. Morrison, D., Ellis, J., 1997. Effects of nucleotide sequence alignment on phylogeny estimation: a case study of 18S rDNAs of apicomplexa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 428 441.
93. Needleman, S.B., Wunsch, C.D., 1970. A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the aminoacid sequence of two proteins. J. Mol. Evol. 48, 443 453.
94. Nixon, K.C., 1999. The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15, 407 414.
95. Nixon, K.C., 2002. WinClada. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York. Program available at http://www.cladistics.com
96. Nixon, K.C., Carpenter, J.M., 1996. On simultaneous analysis. Cladistics 12, 221 241.
97. Nylander, J.A.A., Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2004. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Syst. Biol. 53, 47 67.
98. Ogden, T.H., Rosenberg, M.S., 2007. Alignment and topological accuracy of the direct optimization approach via POY and traditional phylogenetics via ClustalW + PAUP*. Syst. Biol. 56, 182 193.
99. Opell, B.D., 1990. The relationship of book lung and tracheal systems in the spider family Uloboridae. J. Morphol. 206, 211 216.
100. Opell, B.D., 1998. The respiratory complementarity of spider book lung and tracheal systems. J. Morphol. 236, 57 64.
101. Platnick, N.I., 2008. The World Spider Catalog, Version 8. American Museum of Natural History, http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ index.html.
102. Posada, D., Crandall, K.A., 1998. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817 818.
103. Purcell, W.F., 1909. Development and origin of the respiratory organs in Araneae, Quart. J. Microscope. Sci. 54, 1 110.
104. Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., 2003. TRACER. http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/ tracer.
105. Ramírez, M.J., 2007. Homology as a parsimony problem: a dynamic homology approach for morphological data. Cladistics 23, 588 612.
106. Ramírez, M.J., 2000. Respiratory system morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae). J. Arachnol. 28, 149 157.
107. Rix, M.G., Harvey, M.S., Roberts, J.D., 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of the spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae) using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46, 1031 1048.
108. Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P., 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572 1574.
109. Saaristo, M.I., 2007. A new subfamily of linyphiid spiders based on a new genus created for the keyserlingi-group of the genus Lepthyphantes (Aranei: Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta 16, 33 42.
110. Saaristo, M.I., Tanasevitch, A.V., 1993. Notes on the systematics of the spider genus Lepthyphantes Menge (Aranei Linyphiidae Micronetinae). Arthropoda Selecta 2, 55 61.
111. Saaristo, M.I., Tanasevitch, A.V., 1996. Redelimitation of the subfamily Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 with descriptions of some new genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Ber. Nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck 83, 163 186.
112. Saaristo, M.I., Tanasevitch, A.V., 1999. Reclassification of the mughi-group of the genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 (sensu lato) (Aranei: Linyphiidae: Micronetinae). Ber. nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck 86, 139 147.
113. Saaristo, M.I., Tanasevitch, A.V., 2001. Reclassification of the pallidus-, insignis-, and spelaeorum-groups of Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 (sensu lato) (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae: Micronetinae). Reichenbachia 34, 5 17.
114. Schaible, U., Gack, C., 1987. Zur Morphologie, Histologie und biologischen Bedeutung der Kopfstrukturen einiger Arten der Gattung Diplocephalus (Araneida, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Verhand. Natur. Vereins Hamburg 29, 171 180.
115. Schaible, U., Gack, C., Paulus, H.F., 1986. Zur Morphologie, Histologie und biologischen Bedeutung der Kopfstrukturen männlicher Zwergspinnen (Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Zool Jahrbücher, Abteil. Systematik, Ökol. Geog. Tiere 113, 389 408.
116. Scharff, N., 1990a. Spiders of the family Linyphiidae from the Uzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Araneae). Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 36, 1 95.
117. Scharff, N., 1990b. A catalogue of African Linyphiidae (Araneae). Steenstrupia 16 (8 117 152.
118. Scharff, N., 1992. The linyphiid fauna of Eastern Africa (Araneae, Linyphiidae) - distribution patterns, diversity and endemism. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 45, 117 154.
119. Scharff, N., 1993. The linyphiid spider fauna (Araneae, Linyphiidae) of mountain forests in the Eastern Arc mountains. In : Lovett, J., Wasser, S.K. (Eds Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 115 132.
120. Scharff, N., Coddington, J.A., 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 120, 355 434.
121. Scharff, N., Gudik-Sørensen, O., 2006. Katalog over Danmarks edderkopper (Araneae)-Catalogue of the Spiders of Denmark (Araneae). Entomol. Medd. 74, 3 71.
122. Schlegelmilch, B., 1974. Zur biologischen Bedeutung der Kopffortsätze bei Zwergspinnenmännchen (Microphantidae). Diploma Thesis, Freiburg University, Germany.
123. Schmitz, A., 2004. Metabolic rates during rest and activity in differently tracheated spiders (Arachnida, Araneae): Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) and Marpissa muscosa (Salticidae). J. Comp. Physiol. 174, 519 526.
124. Schmitz, A., 2005. Spiders on a treadmill: influence of running activity on metabolic rates in Pardosa lugubris (Araneae, Lycosidae) and Marpissa muscosa (Araneae, Salticidae). J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1401 1411.
125. Schmitz, A., Perry, S.F., 2000. Respiratory system of arachnids I: morphology of the respiratory system of Salticus scenicus and Euophrys lanigera (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). Arthropod Struct. Dev. 29, 3 12.
126. Schmitz, A., Perry, S.F., 2001. Bimodal breathing in jumping spiders: morphometric partitioning of the lungs and tracheae in Salticus scenicus (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). J. Exp. Biol. 204, 4321 4334.
127. Schmitz, A., Perry, S.F., 2002. Respiratory organs in wolf spiders: morphometric analysis of lungs and tracheae in Pardosa lugubris (L.) (Arachnida, Araneae, Lycosidae). Arthropod Struct. Dev. 31, 217 230.
128. Silva, D., Coddington, J.A., 1996. Spiders of Pakitza (Madre de Dios) Peru: Species richness and notes on community structure. In : Wilson, D.E., Sandoval, A. (Eds. The Biodiversity of Pakitza and its Environs. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 241 299.
129. Simmons, M.P., 2004. Independence of alignment and tree search. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 874 879.
130. Simmons, M.P., Ochoterena, H., 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Biol. 49, 369 381.
131. Simmons, M.P., Ochoterena, H., Carr, T.G., 2001. Incorporation, relative homoplasy, and effect of gap characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Biol. 50, 454 462.
132. Simmons, M.P., Pickett, K.M., Miya, M., 2004. How meaningful are Bayesian support values? Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 188 199.
133. Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., 1994. Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87, 651 701.
134. Sørensen, L., Coddington, J.A., Scharff, N., 2002. Inventorying and estimating spider diversity using semi-quantitative sampling methods in an afrotropical montane forest. Environ. Entomol. 31, 319 330.
135. Suzuki, Y., Glazko, G.V., Nei, M., 2002. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16138 16143.
136. Swofford, D.L., 2001. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
137. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The CLUSTAL-X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4876 4882.
138. Tu, L.H., Li, S.Q., 2006. A review of the linyphiid spider genus Solenysa (Araneae, Linyphiidae). J. Arachnol. 34, 87 97.
139. Vanacker, D., Borre, J.V., Jonckheere, A., Maes, L., Pardo, S., Hendrickx, F., Maelfait, J.-P., 2003a. Dwarf spiders (Erigoninae, Linyphiidae, Araneae): good candidates for evolutionary research. Belg. J. Zool. 133, 145 151.
140. Vanacker, D., Maes, L., Pardo, S., Hendrickx, F., Maelfait, J.-P., 2003b. Is the hairy groove in the gibbosus male morph of Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall 1841) a nuptial feeding device? J. Arachnol. 31, 309 315.
141. Wheeler, W.C., 1995. Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Syst. Biol. 44, 321 331.
142. Wheeler, W.C., 1996. Optimization alignment: the end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics? Cladistics 12, 1 9.
143. Wheeler, W.C., 2001. Homology and the optimization of DNA sequence data. Cladistics 17, 3 11.
144. Wheeler, W.C., Gladstein, D., 2000. POY. Program and documentation available at ftp://amnh.org/pub/molecular.
145. Wheeler, W.C., Hayashi, C.Y., 1998. The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders. Cladistics 14, 173 192.
146. Wheeler, W.C., Gatesy, J., DeSalle, R., 1995. Elision: A method for accommodating multiple molecular sequence alignments with alignment-ambiguous sites. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 4, 1 9.
147. Whiting, M.F., Carpenter, J.C., Wheeler, Q.D., Wheeler, W.C., 1997. The strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 46, 1 68.
148. Wiehle, H., 1956. Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea. X. 28. Familie Linyphiidae. Tierwelt Deutschlands 44, 1 337.
149. Wilcox, T.P., Zwickl, D.J., Heath, T.A., Hillis, D.M., 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25, 361 371.
150. Wunderlich, J., 1986. Spinnenfauna Gestern und Heute. Wiesbaden, Germany, Erich Bauer Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany.
151. Young, N.D., Healy, J., 2002. GapCoder. http://www.trinity.edu/nyoung/ GapCoder/Download.html.