Neuroprotection in parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: Preclinical and clinical findings;Neuroprotekció parkinson-kórban és egyéb neurodegeneratív betegségekben: Kísérletes és kllnikai adatok

Ideggyogyaszati Szemle

Volumn 62, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 25-34

  Károly, Rákóczi ^a   Péter, Klivényi ^a   László, Vécsei ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Creatine; Deprenyle; Dopamine agonists; Glatiramer acetate; Kynurenine; Neuroprotection; Rasagiline; Tocopherol; Ubiquinone

Indexed keywords

CREATINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GLATIRAMER; KYNURENIC ACID; RASAGILINE; SELEGILINE; TOCOPHEROL; UBIQUINONE; INDAN DERIVATIVE; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; PEPTIDE; TRACE ELEMENT;

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; ENERGY BALANCE; EXCITOTOXICITY; HUMAN; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPROTECTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT;

ANIMALS; CREATINE; DOPAMINE AGONISTS; HUMANS; INDANS; KYNURENIC ACID; MICRONUTRIENTS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PEPTIDES; SELEGILINE; TOCOPHEROLS; UBIQUINONE;

EID: 63349083606     PISSN: 00191442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Schapira AHV, Mann VM, Cooper JM, Krige D, Jenner PJ, Marsden CD. Mitochondria function in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1992;32:116-24.
2. Tanner CM, Langsten JW. Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson's disease? A critical review. Neurology 1990; 3:17-31.
3. Greenamyre JT, O'Brien C. NMDA antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1991;68: 977-81.
4. Kohbata S, Beaman BL. L-Dopa-responsive movement disorder caused by nocardia asteroides localized in the brains of mice. Infect Immun 1991;59:181-91.
5. Knoll J, Ecsery Z, Kelemen K, Nievel JG, Knoll B. Phenylisopropylmethylpropinylamine (E250), egy új hatá sspektrumú psychoenergetikum. MTA V. Oszt Közl 1964;15:231-9.
6. Knoll J, Ecsery Z, Kelemen K, Nievel JG, Knoll B. Phenylisopropyl-methyl- propinylamine (E250), a new psychic energizer. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1965;155:154-64.
7. Magyar K, Vizi ES, Ecseri Z, Knoll J. Comparative pharmacological analysis of the optical isomers of phenylisopropyl-methyl-propinylamine (E250). Acta Physiol Hung 1967;32:377-87.
8. Gerlach M, Youdim MB, Riederer P. Pharmacology of selegiline. Neurology 1996;47:137-45.
9. Magyar K, Szende B. Deprenyl, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, with apoptotic and anti-apoptotic properties. Neurotoxicology 2004;25:233-42.
10. Magyar K, Pálfi M, Jenei V, Szökocombining double acute accent É. Deprenyl: from chemical synthesis to neuroprotection. J Neural Transm Suppl 2006;71:143-56. (Pubitemid 351412116)
11. Youdim MBH, Edmondson D, Tipton KF. The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:295-309.
12. Tatton WG, Greenwood CE. Rescue of dying neurons: A new action for deprenyl in MPTP parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 1991;30:666-77.
13. Tatton WG, Ju WYL, Holland DP, Tai C, Kwan M. Deprenyl reduces PC12 cell apoptosis by inducing new protein synthesis. J Neurochem 1994;63:1572-5. (Pubitemid 24299550)
14. Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman RM. Modulation of gene expression rather than monoamine oxidase inhibition: (-)- deprenyl-related compounds in controlling neurodegeneration. Neurology 1996;47:171-83.
15. + in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;243:241-7. (Pubitemid 23313289)
16. Kitani K, Kanai S, Carrillo MC, Ivy GO. (-) Deprenyl increases the life span as well as activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase but not of glutathione peroxidase in selective brain regions in Fischer rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;717:60-71.
17. Li XM, Juorio AV, Yi J, Boulton AA. L-deprenyl potentiates NGF-induced changes in superoxide dismutase mRNA in PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 1998;53:235-8. (Pubitemid 28300129)
18. Wadia JS, Chalmers-Redman RM, Ju WJ, Carlile GW, Philips JL, Fraser AD, et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear changes in apoptosis caused by serum and nerve growth factor withdrawal: time course and modification by (-)-deprenyl. J Neurosci 1998;18:932-47. (Pubitemid 28112916)
19. Zhang X, Zuo DM, Davis BA, Boulton AA, Yu PH. Immunohistochemical evidence of neuroprotection by R(-)-deprenyl and N-(2-hexyl)-N- methylpropargylamine on DSP-4-induced degeneration of rat brain noradrenergic axons and terminals. J Neurosci Res 1996;43:482-9.
20. Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Shiojima T, Kobayashi T, Tagaya N, Kinoshita M. Deprenyl enhances neurite outgrowth in cultured rat spinal ventral horn neurons. J Neurol Sci 1994;125:11-3. (Pubitemid 24240181)
21. Semkova I, Wolz P, Schilling M, Krieglstein J. Selegiline enhances NGF synthesis and protects central nervous system neurons from excitotoxic and ischemic damage. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;315:19-30. (Pubitemid 26390945)
22. Riva MA, Molteni R, Racagni G. L-deprenyl potentiates cAMP-induced elevation of FGF-2 mRNA levels in rat cortical astrocytes. Neuroreport 1997;8:2165-8. (Pubitemid 27319665)
23. Maruyama W, Naoi M, Kasamatsu T, Hashizume Y, Takahashi T, Kohda K, et al. An endogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, induces DNA damage in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 1997;69:322-9. (Pubitemid 27274188)
24. Maruyama W, Takahashi T, Naoi M. (-)Deprenyl protects human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis induced by peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. J Neurochem 1998;70:2510-15. (Pubitemid 28252377)
25. Finberg JPM, Lamendorf I, Weinstock M, Schwartz M, Youdim MBH. Pharmacology of rasagiline (N-propargyl-1R-aminoindan). Adv Neurol 1999;80:495-9.
26. Youdim MBH, Edmondson D, Tipton KF. The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:295-309.
27. Birkmayer W, Knoll J, Riederer P. Improvement of life expectancy due to L-deprenyl addition to madopar treatment in Parkinson's disease: A long term study. J Neural Transm 1985;113-27. (Pubitemid 16191073)
28. Tetrud JW, Langston JW. The effect of deprenyl (selegiline) in the natural history of Parkinson's disease. Science 1989;245:519-22. (Pubitemid 19204003)
29. Olanow CW, Hauser RA, Gauger L, Malapira T, Koller W, Hubble J, et al. The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1995;38: 771-7.
30. Lees AJ. Comparison of therapeutic effects and mortality data of levodopa and levodopa combined with selegiline in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease Research Group of the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal 1995;311:1602-7. (Pubitemid 26002705)
31. Olanow CW, Myllylä VV, Sotaniemi KA, Larsen JP, Pålhagen S, Przuntek H, et al. Effect of selegiline on mortality in patients with Parkinson's disease: a metaanalysis. Neurology 1998;51:825-30. (Pubitemid 28449267)
32. Youdim MB, Finberg JPM, Levy R, Sterling J, Lerner D, Berger-Paskin T, et al. R-enantiomers of N-propargyl-amino indan compounds. Their preparation and pharmaceuticals containing them. U.S. Patent 5457133.
33. Youdim MB, Wadia A, Tatton W, Weinstock M. The anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its Cholinesterase inhibitor derivatives exert neuroprotection unrelated to MAO inhibition in cell culture and in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;939:450-58.
34. Akao Y, Maruyama W, Shimizu S, Yi H, Nakagawa Y, Shamoto-Nagai M, et al. Mitochondrial permeability transition mediates apoptosis induced by N-methyl(R)saIsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin, and is inhibited by Bcl-2 and rasagiline, N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan. J Neurochem 2002;82:913-23.
35. Youdim MB, Amit T, Yogev-Falach M, Bar-Am O, Maruyama W, Naoi M. The essentiality of Bcl-2, PKC, and proteasome-ubiquitin complex activations in the neuroprotective-antiapoptotic action of the anti-Parkinson drug, rasagiline. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66:1635-41.
36. Bar-Am O, Yogev-Falach M, Amit T, Sagi Y, Youdim MB. Regulation of protein kinase C by the anti-Parkinson drug, MAO-B inhibitor, rasagiline and its derivatives, in vivo. J Neurochem 2004;89:1119-25. (Pubitemid 38715829)
37. Weinreb O, Bar-Am O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Neuroprotection via Bcl-2 PKC interaction. FASEB J 2004; 18:1471-3.
38. Bar-Am O, Amit T, Youdim MBH. Aminoindan and hydroxyaminoindan, metabolites of rasagiline and ladostigil, respectively, exert neuroprotective properties in vitro. J Neurochem 2007;103:500-8. (Pubitemid 47498024)
39. Carrillo MC, Minami C, Kitani K. Enhancing effect of rasagiline on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the dopaminergic system in the rat. Life Sci 2000; 67:577-85. (Pubitemid 30431547)
40. Stefanova N, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Rasagiline is neuroprotective in a transgenic model of multiple system atrophy. Exp Neurol 2008;210:421-7.
41. Maruyama W, Takahashi T, Youdim M, Naoi M. The antiParkinson drug, rasagiline, prevents apoptotic DNA damage induced by peroxynitrite in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neural Transm 2002; 109:467-81. (Pubitemid 34280405)
42. Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson's disease (the TEMPO study). Arch Neurol 2002;59:1937-43.
43. th International Congress of the Movement Disorder Society; October 28-November 2, 2006; Kyoto, Japan.
44. O' Neill MJ, Hicks CA, Ward MA. Dopamine D2 receptor agonists protect against ischaemia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in global cerebral ischaemia. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;352:37-46. (Pubitemid 28359405)
45. Liu XH, Kato H, Chen T, Kato K, Itoyama Y. Bromocriptine protects against delayed neuronal death of hippocampal neurons following cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. J Neurol Sci 1995;129:9-14.
46. Ogawa N, Tanaka K, Asanuma M. Bromocriptine protects mice against 6-hydroxydopamine and scavenges hydroxyl free radicals in vitro. Brain Res 1994;657:207-13. (Pubitemid 24281266)
47. Gassen M, Glinka Y, Pinchasi B, Youdim MB. Apomorphine is a highly potent free radical scavenger in rat brain mitochondrial fraction. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;308:219-25. (Pubitemid 26237050)
48. Nishibayashi S, Asanuma M, Kohno M, Gomez-Vargas M, Ogawa N. Scavenging effects of dopamine agonists on nitric oxide radicals. J Neurochem 1996;67:2208-11. (Pubitemid 26349701)
49. Clow A, Freestone C, Lewis E, Dexter D, Sandler M, Glover V. The effect of pergolide and MDL 72974 on rat brain CuZn superoxide dismutase. Neurosci Lett 1993; 164:41-3. (Pubitemid 24040676)
50. Sawada H, Ibi M, Kihara T. Dopamine D2-type agonists protect mesencephalic neurons from glutamate neurotoxicity: mechanisms of neuroprotective treatment against oxidative stress. Ann Neurol 1998;44:110-19. (Pubitemid 28323660)
51. Iida M, Miyazaki I, Tanaka K, Kabuto H, Iwata-Ichikawa E, Ogawa N. Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of ropinirole, a dopamine agonist. Brain Res 1999;838:51-9. (Pubitemid 29389818)
52. Chen S, Zhang X, Yang D, Du Y, Li L, Li X, et al. D2/D3 receptor agonist ropinirole protects dopaminergic cell line against rotenone-induced apoptosis through inhibition of caspase- and JNK-dependent pathways. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:603-10.
53. Muralikrishnan D, Mohanakumar KP. Neuroprotection by bromocriptine against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in mice. FASEB J 1998; 12:905-12.
54. Ohta K, Fujinami A, Kuno S, Sakakimoto A, Matsui H, Kawahara Y, et al. Cabergoline stimulates synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by mouse astrocytes in primary culture. Pharmacology 2004;71:162-8. (Pubitemid 38716232)
55. Uberti D, Carsana T, Franciskoni S, Ferrari Toninelli G, Canonico PL, Memo M. A novel mechanism for pergolide-induced neuroprotection: inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:1743-50. (Pubitemid 38479852)
56. Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;284:1931-8.
57. Parkinson Study Group. Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 2002;287:1653-61.
58. Whone AL, Remy P, Davis MR. The REAL-PET study: slower progression in early Parkinson's disease treated with ropinirole compared with L-dopa. Neurology 2002; 58:82-3.
59. Sawle GV, Bloomfield PM, Björklund A, Brooks DJ, Brundin P, Leenders KL, et al. Transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease: PET (18F)6-L-fluorodopa studies in two patients with putaminal implants. Ann Neurol 1992;31:166-73.
60. McCarthy S, Somayajulu M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S. Paraquat induces oxidative stress and neuronal cell death; neuroprotection by water-soluble Coenzyme Q10. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004;201:21-31.
61. Somayajulu M, McCarthy S, Hung M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S. Role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress; neuroprotection by Coenzyme Q10. Neurobiol Dis 2005;18:618-27. (Pubitemid 40332719)
62. Kooncumchoo P, Sharma S, Porter J, Govitrapong P, Ebadi M. Coenzyme Q10 provides neuroprotection in iron-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2006;28:125-41.
63. Sirirat K, Govitrapong P, Sushil KS, Manuchair E. Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by Coenzyme Q10. Neurochem Res 2006;31:303-11. (Pubitemid 43829320)
64. Moon Y, Ue KH, Park JH, Geum D, Kim K. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the selective death of dopaminergic neurons by rotenone: protective effect of coenzyme Q10. J Neurochem 2005;93:1199-208. (Pubitemid 40776574)
65. Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, and the Parkinson Study Group. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson's disease: evidence for slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1541-50.
66. Stone TW, Perkins MN. Quinolinic acid: a potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;72:411-2. (Pubitemid 11081065)
67. Schwarcz R. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science 1983;219:316-8. (Pubitemid 13222319)
68. Behan WMH. Oxidative stress as a mechanism for quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage: protection by melatonin and deprenyl. Br J Pharmacol 1999;128: 1754-60. (Pubitemid 30011889)
69. Perkins MN, Stone TW. An iontophoretic investigation of the actions of convulsant kynurenines and their interaction with the endogenous excitant quinolinic acid. Brain Res 1982;247:184-7. (Pubitemid 12028646)
70. Vécsei L, Beal MF. Intracerebroventricular injection of kynurenic acid, but not kynurenine, induces ataxia and stereotyped behavior in rats. Brain Res Bull 1990;25:623-7.
71. Vécsei L, Beal MF. Comparative behavioral and pharmacological studies with centrally administered kynurenine and kynurenic acid in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 196:239-46.
72. Foster AC, Vezzani A, French ED, Schwarcz R. Kynurenic acid blocks neurotoxicity and seizures induced in rats by the related brain metabolite quinolinic acid. Neurosci Lett 1984;48:273-8. (Pubitemid 14054435)
73. Simon RP, Young RS, Stout S, Cheng J. Inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission with kynurenate reduces brain edema in neonatal anoxia. Neurosci Lett 1986;71: 361-4. (Pubitemid 17168577)
74. Hicks RR, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Mcintosh T. Kynurenate is neuroprotective following experimental brain injury in the rat. Brain Res 1994;655:91-6. (Pubitemid 24262996)
75. Gigler G, Szénási G, Simó A, Lévay G, Hársing LG Jr, Sas K, et al. Neuroprotective effect of L-kynurenine sulfate administered before focal cerebral ischemia in mice and global cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;564:116-22. (Pubitemid 46946855)
76. Cozzi A, Carpenedo R, Moroni F. Kynurenine hydroxylase inhibitors reduce ischemic brain damage: studies with (m-nitrobenzoyl) -alanine (mNBA) and 3,4-dimethoxy-(-N-4-nitrophenyl thiazol-2yl)- benzenesulfonamide (Ro 61-8048) in models of focal or global brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999;7:771-7. (Pubitemid 30159803)
77. Knyihár-Csillik E, Okuno E, Vécsei L. Effects of in vivo sodium azide administration on the immunohistochemical localization of kynurenine aminotransferase in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1999;94:269-77. (Pubitemid 29457617)
78. Csillik AE, Okuno E, Csillik B, Knyihár E, Vécsei L. Expression of kynurenine aminotransferase in the subplate of the rat and its possible role in the regulation of programmed cell death. Cereb Cortex 2002;11:1193-201. (Pubitemid 35191420)
79. Sacco RL, DeRosa JT, Haley EC Jr, Levin B, Ordronneau P, Phillips SJ, et al. Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection Americas Investigators. Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke: GAIN Americas: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1719-28.
80. Behl C. Vitamin E protects neurons against oxidative cell death in vitro more effectively than 17-beta estradiol and induces the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. J Neural Transm 2000;107:393-407. (Pubitemid 30189413)
81. Crouzin N, de Jesus Ferreira MC, Cohen-Solal C, Aimar RF, Vignes M, Guiramand J. Alpha-tocopherol-mediated long-lasting protection against oxidative damage involves an attenuation of calcium entry through TRP-like channels in cultured hippocampal neurons. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;42:1326-37. (Pubitemid 46467270)
82. Behl C, Davis J, Cole GM, Schubert D. Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid beta protein toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;186:944-52.
83. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22. (Pubitemid 27183651)
84. Parkinson Study Group. DATATOP: a multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1989;46:1052-60.
85. Hemmer W, Wallimann T. Functional aspects of creatine kinase in brain. Dev Neurosci 1993;15:249-60. (Pubitemid 24258157)
86. Dolder M, Walzel B, Speer O, Schlattner U, Wallimann T. Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by creatine kinase substrates. Requirement for microcompartmentation. J Biol Chem 2003;278:17760-66. (Pubitemid 36799379)
87. Wilken B, Ramirez JM, Probst I, Richter DW, Hanefeld F. Creatine protects the central respiratory network of mammals under anoxic conditions. Pediatr Res 1998;43:8-14. (Pubitemid 28069161)
88. Zhu S, Li M, Figueroa BE, Liu A, Stavrovskaya IG, Pasinelli P, et al. Prophylactic creatine administration mediates neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci 2004;24:5909-12. (Pubitemid 38859388)
89. Matthews RT, Yang L, Jenkins BG, Ferrante RJ, Rosen BR, Kaddurah-Daouk R, et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine and cyclocreatine in animal models of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 1998;18:156-63. (Pubitemid 28046777)
90. Ferrante RJ, Andreassen OA, Jenkins BG, Dedeoglu A, Kuemmerle S, Kubilus JK, et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 2000;20:4389-97. (Pubitemid 30396603)
91. Matthews RT, Ferrante RJ, Klivenyi P, Yang L, Klein AM, Mueller G, et al. Creatine and cyclocreatine attenuate MPTP neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 1999;157:142-9. (Pubitemid 29226877)
92. Klivenyi P, Ferrante RJ, Matthews RT, Bogdanov MB, Klein AM, Andreassen OA, et al. Neuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Med 1999;5:347-50. (Pubitemid 29124375)
93. Sullivan PG, Geiger JD, Mattson MP, Scheff SW. Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol 2000;48:723-9.
94. Brewer GJ, Wallimann TW. Protective effect of the energy precursor creatine against toxicity of glutamate and beta-amyloid in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2000;74:1968-78. (Pubitemid 30217652)
95. Andres RH, Huber AW, Schlattner U, Perez-Bouza A, Krebs SH, Seiler RW, et al. Effects of creatine treatment on the survival of dopaminergic neurons in cultured fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue. Neuroscience 2005;133: 701-13. (Pubitemid 40798323)
96. Lensman M, Korzhevskii DE, Mourovets VO, Kostkin VB, Izvarina N, Perasso L, et al. Intracerebroventricular administration of creatine protects against damage by global cerebral ischemia in rat. Brain Res 2006;1114:187-94. (Pubitemid 44414770)
97. Bender A, Beckers J, Schneider I, Hötter SM, Haack T, Ruthsatz T, et al. Creatine improves health and survival of mice. Neurobiology of Aging 2007;29(9):1404-11.
98. Kipnis J, Yoles E, Porat Z, Cohen A, Mor F, Sela M, et al. T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:7446-51. (Pubitemid 30431483)
99. Schori H, Kipnis J, Yoles E, WoldeMussie E, Ruiz G, Wheeler LA, et al. Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:3398-403. (Pubitemid 32220857)
100. Kipnis J, Schwartz M. Dual action of glatiramer acetate (Cop-1) in the treatment of CNS autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Mol Med 2002; 8:319-23. (Pubitemid 34733384)
101. Chen M, Valenzuela RM, Dhib-Jalbut S. Glatiramer acetate-reactive T cells produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurol Sei 2003 Nov 15;215(1-2):37-44. (Pubitemid 37279143)
102. Ziemssen T, Kuempfel T, Klinkert W, Neuhaus O, Hohlfeld R. Glatiramer acetate-specific T-cell lines produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after activation upon antigen challenge in vitro: a novel mechanism of action. Neurology 2002;58:A326.
103. Aharoni R, Eilam R, Domev H, Labunskay G, Sela M, Arnon R. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:19045-50. (Pubitemid 43049563)
104. Maier K, Kuhnert AV, Taheri N, Sattler MB, Storch MK, Williams SK, et al. Effects of glatiramer acetate and interferon-beta on neurodegeneration in a model of multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Am J Pathol 2006; 169:1353-64. (Pubitemid 351194369)
105. Khan O, Shen Y, Ching W, Caon C, Reznar M, Lisak R, et al. Combining immunomodulation and neuroprotection: Cerebral axonal recovery in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with glatiramer acetate. Multiple Sclerosis 2003;9:63.
106. Filippi M, Rovaris M, Rocca MA, Sormani MP, Wolinsky JS, Comi G. Glatiramer acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into "black holes". Neurology 2001;57:731-3.