Neurobiology of wisdom: A literature overview

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 355-365

  Meeks, Thomas W ^a,b   Jeste, Dilip V ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROTRANSMITTER;

BRAIN REGION; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOWN REGULATION; EMOTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; LIMBIC CORTEX; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PHYLOGENY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SOCIAL ATTITUDE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; EMPATHY; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MORALS; NERVE NET; NEUROPEPTIDES; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS;

EID: 64849092838     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Aquinas T. Summa contra Gentiles. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press; 1991.
2. Takahashi M. Toward a culturally inclusive understanding of wisdom: historical roots in the East and West. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2000;51(3):217-230.
3. Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. New York, NY: Lexicon Publications; 1990.
4. Jeste DV, Vahia I. Comparison of the conceptualization of wisdom in ancient Indian literature with modern views: focus on the Bhagavad Gita. Psychiatry. 2008;71(3):197-209.
5. Takahashi M, Overton WF. Cultural foundations of wisdom: an integrated developmental approach. In: Sternberg RJ, Jordan J, eds. A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2005:32-60.
6. Birren JE, Svensson CM. Wisdom in history. In: Sternberg RJ, Jordan J, eds. A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2005:3-31.
7. Brugman GM. Wisdom and Aging. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2006.
8. Ardelt M. Wisdom as expert knowledge system: a critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Hum Dev. 2004;47(5):257- 285.
9. Zola-Morgan S. Localization of brain function: the legacy of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:359-383.
10. Rosel N. Clarification and application of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of man. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1988;27(1):11-23.
11. Baltes PB, Smith J, Staudinger UM. Wisdom and successful aging. Nebr Symp Motiv. 1991;39:123-167.
12. Clayton V. Wisdom and intelligence: the nature and function of knowledge in the later years. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1982;15(4):315-321.
13. Sternberg RJ. Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
14. Ardelt M. Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Res Aging. 2003;25(3):275-324.
15. Vaillant GE. Mental health. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1373- 1384.
16. Tucker PM, Pfefferbaum B, North CS, Kent A, Burgin CE, Parker DE, Hossain A, Jeon-Slaughter H, Trautman RP. Physiologic reactivity despite emotional resilience several years after direct exposure to terrorism. Am J Psychiatry. 2007; 164(2):230-235.
17. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
18. Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161(2):195-216.
19. Blazer DG. Successful aging. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(1):2-5.
20. Vaillant GE. Does Wisdom Increase With Age? Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life From the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co; 2002:249-257.
21. Brugman GM. Wisdom and aging. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, eds. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 6th ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005: 445-469.
22. Jason LA, Reichler A, King C, Madsen D, Camacho J, Marchese W. The measurement of wisdom: a preliminary report. J Community Psychol. 2001; 29(5):585-598.
23. Hall SS. The older-and-wiser hypothesis. New York Times. May 6, 2007. http:// www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/magazine/06Wisdom-t.html. Accessed January 6, 2009.
24. Hergott LJ. A piece of my mind. Playing the Moonlight Sonata from memory: celebrating the wonders of our difficult life. JAMA. 2002;288(20):2516-2517.
25. Keeley D. Rigorous assessment of palliative care revisited: wisdom and compassion are needed when evidence is lacking. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1447- 1448.
26. Daniele F. First International Conference between West and East-Leonardo and Lao-Tze: Western science meets Eastern wisdom. Experiences of scientists and intellectuals for the creation of a new paradigm of modern science. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5(1):51-54.
27. Nemiroff GH. Reconstructing Education: Toward a Pedagogy of Critical Humanism. New York, NY: Bergin and Garvey; 1992.
28. Glover RJ. Perspectives on aging: issues affecting the latter part of the life cycle. Educ Gerontol. 1998;24(4):325-331.
29. Brown SC, Greene JA. The Wisdom Development Scale: translating the conceptual to the concrete. J Coll Student Dev. 2008;47(1):1-19.
30. Baltes PB, Staudinger UM. Wisdom: a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):122-136.
31. Vaillant GE, Mukamal K. Successful aging. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(6):839- 847.
32. Eisenberg N. Empathy-related responding and prosocial behaviour. Novartis Found Symp. 2007;278:71-80.
33. de Waal FB. Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:279-300.
34. di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res. 1992;91(1):176-180.
35. Craighero L, Metta G, Sandini G, Fadiga L. The mirror-neurons system: data and models. Prog Brain Res. 2007;164:39-59.
36. Decety J, Jackson PL. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004;3(2):71-100.
37. Pfeifer JH, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC, Dapretto M. Mirroring others' emotions relates to empathy and interpersonal competence in children. Neuroimage. 2008; 39(4):2076-2085.
38. Perner J, Lang B. Development of theory of mind and executive control. Trends Cogn Sci. 1999;3(9):337-344.
39. Fletcher PC, Happe F, Frith U, Baker SC, Dolan RJ, Frackowiak RS, Frith CD. Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of "theory of mind" in story comprehension. Cognition. 1995;57(2):109-128.
40. Gallagher HL, Happé F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Frith CD. Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(1):11-21.
41. Goel V, Grafman J, Sadato N, Hallett M. Modeling other minds. Neuroreport. 1995;6(13):1741-1746.
42. Brunet E, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Bayle MC, Decety JA. PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task. Neuroimage. 2000;11(2):157-166.
43. Seitz RJ, Schäfer R, Scherfeld D, Friederichs S, Popp K, Wittsack HJ, Azari NP, Franz M. Valuating other people's emotional face expression: a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography study. Neuroscience. 2008;152(3):713-722.
44. Seitz RJ, Nickel J, Azari NP. Functional modularity of the medial prefrontal cortex: involvement in human empathy. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(6):743-751.
45. Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, Spence SA, Deakin JF, Tarrier N, Griffiths PD, Woodruff PW. Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness. Neuroreport. 2001;12(11):2433-2438.
46. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tomer R, Berger BD, Aharon-Peretz J. Characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage: the role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci. 2003;15(3):324-337.
47. Lawrence EJ, Shaw P, Giampietro VP, Surguladze S, Brammer MJ, David AS. The role of 'shared representations' in social perception and empathy: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2006;29(4):1173-1184.
48. De Dreu CK, Weingart LR, Kwon S. Influence of social motives on integrative negotiation: a meta-analytic review and test of two theories. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;78(5):889-905.
49. Rilling J, Gutman D, Zeh T, Pagnoni G, Berns G, Kilts C. A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron. 2002;35(2):395-405.
50. Decety J, Jackson PL, Sommerville JA, Chaminade T, Meltzoff AN. The neural bases of cooperation and competition: an fMRI investigation. Neuroimage. 2004; 23(2):744-751.
51. Singer T, Kiebel SJ, Winston JS, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron. 2004;41(4):653-662.
52. de Quervain DJ, Fischbacher U, Treyer V, Schellhammer M, Schnyder U, Buck A, Fehr E. The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science. 2004;305(5688): 1254-1258.
53. Rilling JK, Sanfey AG, Aronson JA, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD. Opposing BOLD responses to reciprocated and unreciprocated altruism in putative reward pathways. Neuroreport. 2004;15(16):2539-2543.
54. Rilling JK, Glenn AL, Jairam MR, Pagnoni G, Goldsmith DR, Elfenbein HA, Lilienfeld SO. Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(11):1260-1271.
55. Lehmann L, Keller L. The evolution of cooperation and altruism-a general framework and a classification of models. J Evol Biol. 2006;19(5):1365-1376.
56. Harbaugh WT, Mayr U, Burghart DR. Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science. 2007;316(5831): 1622-1625.
57. Moll J, Krueger F, Zahn R, Pardini M, Oliveira-Souza R, Grafman J. Human frontomesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(42):15623-15628.
58. Hur YM, Rushton JP. Genetic and environmental contributions to prosocial behaviour in 2- to 9-year-old South Korean twins. Biol Lett. 2007;3(6):664-666.
59. Rushton JP. Genetic and environmental contributions to pro-social attitudes: a twin study of social responsibility. Proc Biol Sci. 2004;271(1557):2583- 2585.
60. Rushton JP, Fulker DW, Neale MC, Nias DK, Eysenck HJ. Altruism and aggression: the heritability of individual differences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986; 50(6):1192-1198.
61. Bachner-Melman R, Gritsenko I, Nemanov L, Zohar AH, Dina C, Ebstein RP. Dopaminergic polymorphisms associated with self-report measures of human altruism: a fresh phenotype for the dopamine D4 receptor. Mol Psychiatry. 2005; 10(4):333-335.
62. Reeves SJ, Mehta MA, Montgomery AJ, Amiras D, Egerton A, Howard RJ, Grasby PM. Striatal dopamine (D2) receptor availability predicts socially desirable responding. Neuroimage. 2007;34(4):1782-1789.
63. Young SE, Smolen A, Hewitt JK, Haberstick BC, Stallings MC, Corley RP, Crowley TJ. Interaction between MAO-A genotype and maltreatment in the risk for conduct disorder: failure to confirm in adolescent patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1019-1025.
64. Wood RM, Rilling JK, Sanfey AG, Bhagwager Z, Rogers RD. Effects of tryptophan depletion on the performance of an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game in healthy adults. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(5):1075-1084.
65. Knafo A, Israel S, Darvasi A, Bachner-Melman R, Uzefovsky F, Cohen L, Feldman E, Lerer E, Laiba E, Raz Y, Nemanov L, Gritsenko I, Dina C, Agam G, Dean B, Bornstein G, Ebstein RP. Individual differences in allocation of funds in the dictator game associated with length of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor RS3 promoter region and correlation between RS3 length and hippocampal mRNA. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7(3):266-275.
66. Jacob S, Brune CW, Carter CS, Leventhal BL, Lord C, Cook EH Jr. Association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in Caucasian children and adolescents with autism. Neurosci Lett. 2007;417(1):6-9.
67. Faraone SV, Doyle AE, Mick E, Biederman J. Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(7):1052-1057.
68. Cornish KM, Manly T, Savage R, Swanson J, Morisano D, Butler N, Grant C, Cross G, Bentley L, Hollis CP. Association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10/10-repeat genotype with ADHD symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10(7):686-698.
69. Eisenberg J, Mei-Tal G, Steinberg A, Tartakovsky E, Zohar A, Gritsenko I, Nemanov L, Ebstein RP. Haplotype relative risk study of catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): association of the high-enzyme activity Val allele with ADHD impulsive-hyperactive phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88(5):497-502.
70. Drabant EM, Hariri AR, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Munoz KE, Mattay VS, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Catechol O-methyltransferase val158met genotype and neural mechanisms related to affective arousal and regulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(12):1396-1406.
71. Nomura M, Nomura Y. Psychological, neuroimaging, and biochemical studies on functional association between impulsive behavior and the 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphism in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1086:134-143.
72. Frankle WG, Lombardo I, New AS, Goodman M, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Slifstein M, Curry S, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Siever LJ. Brain serotonin transporter distribution in subjects with impulsive aggressivity: a positron emission study with [11C]McN 5652. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(5):915-923.
73. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW, Kolachana B, Hariri A, Pezawas L, Blasi G, Wabnitz A, Honea R, Verchinski B, Callicott JH, Egan M, Mattay V, Weinberger DR. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(16):6269-6274.
74. Passamonti L, Fera F, Magariello A, Cerasa A, Gioia MC, Muglia M, Nicoletti G, Gallo O, Provinciali L, Quattrone A. Monoamine oxidase-a genetic variations influence brain activity associated with inhibitory control: new insight into the neural correlates of impulsivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(4):334-340.
75. Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science. 2002;297(5580):400-403.
76. Heinz A, Braus DF, Smolka MN, Wrase J, Puls I, Hermann D, Klein S, Grüsser SM, Flor H, Schumann G, Mann K, Büchel C. Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat Neurosci. 2005; 8(1):20-21.
77. Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Mattay VS, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(2):146-152.
78. Canli T, Omura K, Haas BW, Fallgatter A, Constable RT, Lesch KP. Beyond affect: a role for genetic variation of the serotonin transporter in neural activation during a cognitive attention task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(34):12224- 12229.
79. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(6):828-834.
80. David SP, Murthy NV, Rabiner EA, Munafó MR, Johnstone EC, Jacob R, Walton RT, Grasby PM. A functional genetic variation of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter affects 5-HT1A receptor binding in humans. J Neurosci. 2005;25(10): 2586-2590.
81. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, Poulton R. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5HTT gene. Science. 2003;301(5631): 386-389.
82. Canli T, Qiu M, Omura K, Congdon E, Haas BW, Amin Z, Herrmann MJ, Constable RT, Lesch KP. Neural correlates of epigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(43):16033-16038.
83. Gutknecht L, Jacob C, Strobel A, Kriegebaum C, Muller J, Zeng Y, Markert C, Escher A, Wendland J, Reif A, Mossner R, Gross C, Brocke B, Lesch KP. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation influences personality traits and disorders related to emotional dysregulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 10(3):309-320.
84. Canli T, Congdon E, Gutknecht L, Constable RT, Lesch KP. Amygdala responsiveness is modulated by tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation. J Neural Transm. 2005;112(11):1479-1485.
85. Herrmann MJ, Huter T, Muller F, Muhlberger A, Pauli P, Reif A, Renner T, Canli T, Fallgatter AJ, Lesch KP. Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation on emotional processing. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17(5):1160-1163.
86. Neumeister A, Charney DS, Belfer I, Geraci M, Holmes C, Sharabi Y, Alim T, Bonne O, Luckenbaugh DA, Manji H, Goldman D, Goldstein DS. Sympathoneural and adrenomedullary functional effects of alpha2C-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism in healthy humans. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005;15(3):143-149.
87. Morgan CA III, Wang S, Rasmusson A, Hazlett G, Anderson G, Charney DS. Relationship among plasma cortisol, catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, and human performance during exposure to uncontrollable stress. Psychosom Med. 2001;63(3):412-422.
88. Baltes PB, Smith J, Staudinger UM. Wisdom and successful aging. In: Sonderegger T, ed. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1992:123-167.
89. Ernst M, Paulus MP. Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(8):597-604.
90. Montague PR, Berns GS. Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation. Neuron. 2002;36(2):265-284.
91. Osbeck LM, Robinson DN. Philosophical theories of wisdom. In: Sternberg RJ, Jordan J, eds. A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2005:3-31.
92. McClure SM, Laibson DI, Loewenstein G, Cohen JD. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science. 2004;306(5695): 503-507.
93. Boettiger CA, Mitchell JM, Tavares VC, Robertson M, Joslyn G, D'Esposito M, Fields HL. Immediate reward bias in humans: fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158(Val/Val) genotype. J Neurosci. 2007;27(52):14383-14391.
94. Berlin HA, Rolls ET, Kischka U. Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2004; 127(pt 5):1108-1126.
95. Eshel N, Nelson EE, Blair RJ, Pine DS, Ernst M. Neural substrates of choice selection in adults and adolescents: development of the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(6):1270-1279.
96. Robertson D, Snarey J, Ousley O, Harenski K, DuBois BF, Gilkey R, Kilts C. The neural processing of moral sensitivity to issues of justice and care. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(4):755-766.
97. Luo Q, Nakic M, Wheatley T, Richell R, Marton A, Blair RJ. The neural basis of implicit moral attitude-an IAT study using event-related fMRI. Neuroimage. 2006;30(4):1449-1457.
98. Greene JD, Sommerville RB, Nystrom LE, Darley JM, Cohen JD. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science. 2001; 293(5537):2105-2108.
99. Heekeren HR, Wartenburger I, Schmidt H, Schwintowski HP, Villringer A. An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport. 2003;14 (9):1215-1219.
100. Pujol J, Reixach J, Harrison BJ, Timoneda-Gallart C, Vilanova JC, Perez- Alvarez F. Posterior cingulate activation during moral dilemma in adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(8):910-921.
101. Greene JD, Nystrom LE, Engell AD, Darley JM, Cohen JD. The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron. 2004;44(2):389-400.
102. Koenigs M, Young L, Adolphs R, Tranel D, Cushman F, Hauser M, Damasio A. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature. 2007;446(7138):908-911.
103. Green MF, Penn DL, Bentall R, Carpenter WT, Gaebel W, Gur RC, Kring AM, Park S, Silverstein SM, Heinssen R. Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(6):1211-1220.
104. Abu-Akel A. The neurochemical hypothesis of 'theory of mind'. Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(3):382-386.
105. Vaillant G. Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith. New York, NY: Broadway; 2008.
106. Congdon E, Canli T. The endophenotype of impulsivity: reaching consilience through behavioral, genetic, and neuroimaging approaches. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2005;4(4):262-281.
107. Aron AR, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(2):115-116.
108. Horn NR, Dolan M, Elliott R, Deakin JF, Woodruff PW. Response inhibition and impulsivity: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(14):1959-1966.
109. Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Moore GJ, Uhde TW, Tancer ME. Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(3):210-219.
110. Goldin PR, McRae K, Ramel W, Gross JJ. The neural bases of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 63(6):577-586.
111. Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD. Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(8): 1215-1229.
112. Cooney RE, Joormann J, Atlas LY, Eugène F, Gotlib IH. Remembering the good times: neural correlates of affect regulation. Neuroreport. 2007;18(17):1771- 1774.
113. Kim SH, Hamann S. Neural correlates of positive and negative emotion regulation. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19(5):776-798.
114. Lieberman MD, Eisenberger NI, Crockett MJ, Tom SM, Pfeifer JH, Way BM. Putting feelings into words: affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(5):421-428.
115. Hariri AR, Bookheimer SY, Mazziotta JC. Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport. 2000;11 (1):43-48.
116. Pedersen NL, Plomin R, McClearn GE, Friberg L. Neuroticism, extraversion, and related traits in adult twins reared apart and reared together. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;55(6):950-957.
117. Seroczynski AD, Bergeman CS, Coccaro EF. Etiology of the impulsivity/ aggression relationship: genes or environment? Psychiatry Res. 1999;86 (1):41-57.
118. Uddin LQ, Iacoboni M, Lange C, Keenan JP. The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007; 11(4):153-157.
119. Fossati P, Hevenor SJ, Graham SJ, Grady C, Keightley ML, Craik F, Mayberg H. In search of the emotional self: an FMRI study using positive and negative emotional words. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):1938-1945.
120. Gilboa A. Autobiographical and episodic memory-one and the same? Evidence from prefrontal activation in neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(10):1336-1349.
121. Samson D, Apperly IA, Kathirgamanathan U, Humphreys GW. Seeing it my way: a case of a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective. Brain. 2005;128 (pt 5):1102-1111.
122. Amodio DM, Harmon-Jones E, Devine PG, Curtin JJ, Hartley SL, Covert AE. Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias. Psychol Sci. 2004; 15(2):88-93.
123. Cunningham WA, Johnson MK, Raye CL, Chris GJ, Gore JC, Banaji MR. Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychol Sci. 2004;15(12):806-813.
124. Samson D, Apperly IA, Humphreys GW. Error analyses reveal contrasting deficits in "theory of mind": neuropsychological evidence from a 3-option false belief task. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(11):2561-2569.
125. Lieberman MD. Social cognitive neuroscience: a review of core processes. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:259-289.
126. Krain AL, Wilson AM, Arbuckle R, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. Distinct neural mechanisms of risk and ambiguity: a meta-analysis of decision-making. Neuroimage. 2006;32(1):477-484.
127. Huettel SA, Stowe CJ, Gordon EM, Warner BT, Platt ML. Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. Neuron. 2006;49(5):765-775.
128. Simmons A, Stein MB, Matthews SC, Feinstein JS, Paulus MP. Affective ambiguity for a group recruits ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage. 2006; 29(2):655-661.
129. Zelazo PD, Muller U. Executive function in typical and atypical development. In: Goswami U, ed. Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford, England: Blackwell; 2002:445-489.
130. Uttal WR. A credo for a revitalized behaviorism: characteristics and emerging principles. Behav Processes. 2001;54(1-3):5-10.
131. Jung RE, Haier RJ. The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence. Behav Brain Sci. 2007;30(2): 135-154.
132. Sternberg RJ. A systems model of leadership: WICS. Am Psychol. 2007;62(1): 34-42.
133. Baltes PB, Staudinger U, Maercker A, Smith J. People nominated as wise: a comparative study of wisdom related knowledge. Psychol Aging. 1995;10(2): 155-166.
134. Staudinger UM, Baltes PB. Interactive minds: a facilitative setting for wisdomrelated performance. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;71(4):746-762.
135. Smith J, Baltes PB. Profiles of psychological functioning in the old and oldest old. Psychol Aging. 1997;12(3):458-472.
136. Mather M, Cartensen LL. Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9(10):496-502.
137. Rankin KP, Santos-Modesitt W, Kramer JH, Pavlic D, Beckman V, Miller BL. Spontaneous social behaviors discriminate behavioral dementias from psychiatric disorders and other dementias. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(1):60-73.
138. Haas LF. Phineas Gage and the science of brain localisation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(6):761.