메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 134-170

Upper extremity regional anesthesia. Essentials of our current understanding, 2008

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BICARBONATE; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; DEXAMETHASONE; HYALURONIDASE; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MAGNESIUM; MEPIVACAINE; MIDAZOLAM; NEOSTIGMINE; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PRILOCAINE; ROPIVACAINE; TRAMADOL;

EID: 62949176531     PISSN: 10987339     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31819624eb     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (254)

References (435)
  • 1
    • 0005860172 scopus 로고
    • Hydrochlorate of cocaine
    • Hall RJ. Hydrochlorate of cocaine. N Y Med J. 1884;40:643-646.
    • (1884) N Y Med J , vol.40 , pp. 643-646
    • Hall, R.J.1
  • 3
  • 4
    • 62949170337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th ed. Standring S. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
    • Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th ed. Standring S. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
  • 6
    • 84893059915 scopus 로고
    • The brachial plexus of nerves in man, the variations in its formation and branches
    • Kerr AT. The brachial plexus of nerves in man, the variations in its formation and branches. Am J Anat. 1918;23:285-395.
    • (1918) Am J Anat , vol.23 , pp. 285-395
    • Kerr, A.T.1
  • 7
    • 0025872861 scopus 로고
    • The brachial plexus: Clinical anatomy
    • McCann PD, Bindelglass DE The brachial plexus: clinical anatomy. Orthop Rev. 1991;20:413-419.
    • (1991) Orthop Rev , vol.20 , pp. 413-419
    • McCann, P.D.1    Bindelglass, D.E.2
  • 8
    • 0031011046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scalene muscles and the brachial plexus: Anatomical variations and their clinical significance
    • Harry WG, Bennet JDC, Guha SC. Scalene muscles and the brachial plexus: anatomical variations and their clinical significance. Clin Anal. 1997;10:250-252.
    • (1997) Clin Anal , vol.10 , pp. 250-252
    • Harry, W.G.1    Bennet, J.D.C.2    Guha, S.C.3
  • 9
    • 33645293501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of the course of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome: A study on 93 cadavers
    • Natsis K, Totlis T, Tsikaras P, Anastasopoulos N, Skandalakis P, Koeble J. Variations of the course of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome: a study on 93 cadavers. Am Surg. 2006;72:188-192.
    • (2006) Am Surg , vol.72 , pp. 188-192
    • Natsis, K.1    Totlis, T.2    Tsikaras, P.3    Anastasopoulos, N.4    Skandalakis, P.5    Koeble, J.6
  • 10
    • 38549172004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative architecture of the brachial plexus and surrounding compartments, and their possible significance for plexus blocks
    • Moayeri N, Bigeleisen PE, Groe GJ. Quantitative architecture of the brachial plexus and surrounding compartments, and their possible significance for plexus blocks. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:299-304.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 299-304
    • Moayeri, N.1    Bigeleisen, P.E.2    Groe, G.J.3
  • 12
    • 54349101545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ultrasound study of the phrenic nerve in the posterior cervical triangle: Implications for the interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Kessler J, Schafhalter-Zoppoth I, Gray AT. An ultrasound study of the phrenic nerve in the posterior cervical triangle: implications for the interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:545-550.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 545-550
    • Kessler, J.1    Schafhalter-Zoppoth, I.2    Gray, A.T.3
  • 13
    • 0001920127 scopus 로고
    • The common nerve blocks
    • Nunn JF, Utting JE, Brown BR, eds, 5th ed. London: Butterworths;
    • Thompson GE, Brown DL. The common nerve blocks. In: Nunn JF, Utting JE, Brown BR, eds. General Anaesthesia. 5th ed. London: Butterworths; 1989:1068-1069.
    • (1989) General Anaesthesia , pp. 1068-1069
    • Thompson, G.E.1    Brown, D.L.2
  • 14
    • 1642366684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the cords, the pinkie towards: Interpreting infraclavicular motor responses to neurostimulation
    • Borene SC, Edwards JN, Boezaart AP. At the cords, the pinkie towards: interpreting infraclavicular motor responses to neurostimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:125-129.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 125-129
    • Borene, S.C.1    Edwards, J.N.2    Boezaart, A.P.3
  • 15
    • 62949154462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brown DL. Atlas of Regional Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006.
    • Brown DL. Atlas of Regional Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006.
  • 16
    • 33845607657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of magnetic resonance imaging to define the anatomical location closest to all three cords of the infraclavicular brachial plexus
    • Sauter AR, Smith H-J, Stubhaug A, Dodgson MS, Klaastad O. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to define the anatomical location closest to all three cords of the infraclavicular brachial plexus. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1574-1576.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.103 , pp. 1574-1576
    • Sauter, A.R.1    Smith, H.-J.2    Stubhaug, A.3    Dodgson, M.S.4    Klaastad, O.5
  • 17
    • 0023193026 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the brachial plexus sheath: Implications for anesthesia
    • Partridge BL, Katz J, Benirschke K. Functional anatomy of the brachial plexus sheath: implications for anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:743-747.
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.66 , pp. 743-747
    • Partridge, B.L.1    Katz, J.2    Benirschke, K.3
  • 18
    • 0035032731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonographic findings in the axillary part of the brachial plexus
    • Retzl G, Kapral S, Greher M, Mauritz W. Ultrasonographic findings in the axillary part of the brachial plexus. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1271-1275.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.92 , pp. 1271-1275
    • Retzl, G.1    Kapral, S.2    Greher, M.3    Mauritz, W.4
  • 19
    • 48149110841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sheath of the brachial plexus? A matter of life and death [letter]
    • Cornish PB. The sheath of the brachial plexus? A matter of life and death [letter]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:385-386.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 385-386
    • Cornish, P.B.1
  • 20
  • 21
    • 0020636522 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the brachial plexus sheaths
    • Thompson GE, Rorie DK. Functional anatomy of the brachial plexus sheaths. Anesthesiology. 1983;59:117-122.
    • (1983) Anesthesiology , vol.59 , pp. 117-122
    • Thompson, G.E.1    Rorie, D.K.2
  • 22
    • 72949132086 scopus 로고
    • Axillary block of the brachial plexus
    • de Jong RH. Axillary block of the brachial plexus. Anesthesiology. 1961;22:215-225.
    • (1961) Anesthesiology , vol.22 , pp. 215-225
    • de Jong, R.H.1
  • 23
    • 0000038416 scopus 로고
    • The subclavian perivascular approach of brachial plexus anesthesia
    • Winnie AP, Collins VJ. The subclavian perivascular approach of brachial plexus anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1964;25:353-363.
    • (1964) Anesthesiology , vol.25 , pp. 353-363
    • Winnie, A.P.1    Collins, V.J.2
  • 25
    • 33748201218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sheath of the brachial plexus. Fact or fiction?
    • Cornish PB, Leaper C. The sheath of the brachial plexus. Fact or fiction? Anesthesiology. 2006;105:563-565.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 563-565
    • Cornish, P.B.1    Leaper, C.2
  • 26
    • 34247483418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "axillary tunnel": An anatomic reappraisal of the limits and dynamics of spread during brachial plexus blockade
    • Cornish PB, Leaper CJ, Hahn JL. The "axillary tunnel": an anatomic reappraisal of the limits and dynamics of spread during brachial plexus blockade. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1288-1291.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , pp. 1288-1291
    • Cornish, P.B.1    Leaper, C.J.2    Hahn, J.L.3
  • 27
    • 18444408092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of local anesthetic in axillary brachial plexus block: A clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Klaastad O, Smedby O, Thompson GE, Tillung T, Hol PK, Rotnes JS, et al. Distribution of local anesthetic in axillary brachial plexus block: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1315-1324.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 1315-1324
    • Klaastad, O.1    Smedby, O.2    Thompson, G.E.3    Tillung, T.4    Hol, P.K.5    Rotnes, J.S.6
  • 29
    • 0026596947 scopus 로고
    • MR imaging of the stellate ganglion: Normal appearance
    • Hogan QH, Erickson SJ. MR imaging of the stellate ganglion: normal appearance. Am J Roentgen. 1992;158:655-659.
    • (1992) Am J Roentgen , vol.158 , pp. 655-659
    • Hogan, Q.H.1    Erickson, S.J.2
  • 30
    • 33645524337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single, double or multiple injection techniques for axillary brachial plexus block for hand, wrist or forearm surgery
    • Art. no, CD003842:DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD14003842.pub14651852
    • Handoll HHG, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Single, double or multiple injection techniques for axillary brachial plexus block for hand, wrist or forearm surgery Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; Art. no.: CD003842:DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD14003842.pub14651852.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Handoll, H.H.G.1    Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.J.2
  • 31
    • 33646409072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple injections in axillary block: Where and how many?
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Multiple injections in axillary block: where and how many? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:192-195.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 192-195
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.J.1
  • 32
    • 0000210871 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of supraclavicular and axillary techniques for brachial plexus blocks
    • Brand L, Papper EM. A comparison of supraclavicular and axillary techniques for brachial plexus blocks. Anesthesiology. 1961;22:226-229.
    • (1961) Anesthesiology , vol.22 , pp. 226-229
    • Brand, L.1    Papper, E.M.2
  • 33
    • 0023909967 scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus anaesthesia for upper limb surgery: A review of eight years' experience
    • Thompson AM, Newman RJ, Semple JC. Brachial plexus anaesthesia for upper limb surgery: a review of eight years' experience. J Hand Surg Br. 1988;13:195-198.
    • (1988) J Hand Surg Br , vol.13 , pp. 195-198
    • Thompson, A.M.1    Newman, R.J.2    Semple, J.C.3
  • 36
    • 0027979388 scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus block: A comparison of the supraclavicular lateral paravascular and axillary approaches
    • Fleck JW, Moorthy SS, Daniel J, Dierdorf SF. Brachial plexus block: a comparison of the supraclavicular lateral paravascular and axillary approaches. Reg Anesth. 1994;19:14-17.
    • (1994) Reg Anesth , vol.19 , pp. 14-17
    • Fleck, J.W.1    Moorthy, S.S.2    Daniel, J.3    Dierdorf, S.F.4
  • 37
    • 0032901411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tramadol added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of an axillary brachial plexus blockade
    • Kapral S, Gollmann G, Waltl B, Likar R, Sladen RN, Weinstabl C, et al. Tramadol added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of an axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:853-856.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.88 , pp. 853-856
    • Kapral, S.1    Gollmann, G.2    Waltl, B.3    Likar, R.4    Sladen, R.N.5    Weinstabl, C.6
  • 39
    • 0036785693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four-injection brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: A comparison between axillary and humeral approaches
    • Sia S, Lepri A, Campolo MC, Fiaschi R. Four-injection brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between axillary and humeral approaches. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1075-1079.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1075-1079
    • Sia, S.1    Lepri, A.2    Campolo, M.C.3    Fiaschi, R.4
  • 41
    • 12244313385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of a single-stimulation lateral infraclavicular plexus block with a triple-stimulation axillary block
    • Deleuze A, Gentilli ME, Marret E, Lamonerie L, Bonnet F. A comparison of a single-stimulation lateral infraclavicular plexus block with a triple-stimulation axillary block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:89-94.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 89-94
    • Deleuze, A.1    Gentilli, M.E.2    Marret, E.3    Lamonerie, L.4    Bonnet, F.5
  • 43
    • 25644451951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inftaclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral approach: Comparison of anesthetic time and efficacy
    • Minville Y Amathieu R, Luc N, Gris C, Fourcade O, Samii K, et al. Inftaclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral approach: comparison of anesthetic time and efficacy. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1198-1201.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 1198-1201
    • Minville, Y.1    Amathieu, R.2    Luc, N.3    Gris, C.4    Fourcade, O.5    Samii, K.6
  • 44
    • 23044475627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two different techniques for brachial plexus block: Infraclavicular versus axillary technique
    • Ertug Z, Yegin A, Ertem S, Sahin N, Hadimioglu N, Dosemeci L, et al. Comparison of two different techniques for brachial plexus block: infraclavicular versus axillary technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:1035-1039.
    • (2005) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.49 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Ertug, Z.1    Yegin, A.2    Ertem, S.3    Sahin, N.4    Hadimioglu, N.5    Dosemeci, L.6
  • 45
    • 17844377332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of vertical infraclavicular plexus block vs. modified axillary plexus block: A prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study
    • Heid FM, Jage J, Guth M, Bauwe N, Brambrinnk AM. Efficacy of vertical infraclavicular plexus block vs. modified axillary plexus block: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:677-682.
    • (2005) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.49 , pp. 677-682
    • Heid, F.M.1    Jage, J.2    Guth, M.3    Bauwe, N.4    Brambrinnk, A.M.5
  • 47
    • 33644551855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minville y Fourcade O, Idabouk L, Classen J, Chassery C, Nguyen L, et al. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral block in trauma patients: a comparison of patient comfort. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:912-915.
    • Minville y Fourcade O, Idabouk L, Classen J, Chassery C, Nguyen L, et al. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral block in trauma patients: a comparison of patient comfort. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:912-915.
  • 48
    • 33845710267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-injection brachial plexus anesthesia for arteriovenous fistula surgery of the forearm: A comparison of infraclavicular coracoid and axillary approach
    • Niemi TT, Salmela L, Aromaa U, Poyhia R, Rosenberg P. Single-injection brachial plexus anesthesia for arteriovenous fistula surgery of the forearm: a comparison of infraclavicular coracoid and axillary approach. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:55-59.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 55-59
    • Niemi, T.T.1    Salmela, L.2    Aromaa, U.3    Poyhia, R.4    Rosenberg, P.5
  • 49
    • 0026465257 scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus block with the nerve stimulator: Motor response characteristics at three sites
    • Riegler FX. Brachial plexus block with the nerve stimulator: motor response characteristics at three sites. Reg Anesth. 1992;17:295-299.
    • (1992) Reg Anesth , vol.17 , pp. 295-299
    • Riegler, F.X.1
  • 50
    • 0029910239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of axillary block for surgical procedures about the elbow
    • Schroeder LE, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR. The efficacy of axillary block for surgical procedures about the elbow. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:747-751.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.83 , pp. 747-751
    • Schroeder, L.E.1    Horlocker, T.T.2    Schroeder, D.R.3
  • 51
    • 0032954529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve stimulator and multiple injection technique for upper and lower limb blockade: Failure rate, patient acceptance, and neurologic complications. Study Group on Regional Anesthesia
    • Fanelli G, Casati A, Garancini P, Torri G. Nerve stimulator and multiple injection technique for upper and lower limb blockade: failure rate, patient acceptance, and neurologic complications. Study Group on Regional Anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:847-852.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.88 , pp. 847-852
    • Fanelli, G.1    Casati, A.2    Garancini, P.3    Torri, G.4
  • 54
    • 0030976723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between conventional axillary block and a new approach at the midhumeral level
    • Bouaziz H, Narchi P, Mercier FJ, Labaille T, Zerrouk N, Girod J, et al. Comparison between conventional axillary block and a new approach at the midhumeral level. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:1058-1062.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 1058-1062
    • Bouaziz, H.1    Narchi, P.2    Mercier, F.J.3    Labaille, T.4    Zerrouk, N.5    Girod, J.6
  • 55
    • 0023598448 scopus 로고
    • A new parascalene approach to the brachial plexus in children: Comparison with the supraclavicular approach
    • Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A. A new parascalene approach to the brachial plexus in children: comparison with the supraclavicular approach. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:1264-1271.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 1264-1271
    • Dalens, B.1    Vanneuville, G.2    Tanguy, A.3
  • 57
    • 0033994040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus block using a new subclavian perivascular technique: The proximal cranial needle approach
    • Pippa P. Brachial plexus block using a new subclavian perivascular technique: the proximal cranial needle approach. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000;17:120-125.
    • (2000) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.17 , pp. 120-125
    • Pippa, P.1
  • 58
    • 3242892198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients' perception of pain during axillary and humeral blocks using multiple nerve stimulation
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen Z, Rasmussen H, Nielsen PT. Patients' perception of pain during axillary and humeral blocks using multiple nerve stimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:328-332.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 328-332
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.1    Rasmussen, H.2    Nielsen, P.T.3
  • 59
    • 33645300360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of two techniques for ultrasound guided infraclavicular block
    • Bigeleisen P, Wilson M. A comparison of two techniques for ultrasound guided infraclavicular block. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:502-507.
    • (2006) Br J Anaesth , vol.96 , pp. 502-507
    • Bigeleisen, P.1    Wilson, M.2
  • 61
    • 33744465511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison between double-injection axillary brachial plexus block and midhumeral block for emergency upper limb surgery
    • Fuzier R, Fourcade O, Pianezza A, Gilbert ML, Bounes V, Olivier M. A comparison between double-injection axillary brachial plexus block and midhumeral block for emergency upper limb surgery. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1856-1858.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.102 , pp. 1856-1858
    • Fuzier, R.1    Fourcade, O.2    Pianezza, A.3    Gilbert, M.L.4    Bounes, V.5    Olivier, M.6
  • 62
    • 0016808180 scopus 로고
    • Interscalene cervical plexus block: A single injection technic
    • Winnie AP, Ramamurthy S, Durrani Z. Interscalene cervical plexus block: a single injection technic. Anesth Analg. 1975;54:370-375.
    • (1975) Anesth Analg , vol.54 , pp. 370-375
    • Winnie, A.P.1    Ramamurthy, S.2    Durrani, Z.3
  • 63
    • 0041843828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the lateral modified approach for continuous interscalene block after shoulder surgery
    • Borgeat A, Dullenkopf A, Ekatodramis G, Nagy L. Evaluation of the lateral modified approach for continuous interscalene block after shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:436-442.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.99 , pp. 436-442
    • Borgeat, A.1    Dullenkopf, A.2    Ekatodramis, G.3    Nagy, L.4
  • 64
    • 0041705979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying ultrasound imaging to interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Chan VW. Applying ultrasound imaging to interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:340-343.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 340-343
    • Chan, V.W.1
  • 65
    • 0019515297 scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block: Area of analgesia, complications' and blood concentrations of local anesthetics
    • Vester-Andersen T, Christiannsen C, Hansen A, Sorensen M, Meisler C. Interscalene brachial plexus block: area of analgesia, complications' and blood concentrations of local anesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1981;25:81-84.
    • (1981) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.25 , pp. 81-84
    • Vester-Andersen, T.1    Christiannsen, C.2    Hansen, A.3    Sorensen, M.4    Meisler, C.5
  • 66
    • 0030055888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital pressure during interscalene block is clinically ineffective in preventing anesthetic spread to the cervical plexus
    • Urmey WF, Grossi P, Sharrock NE, Stanton J, Gloeggler PJ. Digital pressure during interscalene block is clinically ineffective in preventing anesthetic spread to the cervical plexus. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:366-370.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.83 , pp. 366-370
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Grossi, P.2    Sharrock, N.E.3    Stanton, J.4    Gloeggler, P.J.5
  • 67
    • 0020694375 scopus 로고
    • The extent of blockade following various techniques of brachial plexus block
    • Lanz E, Theiss D, Jankovic D. The extent of blockade following various techniques of brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:55-58.
    • (1983) Anesth Analg , vol.62 , pp. 55-58
    • Lanz, E.1    Theiss, D.2    Jankovic, D.3
  • 68
    • 42149138710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonographic guidance improves the success rate of interscalene brachial plexus blockade
    • Kapral S, Greher M, Huber G, Willschke H, Kettner S, Kdolsky R, et al. Ultrasonographic guidance improves the success rate of interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:253-258.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 253-258
    • Kapral, S.1    Greher, M.2    Huber, G.3    Willschke, H.4    Kettner, S.5    Kdolsky, R.6
  • 69
    • 0026783148 scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery: A proximal paresthesia is effective
    • Roch JJ, Sharrock NE, Neudachin L. Interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery: a proximal paresthesia is effective. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:386-388.
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.75 , pp. 386-388
    • Roch, J.J.1    Sharrock, N.E.2    Neudachin, L.3
  • 70
    • 0034234349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene block with a nerve stimulator: A deltoid motor response is a satisfactory endpoint for successful block
    • Silverstein WB, Saiyed MU, Brown AR. Interscalene block with a nerve stimulator: a deltoid motor response is a satisfactory endpoint for successful block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:356-359.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 356-359
    • Silverstein, W.B.1    Saiyed, M.U.2    Brown, A.R.3
  • 71
    • 0141863447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between evoked motor response and sensory paresthesia in interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Bollini CA, Urmey WF, Vascello L, Cacheiro F. Relationship between evoked motor response and sensory paresthesia in interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:384-388.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 384-388
    • Bollini, C.A.1    Urmey, W.F.2    Vascello, L.3    Cacheiro, F.4
  • 72
    • 42149132304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tale of two needle passes [editorial]
    • Salinas FV, Neal JM. A tale of two needle passes [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:195-198.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 195-198
    • Salinas, F.V.1    Neal, J.M.2
  • 74
    • 0038024668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paravertebral approach to the brachial plexus: An anatomic improvement in technique
    • Boezaart A, Koorn R, Rosenquist RW. Paravertebral approach to the brachial plexus: an anatomic improvement in technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:241-244.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 241-244
    • Boezaart, A.1    Koorn, R.2    Rosenquist, R.W.3
  • 75
    • 0141751885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early experience with continuous cervical paravertebral block using a stimulating catheter
    • Boezaart AP, de Beer JF, Nell ML. Early experience with continuous cervical paravertebral block using a stimulating catheter. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:406-413.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 406-413
    • Boezaart, A.P.1    de Beer, J.F.2    Nell, M.L.3
  • 77
    • 60749116696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided posterior approach for the placement of a continuous interscalene catheter
    • Antonakakis JG, Sites BD, Shifrrin J. Ultrasound-guided posterior approach for the placement of a continuous interscalene catheter. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:64-68.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.34 , pp. 64-68
    • Antonakakis, J.G.1    Sites, B.D.2    Shifrrin, J.3
  • 78
    • 60749101593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene perineurual catheter placement using an ultrasound-guided posterior approach
    • Mariano ER, Loland VJ, Ilfeld BM. Interscalene perineurual catheter placement using an ultrasound-guided posterior approach. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:60-63.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.34 , pp. 60-63
    • Mariano, E.R.1    Loland, V.J.2    Ilfeld, B.M.3
  • 80
    • 0027409258 scopus 로고
    • Supraclavicular nerve block: Anatomic analysis of a method to prevent pneumothorax
    • Brown DL, Cahill DR, Bridenbaugh LD. Supraclavicular nerve block: anatomic analysis of a method to prevent pneumothorax. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:530-534.
    • (1993) Anesth Analg , vol.76 , pp. 530-534
    • Brown, D.L.1    Cahill, D.R.2    Bridenbaugh, L.D.3
  • 81
    • 0142212364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • Chan VW, Perlas A, Rawson R, Odukoya O. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1514-1517.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , pp. 1514-1517
    • Chan, V.W.1    Perlas, A.2    Rawson, R.3    Odukoya, O.4
  • 82
    • 0024835289 scopus 로고
    • Subclavian perivascular block: Influence of location of paresthesia
    • Hickey R, Garland TA, Ramamurthy S. Subclavian perivascular block: influence of location of paresthesia. Anesth Analg. 1989;68:767-771.
    • (1989) Anesth Analg , vol.68 , pp. 767-771
    • Hickey, R.1    Garland, T.A.2    Ramamurthy, S.3
  • 83
    • 0023037112 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of evoked paraesthesiae and effectiveness of brachial plexus block
    • Smith BE. Distribution of evoked paraesthesiae and effectiveness of brachial plexus block. Anaesthesia. 1986;41:1112-1115.
    • (1986) Anaesthesia , vol.41 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Smith, B.E.1
  • 84
    • 33845391801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a nerve stimulator does not improve the efficacy of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular nerve blocks
    • Beach ML, Sites BD, Gallagher JD. Use of a nerve stimulator does not improve the efficacy of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular nerve blocks. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:580-584.
    • (2006) J Clin Anesth , vol.18 , pp. 580-584
    • Beach, M.L.1    Sites, B.D.2    Gallagher, J.D.3
  • 85
    • 62949097517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum effective volume of local anesthetic for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • In press
    • Duggan E, El Beheiry H, Perlas A, Lupu M, Nuica A, Chan VW, et al. Minimum effective volume of local anesthetic for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009. In press.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med
    • Duggan, E.1    El Beheiry, H.2    Perlas, A.3    Lupu, M.4    Nuica, A.5    Chan, V.W.6
  • 87
    • 0032829038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraclavicular brachial plexus block: Variation in approach and results in 360 cases
    • Salazar CH, Espinosa W. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block: variation in approach and results in 360 cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:411-416.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 411-416
    • Salazar, C.H.1    Espinosa, W.2
  • 88
    • 0031660723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraclavicular brachial plexus block: Parasagittal anatomy important to the coracoid technique
    • Wilson JL, Brown DL, Wong GY. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block: parasagittal anatomy important to the coracoid technique. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:870-873.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.87 , pp. 870-873
    • Wilson, J.L.1    Brown, D.L.2    Wong, G.Y.3
  • 90
    • 28644437066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical infraclavicular block of the brachial plexus: Effects on hemidiaphragmatic movement and ventilatory function
    • Rettig HC, Gielen MJM, Boersma E, Klein J, Groen GJ. Vertical infraclavicular block of the brachial plexus: effects on hemidiaphragmatic movement and ventilatory function. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:529-535.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 529-535
    • Rettig, H.C.1    Gielen, M.J.M.2    Boersma, E.3    Klein, J.4    Groen, G.J.5
  • 91
    • 12244305590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restricted infraclavicular distribution of the local anesthetic solution after infraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Restricted infraclavicular distribution of the local anesthetic solution after infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:33-36.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 33-36
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Barcena, M.2    Alvarez, J.3
  • 93
    • 33646186120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of the posterior cord predicts successful infraclavicular block
    • Lecamwasam H, Mayfield J, Rosow L, Chang Y, Carter C, Rosow C. Stimulation of the posterior cord predicts successful infraclavicular block. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1564-1568.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.102 , pp. 1564-1568
    • Lecamwasam, H.1    Mayfield, J.2    Rosow, L.3    Chang, Y.4    Carter, C.5    Rosow, C.6
  • 94
    • 4644281536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of single versus multiple injections on the extent of anesthesia with coracoid infraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Taboada-Muniz M, Lagunilla J, Alvarez J. A comparison of single versus multiple injections on the extent of anesthesia with coracoid infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1225-1230.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.99 , pp. 1225-1230
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Barcena, M.2    Taboada-Muniz, M.3    Lagunilla, J.4    Alvarez, J.5
  • 95
    • 33847769412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of injectate associated with radial or median nerve-type motor response during infraclavicular brachial-plexus block
    • Bloc S, Gamier T, Komly B, Asfazadourian H, Leclerc P, Mercadal L, et al. Spread of injectate associated with radial or median nerve-type motor response during infraclavicular brachial-plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:130-135.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 130-135
    • Bloc, S.1    Gamier, T.2    Komly, B.3    Asfazadourian, H.4    Leclerc, P.5    Mercadal, L.6
  • 96
    • 0033739068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: An alternative technique to landmark-guided approaches
    • Ootaki C, Hayashi H, Amano M. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: an alternative technique to landmark-guided approaches. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:600-604.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 600-604
    • Ootaki, C.1    Hayashi, H.2    Amano, M.3
  • 97
    • 0035993504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • Sandu NS, Capan LM. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:254-259.
    • (2002) Br J Anaesth , vol.89 , pp. 254-259
    • Sandu, N.S.1    Capan, L.M.2
  • 98
    • 0028834478 scopus 로고
    • Area of paresthesia as determinant of sensory block in axillary brachial plexus block
    • Yamamoto K, Tsubokawa T, Shibata K, Kobayashi T. Area of paresthesia as determinant of sensory block in axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:493-497.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 493-497
    • Yamamoto, K.1    Tsubokawa, T.2    Shibata, K.3    Kobayashi, T.4
  • 99
    • 0005780523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple compartment approach to brachial plexus anesthesia
    • Thompson G. The multiple compartment approach to brachial plexus anesthesia. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag. 1997;1:163-168.
    • (1997) Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag , vol.1 , pp. 163-168
    • Thompson, G.1
  • 100
    • 84937097878 scopus 로고
    • Transarterial brachial plexus blockade using high doses of 1.5% mepivacaine
    • Cockings E, Moore PL, Lewis RC. Transarterial brachial plexus blockade using high doses of 1.5% mepivacaine. Reg Anesth. 1987;12:159-164.
    • (1987) Reg Anesth , vol.12 , pp. 159-164
    • Cockings, E.1    Moore, P.L.2    Lewis, R.C.3
  • 101
    • 24744446438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block: A comparative study with nerve stimulator-guided method
    • Liu FC, Liou JT, Tsai YF, Li AH, Day YY, Hui YL, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block: a comparative study with nerve stimulator-guided method. Chang Gung Med J. 2005;28:396-402.
    • (2005) Chang Gung Med J , vol.28 , pp. 396-402
    • Liu, F.C.1    Liou, J.T.2    Tsai, Y.F.3    Li, A.H.4    Day, Y.Y.5    Hui, Y.L.6
  • 102
    • 33646409072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple injections in axillary block: Where and how many? [editorial]
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Multiple injections in axillary block: where and how many? [editorial], Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:192-195.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 192-195
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.J.1
  • 104
    • 0035176939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective ulnar nerve localization is not essential for axillary brachial plexus block using a multiple nerve stimulation technique
    • Sia S, Bartoli M. Selective ulnar nerve localization is not essential for axillary brachial plexus block using a multiple nerve stimulation technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:12-16.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 12-16
    • Sia, S.1    Bartoli, M.2
  • 105
    • 0033856057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: A comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia
    • Sia S, Bartoli M, Lepri A, Marchini O, Ponsecchi P. Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: a comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:647-651.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 647-651
    • Sia, S.1    Bartoli, M.2    Lepri, A.3    Marchini, O.4    Ponsecchi, P.5
  • 106
    • 2542616680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The radial nerve should be blocked before the ulnar nerve during brachial plexus block at the humeral canal
    • Guntz E, Herman P, Delbos A, Sosnowski M. The radial nerve should be blocked before the ulnar nerve during brachial plexus block at the humeral canal. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51:354-357.
    • (2004) Can J Anaesth , vol.51 , pp. 354-357
    • Guntz, E.1    Herman, P.2    Delbos, A.3    Sosnowski, M.4
  • 107
    • 0029879779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective block of the brachialis motor point. An anatomic investigation of musculocutaneous nerve branching
    • Buchanan TS, Erickson JC. Selective block of the brachialis motor point. An anatomic investigation of musculocutaneous nerve branching. Reg Anesth. 1996;21:89-92.
    • (1996) Reg Anesth , vol.21 , pp. 89-92
    • Buchanan, T.S.1    Erickson, J.C.2
  • 108
    • 17744389983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided musculocutaneous nerve block: A description of a novel technique
    • Spence BC, Sites BD, Beach ML. Ultrasound-guided musculocutaneous nerve block: a description of a novel technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:198-201.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 198-201
    • Spence, B.C.1    Sites, B.D.2    Beach, M.L.3
  • 109
    • 62949157263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous blocks for the upper extremity
    • Hadzic A, ed, New York: McGraw Hill;
    • Neal JM. Cutaneous blocks for the upper extremity. In: Hadzic A, ed. Modern Regional Anesthesia. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006.
    • (2006) Modern Regional Anesthesia
    • Neal, J.M.1
  • 111
    • 43049109490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of tourniquet pain by subcutaneous injection into the posterior half of the axilla
    • Kubota Y, Koizumi T, Udagawa A, Kuroki T. Prevention of tourniquet pain by subcutaneous injection into the posterior half of the axilla. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:595-597.
    • (2008) J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg , vol.61 , pp. 595-597
    • Kubota, Y.1    Koizumi, T.2    Udagawa, A.3    Kuroki, T.4
  • 112
    • 0032935776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central hyperalgesic effects of noxious stimulation associated with the use of tourniquets
    • Abram S. Central hyperalgesic effects of noxious stimulation associated with the use of tourniquets. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:99-101.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 99-101
    • Abram, S.1
  • 113
    • 0030071141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve blocks: An easily learned regional anesthetic for forearm arteriovenous fistula surgery
    • Viscomi CM, Reese J, Rathmell JP. Medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve blocks: an easily learned regional anesthetic for forearm arteriovenous fistula surgery. Reg Anesth. 1996;21:2-5.
    • (1996) Reg Anesth , vol.21 , pp. 2-5
    • Viscomi, C.M.1    Reese, J.2    Rathmell, J.P.3
  • 114
    • 0018438393 scopus 로고
    • Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks
    • Selander D, Edshage S, Wolff T. Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks. Acta Anaesth Scand. 1979;23:27-33.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesth Scand , vol.23 , pp. 27-33
    • Selander, D.1    Edshage, S.2    Wolff, T.3
  • 115
    • 0028863531 scopus 로고
    • The incidence of neurovascular complications following axillary brachial plexus block using a transarterial approach
    • Stan TC, Krantz MA, Solomon DL, Poulos JG, Chaouki K. The incidence of neurovascular complications following axillary brachial plexus block using a transarterial approach. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:486-492.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 486-492
    • Stan, T.C.1    Krantz, M.A.2    Solomon, D.L.3    Poulos, J.G.4    Chaouki, K.5
  • 116
    • 2542465236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided ulnar nerve block in the presence of a superficial ulnar artery
    • Schafhalter-Zoppoth I, Gray AT. Ultrasound-guided ulnar nerve block in the presence of a superficial ulnar artery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:297-298.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 297-298
    • Schafhalter-Zoppoth, I.1    Gray, A.T.2
  • 119
    • 48349114513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound- or nerve stimulation-guided wrist blocks for carpal tunnel release: A randomized prospective comparative study
    • Macaire P, Singelyn F, Narchi P, Paqueron X. Ultrasound- or nerve stimulation-guided wrist blocks for carpal tunnel release: a randomized prospective comparative study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:363-368.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 363-368
    • Macaire, P.1    Singelyn, F.2    Narchi, P.3    Paqueron, X.4
  • 120
    • 0034759835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of general anesthesia, intravenous regional anesthesia, and axillary block for outpatient hand surgery: Clinical outcome and cost
    • Chan VWS, Peng PWH, Kaszas Z, Middleton WJ, Muni R, Anastakis DG, et al. A comparative study of general anesthesia, intravenous regional anesthesia, and axillary block for outpatient hand surgery: clinical outcome and cost. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1181-1184.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1181-1184
    • Chan, V.W.S.1    Peng, P.W.H.2    Kaszas, Z.3    Middleton, W.J.4    Muni, R.5    Anastakis, D.G.6
  • 121
    • 3042646808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of infraclavicular nerve block versus general anesthesia for hand and wrist day-case surgeries
    • Hadzic A, Arliss J, Kerimoglu B, Karaca PE, Yufa M, Claudio RE, et al. A comparison of infraclavicular nerve block versus general anesthesia for hand and wrist day-case surgeries. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:127-132.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 127-132
    • Hadzic, A.1    Arliss, J.2    Kerimoglu, B.3    Karaca, P.E.4    Yufa, M.5    Claudio, R.E.6
  • 122
    • 17844403264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For outpatient rotator cuff surgery, nerve block anesthesia provides superior same-day recovery after general anesthesia
    • Hadzic A, Williams BA, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, Unis G, Dermksian J, et al. For outpatient rotator cuff surgery, nerve block anesthesia provides superior same-day recovery after general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1001-1007.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , pp. 1001-1007
    • Hadzic, A.1    Williams, B.A.2    Karaca, P.E.3    Hobeika, P.4    Unis, G.5    Dermksian, J.6
  • 123
    • 3342896455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early but no long-term benefit of regional compared with general anesthesia for ambulatory hand surgery
    • McCartney CJ, Brull R, Chan VW, Katz J, Abbas S, Graham B, et al. Early but no long-term benefit of regional compared with general anesthesia for ambulatory hand surgery. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:461-467.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 461-467
    • McCartney, C.J.1    Brull, R.2    Chan, V.W.3    Katz, J.4    Abbas, S.5    Graham, B.6
  • 124
    • 0033693066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block with a continuous catheter insertion system and a disposable infusion pump
    • Klein SM, Grant SA, Greengrass RA, Nielsen KC, Speer KP, White W, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus block with a continuous catheter insertion system and a disposable infusion pump. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:1473-1478.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Klein, S.M.1    Grant, S.A.2    Greengrass, R.A.3    Nielsen, K.C.4    Speer, K.P.5    White, W.6
  • 125
    • 0033977370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of efficacy and plasma concentrations of ropivacaine in continuous axillary brachial plexus block: High dose for surgical anesthesia and low dose for postoperative analgesia
    • Salonen MA, Haasio J, Bachmann M, Xu M, Rosenberg PH. Evaluation of efficacy and plasma concentrations of ropivacaine in continuous axillary brachial plexus block: high dose for surgical anesthesia and low dose for postoperative analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:47-51.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 47-51
    • Salonen, M.A.1    Haasio, J.2    Bachmann, M.3    Xu, M.4    Rosenberg, P.H.5
  • 126
    • 0037377888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous interscalene brachial plexus lock for postoperative pain control at home: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wright TW, Chidgey LK, Enneking FK. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus lock for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1089-1095.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 1089-1095
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Wright, T.W.3    Chidgey, L.K.4    Enneking, F.K.5
  • 127
    • 17744376954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Subacromial versus interscalene continuous infusion of ropivacaine
    • Delaunay L, Souron V, Lafosse L, Marret E, Toussaint B. Analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: subacromial versus interscalene continuous infusion of ropivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:117-122.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 117-122
    • Delaunay, L.1    Souron, V.2    Lafosse, L.3    Marret, E.4    Toussaint, B.5
  • 128
    • 33644976571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total elbow arthroplasty as an outpatient procedure using a continuous infraclavicular nerve block at home: A prospective case report
    • Ilfeld BM, Wright TW, Enneking FK, Vandenbome K. Total elbow arthroplasty as an outpatient procedure using a continuous infraclavicular nerve block at home: a prospective case report. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:172-176.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 172-176
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Wright, T.W.2    Enneking, F.K.3    Vandenbome, K.4
  • 129
    • 33748176492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of patient-controlled perineural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after ambulatory orthopedic surgery. A multicenter randomized trial
    • Capdevila X, Dadure C, Bringuier S, Bernard N, Biboulet P, Gaertner E, et al. Effect of patient-controlled perineural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after ambulatory orthopedic surgery. A multicenter randomized trial. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:566-573.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 566-573
    • Capdevila, X.1    Dadure, C.2    Bringuier, S.3    Bernard, N.4    Biboulet, P.5    Gaertner, E.6
  • 130
    • 33748774893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous interscalene infusion and single injection block. Comparison of success rate using perivascular and nerve stimulator techniques
    • Kean J, Wigderowitz CA, Coventry DM. Continuous interscalene infusion and single injection block. Comparison of success rate using perivascular and nerve stimulator techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:1173-1177.
    • (2006) J Bone Joint Surg Br , vol.88 , pp. 1173-1177
    • Kean, J.1    Wigderowitz, C.A.2    Coventry, D.M.3
  • 131
    • 39749138126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does patient-controlled continuous interscalene block improve early functional rehabilitation after open shoulder surgery?
    • Hofmann-Kiefer K, Eiser T, Chappell D, Leuschner S, Conzen P, Schwender D. Does patient-controlled continuous interscalene block improve early functional rehabilitation after open shoulder surgery? Anesth Analg. 2008;106:991-996.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.106 , pp. 991-996
    • Hofmann-Kiefer, K.1    Eiser, T.2    Chappell, D.3    Leuschner, S.4    Conzen, P.5    Schwender, D.6
  • 132
    • 0036266635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1297-1304.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 1297-1304
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 133
    • 33750435196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambulatory continuous interscalene nerve blocks decrease the time to discharge readiness after total shoulder arthroplasty. A randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study
    • Ilfeld BM, Vandenbome K, Duncan PW, Sessler DI, Enneking FK, Shuster JJ, et al. Ambulatory continuous interscalene nerve blocks decrease the time to discharge readiness after total shoulder arthroplasty. A randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:999-1007.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 999-1007
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Vandenbome, K.2    Duncan, P.W.3    Sessler, D.I.4    Enneking, F.K.5    Shuster, J.J.6
  • 134
    • 54349103714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pre-emptive multimodal pathway featuring peripheral nerve block improves perioperative outcomes after major orthopedic surgery
    • Hebl JR, Dilger JA, Byer DE, Kopp SL, Stevens SR, Pagnano MW, et al. A pre-emptive multimodal pathway featuring peripheral nerve block improves perioperative outcomes after major orthopedic surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:510-517.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 510-517
    • Hebl, J.R.1    Dilger, J.A.2    Byer, D.E.3    Kopp, S.L.4    Stevens, S.R.5    Pagnano, M.W.6
  • 135
    • 0030927920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A new modality?
    • Ritchie E, Tong D, Chung F, Norris A, Miniaci A, Vairavanathan S. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality? Anesth Analg. 1997;84:1306-1312.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 1306-1312
    • Ritchie, E.1    Tong, D.2    Chung, F.3    Norris, A.4    Miniaci, A.5    Vairavanathan, S.6
  • 136
    • 0037378621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suprascapular nerve block prolongs analgesia after nonarthroscopic shoulder surgery, but does not improve outcome
    • Neal JM, McDonald SB, Larkin KL, Polissar NL. Suprascapular nerve block prolongs analgesia after nonarthroscopic shoulder surgery, but does not improve outcome. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:982-986.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 982-986
    • Neal, J.M.1    McDonald, S.B.2    Larkin, K.L.3    Polissar, N.L.4
  • 137
    • 3242798825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A comparison of intraarticular analgesia, Suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Singelyn FJ, Lhotel L, Fabre B. Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a comparison of intraarticular analgesia, Suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:589-592.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.99 , pp. 589-592
    • Singelyn, F.J.1    Lhotel, L.2    Fabre, B.3
  • 138
    • 39449099356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beaudet y Williams SR, Tetreault P, Perrault M-A. Perioperative interscalene block versus intra-articular injection of local anesthetics for postoperative analgesia in shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:134-138.
    • Beaudet y Williams SR, Tetreault P, Perrault M-A. Perioperative interscalene block versus intra-articular injection of local anesthetics for postoperative analgesia in shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:134-138.
  • 139
    • 44249103716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new technique for regional anesthesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery based on a suprascapular nerve block and an axillary block: An evaluation of the first results
    • Checcucci G, Allegra A, Bigazzi P, Gianesello L, Ceruso M, Gritti G. A new technique for regional anesthesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery based on a suprascapular nerve block and an axillary block: an evaluation of the first results. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:689-696.
    • (2008) Arthroscopy , vol.24 , pp. 689-696
    • Checcucci, G.1    Allegra, A.2    Bigazzi, P.3    Gianesello, L.4    Ceruso, M.5    Gritti, G.6
  • 140
    • 42149086138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axillary (circumflex) nerve block used in association with suprascapular nerve block for the control of pain following total shoulder joint replacement
    • Price DJ. Axillary (circumflex) nerve block used in association with suprascapular nerve block for the control of pain following total shoulder joint replacement. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:280-281.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 280-281
    • Price, D.J.1
  • 141
    • 0036724082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block is superior to subacromial bursa block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery
    • Laurila PA, Lopponen A, Kanga-Saarela T, Salomaki TE. Interscalene brachial plexus block is superior to subacromial bursa block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:1031-1036.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 1031-1036
    • Laurila, P.A.1    Lopponen, A.2    Kanga-Saarela, T.3    Salomaki, T.E.4
  • 142
    • 27444437733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total shoulder arthroplasty as an outpatient procedure using ambulatory perineural local anesthetic infusion: A pilot feasibility study
    • Ilfeld BM, Wright TW, Enneking FK, Mace JA, Shuster JJ, Spadoni EH, et al. Total shoulder arthroplasty as an outpatient procedure using ambulatory perineural local anesthetic infusion: a pilot feasibility study. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1319-1322.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 1319-1322
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Wright, T.W.2    Enneking, F.K.3    Mace, J.A.4    Shuster, J.J.5    Spadoni, E.H.6
  • 143
    • 33644836596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint range of motion after total shoulder arthroplasty with and without a continuous interscalene nerve block: A retrospective, case-control study
    • Ilfeld BM, Wright TW, Enneking FK, Moray TE. Joint range of motion after total shoulder arthroplasty with and without a continuous interscalene nerve block: a retrospective, case-control study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:429-433.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 429-433
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Wright, T.W.2    Enneking, F.K.3    Moray, T.E.4
  • 144
    • 37549065071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of pain relief provided by interscalene regional block and infusion pump after arthroscopic shoulder surgery
    • Ciccone WJ, Busey TD, Weinstein DM, Walden DL, Elias JJ. Assessment of pain relief provided by interscalene regional block and infusion pump after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:14-19.
    • (2008) Arthroscopy , vol.24 , pp. 14-19
    • Ciccone, W.J.1    Busey, T.D.2    Weinstein, D.M.3    Walden, D.L.4    Elias, J.J.5
  • 145
    • 41649098385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subacromial bursa block is an effective alternative to interscalene block for postoperative pain control after arthroscopic subacromial decompression: A randomized trial
    • Nisar A, Morris MW, Freeman JV, Cort JM, Rayner PR, Shahane SA. Subacromial bursa block is an effective alternative to interscalene block for postoperative pain control after arthroscopic subacromial decompression: a randomized trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17:78-84.
    • (2008) J Shoulder Elbow Surg , vol.17 , pp. 78-84
    • Nisar, A.1    Morris, M.W.2    Freeman, J.V.3    Cort, J.M.4    Rayner, P.R.5    Shahane, S.A.6
  • 146
    • 34548488970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion of local anesthetic versus interscalene block for postoperative pain control after arthroscopic shoulder surgery
    • Webb D, Guttmann D, Cawley P, Lubowitz JH. Continuous infusion of local anesthetic versus interscalene block for postoperative pain control after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:1006-1011.
    • (2007) Arthroscopy , vol.23 , pp. 1006-1011
    • Webb, D.1    Guttmann, D.2    Cawley, P.3    Lubowitz, J.H.4
  • 147
    • 33749185441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve puncture and apparent intraneural injection during ultrasound-guided axillary block does not invariably result in neurologic injury
    • Bigeleisen PE. Nerve puncture and apparent intraneural injection during ultrasound-guided axillary block does not invariably result in neurologic injury. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:779-783.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 779-783
    • Bigeleisen, P.E.1
  • 148
    • 0030202574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axillary brachial plexus block in two hundred consecutive patients
    • Pearce H, Lindsay D, Leslie K. Axillary brachial plexus block in two hundred consecutive patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1996;24:453-458.
    • (1996) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.24 , pp. 453-458
    • Pearce, H.1    Lindsay, D.2    Leslie, K.3
  • 149
    • 33646412572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface stimulation to determine needle direction and angle when performing an infraclavicular brachial plexus block
    • Albert DB, Dudarevitch D, Bloom K, Rosenberg AD. Surface stimulation to determine needle direction and angle when performing an infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Pain Pract. 2006;6:104-106.
    • (2006) Pain Pract , vol.6 , pp. 104-106
    • Albert, D.B.1    Dudarevitch, D.2    Bloom, K.3    Rosenberg, A.D.4
  • 150
    • 0038824171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous electrode guidance and subcutaneous stimulating electrode guidance: Modifications of the original technique
    • Urmey WF, Grossi P. Percutaneous electrode guidance and subcutaneous stimulating electrode guidance: modifications of the original technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:253-255.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 253-255
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Grossi, P.2
  • 151
    • 33845694633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of brachial plexus anatomy as seen on diagnostic imaging: Clinical correlation with computed tomography-guided brachial plexus block
    • Ajar A, Hoeft M, Alsofrom GF, Mukerji SK, Rathmell JP. Review of brachial plexus anatomy as seen on diagnostic imaging: clinical correlation with computed tomography-guided brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:79-83.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 79-83
    • Ajar, A.1    Hoeft, M.2    Alsofrom, G.F.3    Mukerji, S.K.4    Rathmell, J.P.5
  • 153
    • 0036187523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inability to consistently elicit a motor response following sensory paresthesia during interscalene block administration
    • Urmey WF, Stanton J. Inability to consistently elicit a motor response following sensory paresthesia during interscalene block administration. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:552-554.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 552-554
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Stanton, J.2
  • 154
    • 50649116839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury during regional anesthesia
    • Hogan QH. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury during regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:435-441.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 435-441
    • Hogan, Q.H.1
  • 155
    • 0035073014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How close is close enough? Defining the "paresthesia chad" [editorial]
    • Neal JM. How close is close enough? Defining the "paresthesia chad" [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:97-99.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 97-99
    • Neal, J.M.1
  • 156
    • 0033971021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1,001 Subclavian perivascular brachial plexus blocks: Success with a nerve stimulator
    • Franco CD, Vieira ZE. 1,001 Subclavian perivascular brachial plexus blocks: success with a nerve stimulator. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:41-46.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 41-46
    • Franco, C.D.1    Vieira, Z.E.2
  • 157
    • 0023204561 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three methods of axillary approach to brachial plexus blockade for upper extremity surgery
    • Goldberg ME, Gregg C, Larijani GE, Norris MC, Marr AT, Seltzer JL. A comparison of three methods of axillary approach to brachial plexus blockade for upper extremity surgery. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:814-816.
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.66 , pp. 814-816
    • Goldberg, M.E.1    Gregg, C.2    Larijani, G.E.3    Norris, M.C.4    Marr, A.T.5    Seltzer, J.L.6
  • 158
    • 0035168289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the brachial plexus block at the humeral canal using a neurostimulator (1417 patients): The efficacy, safety, and predictive criteria of failure
    • Carles M, Pulcini A, Macchi P, Duflos P, Raucoules-Aime M, Grimaud D. An evaluation of the brachial plexus block at the humeral canal using a neurostimulator (1417 patients): the efficacy, safety, and predictive criteria of failure. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:194-198.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.92 , pp. 194-198
    • Carles, M.1    Pulcini, A.2    Macchi, P.3    Duflos, P.4    Raucoules-Aime, M.5    Grimaud, D.6
  • 159
    • 1642461546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The supraclavicular block with a nerve stimulator: To decrease or not to decrease, that is the question
    • Franco CD, Domashevich V, Voronov G, Rafizad AB, Jelev TJ. The supraclavicular block with a nerve stimulator: to decrease or not to decrease, that is the question. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1167-1171.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.98 , pp. 1167-1171
    • Franco, C.D.1    Domashevich, V.2    Voronov, G.3    Rafizad, A.B.4    Jelev, T.J.5
  • 160
    • 0031970963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for an initial axillary block by 45 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Hesselbjerg L, Fejlberg V Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for an initial axillary block by 45 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42:570-575.
    • (1998) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.42 , pp. 570-575
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.J.1    Hesselbjerg, L.2    Fejlberg, V.3
  • 162
    • 0027738080 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the clinical efficacy of three perivascular techniques for axillary brachial plexus block
    • Hickey R, Hoffman J, Tingle LJ, Rogers JN, Ramamurthy S. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of three perivascular techniques for axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:335-338.
    • (1993) Reg Anesth , vol.18 , pp. 335-338
    • Hickey, R.1    Hoffman, J.2    Tingle, L.J.3    Rogers, J.N.4    Ramamurthy, S.5
  • 163
    • 0041963046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus examination and localization using ultrasound and electrical stimulation
    • Perlas A, Chan VWS, Simons M. Brachial plexus examination and localization using ultrasound and electrical stimulation. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:429-435.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.99 , pp. 429-435
    • Perlas, A.1    Chan, V.W.S.2    Simons, M.3
  • 164
    • 33748094264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of motor responses to nerve stimulation and paresthesia for nerve localization as evaluated by ultrasound
    • Perlas A, Niazi A, McCartney C, Chan V Xu D, Abbas S. The sensitivity of motor responses to nerve stimulation and paresthesia for nerve localization as evaluated by ultrasound, Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:445-450.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 445-450
    • Perlas, A.1    Niazi, A.2    McCartney, C.3    Chan, V.4    Xu, D.5    Abbas, S.6
  • 165
    • 48149100789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of motor response to needle nerve stimulation during ultrasound guided interscalene catheter placement
    • Fredrickson MJ. The sensitivity of motor response to needle nerve stimulation during ultrasound guided interscalene catheter placement. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:291-296.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 291-296
    • Fredrickson, M.J.1
  • 166
    • 34247513349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ultrasonic and histologic study of intraneural injection and electrical stimulation in pigs
    • Chan VW, Brull R, McCartney CJ, Xu D, Abbas S, Shannon P. An ultrasonic and histologic study of intraneural injection and electrical stimulation in pigs. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1281-1284.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , pp. 1281-1284
    • Chan, V.W.1    Brull, R.2    McCartney, C.J.3    Xu, D.4    Abbas, S.5    Shannon, P.6
  • 167
    • 34247621825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized comparison between ultrasound and nerve stimulation guidance for multiple injection axillary brachial plexus block
    • Casati A, Danelli G, Baciarello M, Corradi M, Leone S, Di Cianni S, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison between ultrasound and nerve stimulation guidance for multiple injection axillary brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:992-996.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , pp. 992-996
    • Casati, A.1    Danelli, G.2    Baciarello, M.3    Corradi, M.4    Leone, S.5    Di Cianni, S.6
  • 168
    • 34249052244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance improves success rate of axillary brachial plexus block
    • Chan VW, Perlas A, McCartney J, Brull R, Xu D, Abbas S. Ultrasound guidance improves success rate of axillary brachial plexus block. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54:176-182.
    • (2007) Can J Anaesth , vol.54 , pp. 176-182
    • Chan, V.W.1    Perlas, A.2    McCartney, J.3    Brull, R.4    Xu, D.5    Abbas, S.6
  • 169
    • 33750108704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of a perivascular axillary plexus block
    • Sites BD, Beach ML, Spence BC, Wiley CW. Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of a perivascular axillary plexus block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:678-684.
    • (2006) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.50 , pp. 678-684
    • Sites, B.D.1    Beach, M.L.2    Spence, B.C.3    Wiley, C.W.4
  • 170
    • 0142150209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance speeds execution and improves the quality of supraclavicular block
    • Williams SR, Chouinard P, Arcand G, Harris P, Ruel M, Boudreault D, et al. Ultrasound guidance speeds execution and improves the quality of supraclavicular block. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1518-1523.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , pp. 1518-1523
    • Williams, S.R.1    Chouinard, P.2    Arcand, G.3    Harris, P.4    Ruel, M.5    Boudreault, D.6
  • 171
    • 3242880509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance for infraclavicular brachial plexus anaesthesia in children
    • Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, Greher M, Kapral S. Ultrasound guidance for infraclavicular brachial plexus anaesthesia in children. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:642-646.
    • (2004) Anaesthesia , vol.59 , pp. 642-646
    • Marhofer, P.1    Sitzwohl, C.2    Greher, M.3    Kapral, S.4
  • 172
    • 30044434946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia in upper limb surgery
    • Seeding PE, Sha S, Royse CE, Marks P, Hoy G, Royse AG. A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia in upper limb surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:719-725.
    • (2005) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.33 , pp. 719-725
    • Seeding, P.E.1    Sha, S.2    Royse, C.E.3    Marks, P.4    Hoy, G.5    Royse, A.G.6
  • 173
    • 34247500722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurostimulation in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block: A prospective randomized trial
    • Dingemans E, Williams SR, Arcand G, Chouinard P, Harris P, Ruel M, et al. Neurostimulation in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block: a prospective randomized trial. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1275-1280.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , pp. 1275-1280
    • Dingemans, E.1    Williams, S.R.2    Arcand, G.3    Chouinard, P.4    Harris, P.5    Ruel, M.6
  • 174
    • 44649094561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical nerve stimulation or ultrasound guidance for lateral sagittal infraclavicular blocks: A randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, comparative study
    • Sauter AR, Dodgson MS, Stubhaug A, Halstensen AM, Klaastad O. Electrical nerve stimulation or ultrasound guidance for lateral sagittal infraclavicular blocks: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, comparative study. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1910-1915.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.106 , pp. 1910-1915
    • Sauter, A.R.1    Dodgson, M.S.2    Stubhaug, A.3    Halstensen, A.M.4    Klaastad, O.5
  • 175
    • 33751333576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the edge of the ultrasound screen: Regional anesthesiologists diagnosing nonneural pathology
    • Sites BD, Spence BC, Gallagher JD, Beach ML. On the edge of the ultrasound screen: regional anesthesiologists diagnosing nonneural pathology. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:555-562.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 555-562
    • Sites, B.D.1    Spence, B.C.2    Gallagher, J.D.3    Beach, M.L.4
  • 176
    • 33847617847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonography of scalene muscle anomalies for brachial plexus block
    • Kessler J, Gray AT. Sonography of scalene muscle anomalies for brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:172-173.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 172-173
    • Kessler, J.1    Gray, A.T.2
  • 177
    • 37249078785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in a patient with multiple glomangiomatosis
    • Duggan E, Brull R, Lai J, Abbas S. Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in a patient with multiple glomangiomatosis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:70-73.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 70-73
    • Duggan, E.1    Brull, R.2    Lai, J.3    Abbas, S.4
  • 178
    • 54349122466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of a preprocedure systematic sonographic survey in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia
    • Manickam BP, Perlas A, Chan VWS, Brull R. The role of a preprocedure systematic sonographic survey in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:566-570.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 566-570
    • Manickam, B.P.1    Perlas, A.2    Chan, V.W.S.3    Brull, R.4
  • 179
    • 48149105682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case report: Limitations of local anesthetic spread during ultrasound-guided interscalene block. Description of an anatomic variant with clinical correlation
    • Abrahams MS, Panzer O, Atchabahian A, Horn J-L, Brown AR. Case report: limitations of local anesthetic spread during ultrasound-guided interscalene block. Description of an anatomic variant with clinical correlation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:357-359.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 357-359
    • Abrahams, M.S.1    Panzer, O.2    Atchabahian, A.3    Horn, J.-L.4    Brown, A.R.5
  • 180
    • 33845715291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance for brachial plexus localization and catheter insertion after complete forearm amputation
    • Assmann N, McCartney CJ, Tumber PS, Chan VW. Ultrasound guidance for brachial plexus localization and catheter insertion after complete forearm amputation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:93.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 93
    • Assmann, N.1    McCartney, C.J.2    Tumber, P.S.3    Chan, V.W.4
  • 181
    • 35348974566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation reduces the time necessary for resident peripheral nerve blockade
    • Orebaugh SL, Williams BA, Kentor ML. Ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation reduces the time necessary for resident peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:448-454.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 448-454
    • Orebaugh, S.L.1    Williams, B.A.2    Kentor, M.L.3
  • 182
    • 35349000092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artifacts and pitfall errors associated with ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Part I: Understanding the basic principles of ultrasound physics and machine operations
    • Sites BD, Brull R, Chan VWS, Spence BC, Gallagher J, Beach ML, et al. Artifacts and pitfall errors associated with ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Part I: understanding the basic principles of ultrasound physics and machine operations. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:412-418.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 412-418
    • Sites, B.D.1    Brull, R.2    Chan, V.W.S.3    Spence, B.C.4    Gallagher, J.5    Beach, M.L.6
  • 183
    • 35348985421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artifacts and pitfall errors associated with ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Part II: A pictorial approach to understanding and avoidance
    • Sites BD, Brull R, Chan VWS, Spence BC, Gallagher J, Beach ML, et al. Artifacts and pitfall errors associated with ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Part II: a pictorial approach to understanding and avoidance. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:419-433.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 419-433
    • Sites, B.D.1    Brull, R.2    Chan, V.W.S.3    Spence, B.C.4    Gallagher, J.5    Beach, M.L.6
  • 184
  • 185
    • 33845702058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitating needle alignment in-plane to an ultrasound beam using a portable laser unit
    • Tsui BC. Facilitating needle alignment in-plane to an ultrasound beam using a portable laser unit. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:84-88.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 84-88
    • Tsui, B.C.1
  • 186
    • 34548126510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided interscalene needle placement produces successful anesthesia regardless of motor stimulation above or below 0.5 mA
    • Sinha SK, Abrams JH, Weller RS. Ultrasound-guided interscalene needle placement produces successful anesthesia regardless of motor stimulation above or below 0.5 mA. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:848-852.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.105 , pp. 848-852
    • Sinha, S.K.1    Abrams, J.H.2    Weller, R.S.3
  • 187
    • 38549161023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and the prevention of neurologic injury: Fact or fiction? [editorial]
    • Hebl JR. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and the prevention of neurologic injury: fact or fiction? [editorial]. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:186-188.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 186-188
    • Hebl, J.R.1
  • 188
    • 38549133783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe brachial plexopathy after an ultrasound-guided single-injection nerve block for total shoulder arthroplasty in a patient with multiple sclerosis
    • Koff MD, Cohen JA, McIntyre JJ, Carr CF, Sites BD. Severe brachial plexopathy after an ultrasound-guided single-injection nerve block for total shoulder arthroplasty in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:325-328.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 325-328
    • Koff, M.D.1    Cohen, J.A.2    McIntyre, J.J.3    Carr, C.F.4    Sites, B.D.5
  • 189
    • 41149109464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound guidance for axillary plexus block does not prevent intravascular injection
    • Zetlaoui RJ, Labbe J-P, Benhamou D. Ultrasound guidance for axillary plexus block does not prevent intravascular injection. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:761.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 761
    • Zetlaoui, R.J.1    Labbe, J.-P.2    Benhamou, D.3
  • 191
    • 54349120732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Needle visualization in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: Challenges and solutions
    • Chin KJ, Perlas A, Chan VWS, Brull R. Needle visualization in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: challenges and solutions. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:532-544.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 532-544
    • Chin, K.J.1    Perlas, A.2    Chan, V.W.S.3    Brull, R.4
  • 192
    • 30044434946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia in upper limb surgery
    • Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, Greher M, Kapral S. A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia in upper limb surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:719-725.
    • (2005) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.33 , pp. 719-725
    • Marhofer, P.1    Sitzwohl, C.2    Greher, M.3    Kapral, S.4
  • 193
    • 33845667956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient management of continuous peripheral nerve catheters placed using ultrasound guidance: An experience in 620 patients
    • Swenson JD, Bay N, Loose E, Bankhead B, Davis J, Beals TC, et al. Outpatient management of continuous peripheral nerve catheters placed using ultrasound guidance: an experience in 620 patients. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1436-1443.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.103 , pp. 1436-1443
    • Swenson, J.D.1    Bay, N.2    Loose, E.3    Bankhead, B.4    Davis, J.5    Beals, T.C.6
  • 194
    • 39449139946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful continuous interscalene analgesia for ambulatory shoulder surgery in a private practice setting
    • Fredrickson MJ, Ball CM, Dalgleish AJ. Successful continuous interscalene analgesia for ambulatory shoulder surgery in a private practice setting. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:122-128.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 122-128
    • Fredrickson, M.J.1    Ball, C.M.2    Dalgleish, A.J.3
  • 195
    • 1642540161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraclavicular perineural local anesthetic infusion: A comparison of three dosing regimens for postoperative analgesia
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Infraclavicular perineural local anesthetic infusion: a comparison of three dosing regimens for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:395-402.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , pp. 395-402
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 196
    • 0034916040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the infraclavicular block via a modified approach of the Raj technique
    • Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Dumont C. An evaluation of the infraclavicular block via a modified approach of the Raj technique. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:436-441.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 436-441
    • Borgeat, A.1    Ekatodramis, G.2    Dumont, C.3
  • 197
    • 42449097234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a regional model of care for ambulatory total shoulder arthroplasty: A pilot study
    • Gallay SH, Lobo JJ, Baker J, Smith K, Patel K. Development of a regional model of care for ambulatory total shoulder arthroplasty: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466:563-572.
    • (2008) Clin Orthop Relat Res , vol.466 , pp. 563-572
    • Gallay, S.H.1    Lobo, J.J.2    Baker, J.3    Smith, K.4    Patel, K.5
  • 198
    • 0029126459 scopus 로고
    • A new axillary approach for continuous brachial plexus block. A clinical and anatomic study
    • Pham-Dang C, Meunier J, Poirier P. A new axillary approach for continuous brachial plexus block. A clinical and anatomic study. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:686-693.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.81 , pp. 686-693
    • Pham-Dang, C.1    Meunier, J.2    Poirier, P.3
  • 199
    • 0034532855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supraclavicular regional anaesthesia revisited-the bent needle technique
    • Cornish PB. Supraclavicular regional anaesthesia revisited-the bent needle technique. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2000;28:676-679.
    • (2000) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.28 , pp. 676-679
    • Cornish, P.B.1
  • 201
    • 34548009337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evaluation of infraclavicular catheters inserted using ultrasound guidance: Through-the-needle catheter anesthesia is not inferior to through-the-needle blocks
    • Slater ME, Williams SR, Harris P, Brutus JP, Ruel M, Girard F, et al. Preliminary evaluation of infraclavicular catheters inserted using ultrasound guidance: through-the-needle catheter anesthesia is not inferior to through-the-needle blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:296-302.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 296-302
    • Slater, M.E.1    Williams, S.R.2    Harris, P.3    Brutus, J.P.4    Ruel, M.5    Girard, F.6
  • 202
    • 35548954145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of stimulating versus non-stimulating catheters for continuous interscalene plexus blocks in short-term pain management
    • Birnbaum J, Kip M, Spies CD, Hein OV, Labs K, Moeckel G, et al. The effect of stimulating versus non-stimulating catheters for continuous interscalene plexus blocks in short-term pain management. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:434-439.
    • (2007) J Clin Anesth , vol.19 , pp. 434-439
    • Birnbaum, J.1    Kip, M.2    Spies, C.D.3    Hein, O.V.4    Labs, K.5    Moeckel, G.6
  • 203
    • 47149114196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonography and stimulating perineural catheters for nerve blocks: A review of the evidence
    • Tran DQH, Munoz L, Russo G, Finlayson RJ. Ultrasonography and stimulating perineural catheters for nerve blocks: a review of the evidence. Can J Anaesth. 2008;55:447-457.
    • (2008) Can J Anaesth , vol.55 , pp. 447-457
    • Tran, D.Q.H.1    Munoz, L.2    Russo, G.3    Finlayson, R.J.4
  • 204
    • 50649117778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-axis ultrasound imaging of the nerves and advancement of perineural catheters under direct vision: A preliminary report of four cases
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rasmussen H, Hesselbjerg L. Long-axis ultrasound imaging of the nerves and advancement of perineural catheters under direct vision: a preliminary report of four cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:477-482.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 477-482
    • Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.J.1    Rasmussen, H.2    Hesselbjerg, L.3
  • 205
    • 1642498200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene perineural ropivacaine infusion: A comparison of two dosing regimens for open shoulder surgery
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wright TW, Chidgey LK, Enneking FK. Interscalene perineural ropivacaine infusion: a comparison of two dosing regimens for open shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:9-16.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 9-16
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Wright, T.W.3    Chidgey, L.K.4    Enneking, F.K.5
  • 206
    • 54349083521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on continuous interscalene nerve blocks: A dual-center, randomized, observer-masked, controlled study
    • Le LT, Loland VJ, Mariano ER, Gerancher JC, Wadhwa AN, Renehan EM, et al. Effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on continuous interscalene nerve blocks: a dual-center, randomized, observer-masked, controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:518-525.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 518-525
    • LT, L.1    Loland, V.J.2    Mariano, E.R.3    Gerancher, J.C.4    Wadhwa, A.N.5    Renehan, E.M.6
  • 207
    • 0037263404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivery rate accuracy of portable infusion pumps used for patient-controlled continuous regional anesthesia
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Delivery rate accuracy of portable infusion pumps used for patient-controlled continuous regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:17-23.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 17-23
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 208
    • 0141863440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Portable infusion pumps used for continuous regional anesthesia: Delivery rate accuracy and consistency
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Portable infusion pumps used for continuous regional anesthesia: delivery rate accuracy and consistency. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:424-432.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 424-432
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 209
    • 3242886703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New portable infusion pumps: Real advantages or just more of the same in a different package?
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. New portable infusion pumps: real advantages or just more of the same in a different package? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:371-376.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 371-376
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 210
    • 0032721337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus anaesthesia with 0.5%, 0.75% or 1% ropivacaine: A double-blind comparison with 2% mepivacaine
    • Casati A, Fanelli G, Aldegheri G, Berti M, Colnaghi E, Cedrati V, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus anaesthesia with 0.5%, 0.75% or 1% ropivacaine: a double-blind comparison with 2% mepivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:872-875.
    • (1999) Br J Anaesth , vol.83 , pp. 872-875
    • Casati, A.1    Fanelli, G.2    Aldegheri, G.3    Berti, M.4    Colnaghi, E.5    Cedrati, V.6
  • 211
    • 0031690912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic effect of interscalene block using low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient arthroscopic shoulder surgery
    • Al-Kaisy A, McGuire G, Chan V, Bruin G, Peng P, Miniaci A, et al. Analgesic effect of interscalene block using low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:469-473.
    • (1998) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.23 , pp. 469-473
    • Al-Kaisy, A.1    McGuire, G.2    Chan, V.3    Bruin, G.4    Peng, P.5    Miniaci, A.6
  • 212
    • 0034829151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic effects of low-dose ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder surgery-a dose-finding study
    • Krone SC, Chan VW, Regan J, Peng P, Poate EM, McCartney CJ, et al. Analgesic effects of low-dose ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder surgery-a dose-finding study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:439-443.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 439-443
    • Krone, S.C.1    Chan, V.W.2    Regan, J.3    Peng, P.4    Poate, E.M.5    McCartney, C.J.6
  • 214
    • 0033378122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical comparison of ropivacaine 0.75%, ropivacaine 1% or bupivacaine 0.5% for interscalene brachial plexus anaesthesia
    • Casati A, Fanelli G, Cappelleri G, Beccaria P, Magistris L, Borghi B, et al. A clinical comparison of ropivacaine 0.75%, ropivacaine 1% or bupivacaine 0.5% for interscalene brachial plexus anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1999;16:784-789.
    • (1999) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.16 , pp. 784-789
    • Casati, A.1    Fanelli, G.2    Cappelleri, G.3    Beccaria, P.4    Magistris, L.5    Borghi, B.6
  • 215
    • 0031765735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, and 0.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Steele SM, D'Ercole FJ, Speer KP, Gleason DH, et al. A comparison of 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, and 0.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:1316-1319.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.87 , pp. 1316-1319
    • Klein, S.M.1    Greengrass, R.A.2    Steele, S.M.3    D'Ercole, F.J.4    Speer, K.P.5    Gleason, D.H.6
  • 216
    • 0031956481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of S(-)-bupivacaine with racemic (RS)-bupivacame in supraclavicular brachial plexusblock
    • Cox CR, Checketts MR, Mackenzie N, Scott NB, Bannister J. Comparison of S(-)-bupivacaine with racemic (RS)-bupivacame in supraclavicular brachial plexusblock. Br J Anaesth. 1998;80:594-598.
    • (1998) Br J Anaesth , vol.80 , pp. 594-598
    • Cox, C.R.1    Checketts, M.R.2    Mackenzie, N.3    Scott, N.B.4    Bannister, J.5
  • 217
    • 0037219185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for open shoulder surgery: A randomized, double-blinded comparison between levobupivacaine and ropivacaine
    • Casati A, Borghi B, Fanelli G, Montone N, Rotini R, Fraschini G, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for open shoulder surgery: a randomized, double-blinded comparison between levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:253-259.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 253-259
    • Casati, A.1    Borghi, B.2    Fanelli, G.3    Montone, N.4    Rotini, R.5    Fraschini, G.6
  • 218
    • 0036267023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) at home: Controlled comparison between bupivacaine and ropivacaine brachial plexus analgesia
    • Rawal N, Allvin R, Axelsson K, Hallen J, Ekback G, Ohlsson T, et al. Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) at home: controlled comparison between bupivacaine and ropivacaine brachial plexus analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1290-1296.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 1290-1296
    • Rawal, N.1    Allvin, R.2    Axelsson, K.3    Hallen, J.4    Ekback, G.5    Ohlsson, T.6
  • 219
    • 0035174689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus bupivacaine 0.15% after major open shoulder surgery: The effects on hand motor function
    • Borgeat A, Kalberer F, Jacob H, Ruetsch YA, Gerber C. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus bupivacaine 0.15% after major open shoulder surgery: the effects on hand motor function. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:218-223.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.92 , pp. 218-223
    • Borgeat, A.1    Kalberer, F.2    Jacob, H.3    Ruetsch, Y.A.4    Gerber, C.5
  • 220
    • 0029051778 scopus 로고
    • Relation between functional deficit and intraneural local anesthetic during peripheral nerve block: A study in the rat sciatic nerve
    • Popitz-Bergez FA, Leeson S, Strichartz GR, Thalhmmer JG. Relation between functional deficit and intraneural local anesthetic during peripheral nerve block: a study in the rat sciatic nerve. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:583-592.
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.83 , pp. 583-592
    • Popitz-Bergez, F.A.1    Leeson, S.2    Strichartz, G.R.3    Thalhmmer, J.G.4
  • 221
    • 0016761329 scopus 로고
    • Neurokinetics of lidocaine in the infraorbital nerve of the rat in vivo: Relation to sensory block
    • Fink BR, Aasheim G, Kish SJ, Croley TS. Neurokinetics of lidocaine in the infraorbital nerve of the rat in vivo: relation to sensory block. Anesthesiology. 1975;42:731-736.
    • (1975) Anesthesiology , vol.42 , pp. 731-736
    • Fink, B.R.1    Aasheim, G.2    Kish, S.J.3    Croley, T.S.4
  • 222
    • 0024792603 scopus 로고
    • The role of length of nerve exposed to local anesthetics in impulse blocking action
    • Raymond SA, Steffenson SC, Gugino LD, Stricharz GR. The role of length of nerve exposed to local anesthetics in impulse blocking action. Anesth Analg. 1989;68:563-570.
    • (1989) Anesth Analg , vol.68 , pp. 563-570
    • Raymond, S.A.1    Steffenson, S.C.2    Gugino, L.D.3    Stricharz, G.R.4
  • 225
    • 0021368792 scopus 로고
    • Perivascular axillary block III: Blockade following 40 mL of 0.5%, 1% or 1.5% mepivacaine with adrenaline
    • Vester-Andersen T, Eriksen C, Christiansen C. Perivascular axillary block III: blockade following 40 mL of 0.5%, 1% or 1.5% mepivacaine with adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984;28:95-98.
    • (1984) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.28 , pp. 95-98
    • Vester-Andersen, T.1    Eriksen, C.2    Christiansen, C.3
  • 226
    • 0021359763 scopus 로고
    • Perivascular axillary block IV: Blockade following 40, 50 or 60 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline
    • Vester-Andersen T, Husum B, Lindeburg T, Borrits L, Gothgen I. Perivascular axillary block IV: blockade following 40, 50 or 60 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984;28:99-105.
    • (1984) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.28 , pp. 99-105
    • Vester-Andersen, T.1    Husum, B.2    Lindeburg, T.3    Borrits, L.4    Gothgen, I.5
  • 227
    • 0021688261 scopus 로고
    • Perivascular axillary block V: Blockade following 60 mL of mepivacaine 1% injected as a bolus or as 30+30 mL with a 20-min interval
    • Vester-Andersen T, Husum B, Lindeburg T, Borrits L, Gothgen I. Perivascular axillary block V: blockade following 60 mL of mepivacaine 1% injected as a bolus or as 30+30 mL with a 20-min interval. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984;28:612-616.
    • (1984) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.28 , pp. 612-616
    • Vester-Andersen, T.1    Husum, B.2    Lindeburg, T.3    Borrits, L.4    Gothgen, I.5
  • 228
    • 0141997022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of three different volumes of mepivacaine in axillary plexus block using multiple nerve stimulation
    • Serradell A, Herrero R, Villanueva JA, Santos JA, Moncho JM, Masdeu J. Comparison of three different volumes of mepivacaine in axillary plexus block using multiple nerve stimulation. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:519-524.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.91 , pp. 519-524
    • Serradell, A.1    Herrero, R.2    Villanueva, J.A.3    Santos, J.A.4    Moncho, J.M.5    Masdeu, J.6
  • 229
    • 51849129607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 mL) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Riazi S, Carmichael N, Awad I, Holtby RM, McCartney CJL. Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 mL) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:549-556.
    • (2008) Br J Anaesth , vol.101 , pp. 549-556
    • Riazi, S.1    Carmichael, N.2    Awad, I.3    Holtby, R.M.4    McCartney, C.J.L.5
  • 230
    • 0037229673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the injection volume by dilution improves the onset of motor blockade, but not sensory blockade of ropivacaine for brachial plexus block
    • Krenn H, Deusch E, Balogh B, Jellinek H, Oczenski W, Plainer-Zochling E, et al. Increasing the injection volume by dilution improves the onset of motor blockade, but not sensory blockade of ropivacaine for brachial plexus block. Eur J Anaesth. 2003;20:21-25.
    • (2003) Eur J Anaesth , vol.20 , pp. 21-25
    • Krenn, H.1    Deusch, E.2    Balogh, B.3    Jellinek, H.4    Oczenski, W.5    Plainer-Zochling, E.6
  • 231
    • 33846076967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of mepivacaine axillary brachial plexus block performed at 2800 m of altitude
    • in French
    • Fuzier R, Fourcade O, Fuzier V, Gonzalez H, Albert N, Riviere D, et al. Characteristics of mepivacaine axillary brachial plexus block performed at 2800 m of altitude [in French]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2007;26:17-22.
    • (2007) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim , vol.26 , pp. 17-22
    • Fuzier, R.1    Fourcade, O.2    Fuzier, V.3    Gonzalez, H.4    Albert, N.5    Riviere, D.6
  • 232
    • 0036295032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levobupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: A pharmacokinetic and clinical comparison in patients with normal renal function or renal disease
    • Crews JC, Weller RS, Moss J, James RL. Levobupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: a pharmacokinetic and clinical comparison in patients with normal renal function or renal disease. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:219-223.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 219-223
    • Crews, J.C.1    Weller, R.S.2    Moss, J.3    James, R.L.4
  • 233
    • 0037302028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in uremic and nonuremic patients after axillary brachial plexus block
    • Pere P, Salonen M, Jokinen M, Rosenberg PH, Haasio J. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in uremic and nonuremic patients after axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:563-569.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 563-569
    • Pere, P.1    Salonen, M.2    Jokinen, M.3    Rosenberg, P.H.4    Haasio, J.5
  • 234
    • 15544382004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of clonidine added to mepivacaine for paronychia surgery under axillary brachial plexus block
    • Iohom G, Machmachi A, Desire-Pascal D, Khatouf M, Boileau S, Dap F, et al. The effects of clonidine added to mepivacaine for paronychia surgery under axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1179-1183.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1179-1183
    • Iohom, G.1    Machmachi, A.2    Desire-Pascal, D.3    Khatouf, M.4    Boileau, S.5    Dap, F.6
  • 235
    • 0002848858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents
    • Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, eds, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers;
    • Covino BG, Wildsmith JAW. Clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents. In: Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, eds. Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998:97-128.
    • (1998) Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain , pp. 97-128
    • Covino, B.G.1    Wildsmith, J.A.W.2
  • 236
    • 0027227534 scopus 로고
    • Bloc axillaire par blocage simultane de plusieurs neris II. Evaluation du melange lidocaine-bupivacaine
    • Martin R, Dumais R, Cinq-Mars S, Tetrault JP. Bloc axillaire par blocage simultane de plusieurs neris II. Evaluation du melange lidocaine-bupivacaine. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1993;12:233-236.
    • (1993) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim , vol.12 , pp. 233-236
    • Martin, R.1    Dumais, R.2    Cinq-Mars, S.3    Tetrault, J.P.4
  • 237
    • 0026471666 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures in the rat
    • Spiegel D, Dexter F, Warner DS, Baker MT, Todd MM. Central nervous system toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures in the rat. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:922-928.
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.75 , pp. 922-928
    • Spiegel, D.1    Dexter, F.2    Warner, D.S.3    Baker, M.T.4    Todd, M.M.5
  • 238
    • 0034858592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enhancement of sensory blockade by clonidine selectively added to mepivacaine after midhumeral block
    • Iskandar H, Guillaume E, Dixmerias F, Binje B, Rakotondriamihary S, Thiebaut R, et al. The enhancement of sensory blockade by clonidine selectively added to mepivacaine after midhumeral block. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:771-775.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 771-775
    • Iskandar, H.1    Guillaume, E.2    Dixmerias, F.3    Binje, B.4    Rakotondriamihary, S.5    Thiebaut, R.6
  • 240
    • 0025160175 scopus 로고
    • Cooling potentiates lidocainc inhibition of median nerve sensory fibers
    • Butterworth JF IV Walker FO, Neal JM. Cooling potentiates lidocainc inhibition of median nerve sensory fibers. Anesth Analg. 1990;70:507-511.
    • (1990) Anesth Analg , vol.70 , pp. 507-511
    • Butterworth, J.I.1    Walker, F.O.2    Neal, J.M.3
  • 241
    • 0025237660 scopus 로고
    • Latency of brachial plexus block. The effect on onset time of warming local anaesthetic solutions
    • Heath PJ, Brownlie GS, Herrick MJ. Latency of brachial plexus block. The effect on onset time of warming local anaesthetic solutions. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:297-301.
    • (1990) Anaesthesia , vol.45 , pp. 297-301
    • Heath, P.J.1    Brownlie, G.S.2    Herrick, M.J.3
  • 242
    • 0027141864 scopus 로고
    • Warm local anaesthetic-effect on latency of axillary brachial plexus block
    • Chilvers CR. Warm local anaesthetic-effect on latency of axillary brachial plexus block. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:795-798.
    • (1993) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.21 , pp. 795-798
    • Chilvers, C.R.1
  • 243
    • 0023922932 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced brachial plexus blockade. Effect of pain and muscular exercise on the efficiency of brachial plexus blockade
    • Okasha AS, El Attar AM, Soliman HL. Enhanced brachial plexus blockade. Effect of pain and muscular exercise on the efficiency of brachial plexus blockade. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:327-329.
    • (1988) Anaesthesia , vol.43 , pp. 327-329
    • Okasha, A.S.1    El Attar, A.M.2    Soliman, H.L.3
  • 244
    • 0029850013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on onset of axillary plexus block
    • Stevens MF, Linstedt U, Neruda B, Lipfert P, Wulf H. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on onset of axillary plexus block. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:916-919.
    • (1996) Anaesthesia , vol.51 , pp. 916-919
    • Stevens, M.F.1    Linstedt, U.2    Neruda, B.3    Lipfert, P.4    Wulf, H.5
  • 245
    • 0029113961 scopus 로고
    • Effect of injection speed on anaesthetic spread during axillary block using the orthogonal two-needle technique
    • Rucci FS, Pippa P, Boccaccini A, Barbagli R. Effect of injection speed on anaesthetic spread during axillary block using the orthogonal two-needle technique. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1995;12:505-511.
    • (1995) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.12 , pp. 505-511
    • Rucci, F.S.1    Pippa, P.2    Boccaccini, A.3    Barbagli, R.4
  • 246
    • 0032936910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phrenic nerve block caused by interscalene brachial plexus block: Effects of digital pressure and a low volume of local anesthetic
    • Sala-Blanch X, Lazaro JR, Correa J, Gomez-Fernandez M. Phrenic nerve block caused by interscalene brachial plexus block: effects of digital pressure and a low volume of local anesthetic. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:231-235.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 231-235
    • Sala-Blanch, X.1    Lazaro, J.R.2    Correa, J.3    Gomez-Fernandez, M.4
  • 247
    • 0032916235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of arm position on central spread of local anesthetics and on quality of the block with axillary brachial plexus block
    • Yamamoto K, Tsubokawa T, Ohmura S, Kobayashi T. The effects of arm position on central spread of local anesthetics and on quality of the block with axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:36-42.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 36-42
    • Yamamoto, K.1    Tsubokawa, T.2    Ohmura, S.3    Kobayashi, T.4
  • 248
    • 34047247016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of arm position on onset and duration of axillary brachial plexus block
    • Ababou A, Marzouk N, Mosadiq A, Sbihi A. The effects of arm position on onset and duration of axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:980-981.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , pp. 980-981
    • Ababou, A.1    Marzouk, N.2    Mosadiq, A.3    Sbihi, A.4
  • 249
    • 0025027390 scopus 로고
    • Alkalinization of mepivacaine accelerates onset of interscalence block for shoulder surgery
    • Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, O'Hara JF, Reaney J, Stein D, Grimes-Rice M. Alkalinization of mepivacaine accelerates onset of interscalence block for shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth. 1990;15:242-244.
    • (1990) Reg Anesth , vol.15 , pp. 242-244
    • Tetzlaff, J.E.1    Yoon, H.J.2    O'Hara, J.F.3    Reaney, J.4    Stein, D.5    Grimes-Rice, M.6
  • 250
    • 0028933619 scopus 로고
    • Alkalinization of mepivacaine improves the quality of motor block associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia for shoulder surgery
    • Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, Brems J, Javorsky T. Alkalinization of mepivacaine improves the quality of motor block associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia for shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:128-132.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 128-132
    • Tetzlaff, J.E.1    Yoon, H.J.2    Brems, J.3    Javorsky, T.4
  • 251
    • 0023598447 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbonated local anesthetics. II: Interscalene brachial block model
    • Sukhani R, Winnie AP. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbonated local anesthetics. II: Interscalene brachial block model. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:1245-1250.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 1245-1250
    • Sukhani, R.1    Winnie, A.P.2
  • 252
    • 0031935472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alkalinization of lidocaine does not hasten the onset of axillary brachial plexus block
    • Chow MYH, Sia ATH, Koay CK, Chan YW. Alkalinization of lidocaine does not hasten the onset of axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:566-568.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 566-568
    • Chow, M.Y.H.1    Sia, A.T.H.2    Koay, C.K.3    Chan, Y.W.4
  • 253
    • 0026524533 scopus 로고
    • Alkalinization of mepivacaine for axillary block
    • Quinlan JJ, Oleksey K, Murphy FL. Alkalinization of mepivacaine for axillary block. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:371-374.
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.74 , pp. 371-374
    • Quinlan, J.J.1    Oleksey, K.2    Murphy, F.L.3
  • 254
    • 0033775501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine decreases the duration of peripheral nerve block in the rat
    • Sinnott CJ, Garfield JM, Thalhammer JG, Strichartz GR. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine decreases the duration of peripheral nerve block in the rat. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1045-1052.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 1045-1052
    • Sinnott, C.J.1    Garfield, J.M.2    Thalhammer, J.G.3    Strichartz, G.R.4
  • 255
    • 19344364890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended-duration analgesia: Update on microspheres and liposomes
    • Rose JS, Neal JM, Kopacz DJ. Extended-duration analgesia: update on microspheres and liposomes. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:275-285.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 275-285
    • Rose, J.S.1    Neal, J.M.2    Kopacz, D.J.3
  • 256
    • 0032878865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: A microdialysis study in humans
    • Bernards CM, Kopacz DJ. Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans. Anesthesiology. 1999-91:962-968.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , pp. 962-968
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Kopacz, D.J.2
  • 257
    • 0025048164 scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine given with or without epinephrine for brachial plexus block
    • Hickey R, Blanchard J, Hoffman J, Sjovall J, Ramamurthy S. Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine given with or without epinephrine for brachial plexus block. Can J Anaesth. 1990;37:878-882.
    • (1990) Can J Anaesth , vol.37 , pp. 878-882
    • Hickey, R.1    Blanchard, J.2    Hoffman, J.3    Sjovall, J.4    Ramamurthy, S.5
  • 258
    • 0141863442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and blockade effects of high/low epinephrine doses during axillary brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine 1.5%: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Dogru K, Duygulu F, Yildiz K, Kotanoglu MS, Madenoglu H, Boyaci A. Hemodynamic and blockade effects of high/low epinephrine doses during axillary brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine 1.5%: a randomized, double-blind study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:401-405.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 401-405
    • Dogru, K.1    Duygulu, F.2    Yildiz, K.3    Kotanoglu, M.S.4    Madenoglu, H.5    Boyaci, A.6
  • 260
    • 0026046807 scopus 로고
    • The effects of local anesthetics and epinephrine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow
    • Partridge BL. The effects of local anesthetics and epinephrine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:243-251.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.75 , pp. 243-251
    • Partridge, B.L.1
  • 261
    • 0037354909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on the central and peripheral nervous systems: Neurotoxicity and neural blood flow
    • Neal JM. Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on the central and peripheral nervous systems: neurotoxicity and neural blood flow. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:124-134.
    • (2003) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , pp. 124-134
    • Neal, J.M.1
  • 262
    • 0034962563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive review of epinephrine in the finger: To do or not to do
    • Denkler K. A comprehensive review of epinephrine in the finger: to do or not to do. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:114-124.
    • (2001) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.108 , pp. 114-124
    • Denkler, K.1
  • 263
    • 34548011006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve bockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature
    • McCartney CJL, Duggan E, Apatu E. Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve bockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:330-338.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 330-338
    • McCartney, C.J.L.1    Duggan, E.2    Apatu, E.3
  • 264
    • 0026689317 scopus 로고
    • Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block
    • Singelyn FJ, Dangoisse M, Bartholomee S, Gouverneur J-M. Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth. 1992;17:148-150.
    • (1992) Reg Anesth , vol.17 , pp. 148-150
    • Singelyn, F.J.1    Dangoisse, M.2    Bartholomee, S.3    Gouverneur, J.-M.4
  • 265
    • 0029964723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A minimum dose of clonidine added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block
    • Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur J-M, Robert A. A minimum dose of clonidine added to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:1046-1050.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.83 , pp. 1046-1050
    • Singelyn, F.J.1    Gouverneur, J.-M.2    Robert, A.3
  • 266
    • 0030865213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block
    • Bernard J-M, Macaire P. Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:277-284.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 277-284
    • Bernard, J.-M.1    Macaire, P.2
  • 267
    • 0026774740 scopus 로고
    • The effect of adding clonidine to mepivacaine. Axillary brachial plexus blockade
    • Buttner J, Ott B, Klose R. The effect of adding clonidine to mepivacaine. Axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anaesthesist. 1992;41:548-554.
    • (1992) Anaesthesist , vol.41 , pp. 548-554
    • Buttner, J.1    Ott, B.2    Klose, R.3
  • 268
    • 0025953845 scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus block with bupivacaine: Effects of added alpha adrenergic agonists: comparison between clonidine and epinephrine
    • Eledjam JJ, Deschodt J, Viel EJ, Lubrano JF, Charavel P, d'Athis F, et al. Brachial plexus block with bupivacaine: effects of added alpha adrenergic agonists: comparison between clonidine and epinephrine. Can J Anaesth. 1991;38:870-875.
    • (1991) Can J Anaesth , vol.38 , pp. 870-875
    • Eledjam, J.J.1    Deschodt, J.2    Viel, E.J.3    Lubrano, J.F.4    Charavel, P.5    d'Athis, F.6
  • 269
    • 0029780058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984-1995)
    • Eisenach JC, De Kock M, Klimscha W. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984-1995). Anesthesiology. 1996;85:655-674.
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.85 , pp. 655-674
    • Eisenach, J.C.1    De Kock, M.2    Klimscha, W.3
  • 270
    • 0041327957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous infraclavicular perineural infusion with clonidine and ropivacaine compared with ropivacaine alone: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study
    • Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Continuous infraclavicular perineural infusion with clonidine and ropivacaine compared with ropivacaine alone: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:706-712.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , pp. 706-712
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Morey, T.E.2    Enneking, F.K.3
  • 271
  • 272
    • 62949118675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo
    • Kopacz DJ, Bernards CM. Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:1171-1176.
    • (2001) Anesthesiology , vol.95 , pp. 1171-1176
    • Kopacz, D.J.1    Bernards, C.M.2
  • 273
    • 0033856022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus anesthesia with verapamil and/or morphine
    • Reuben SS, Reuben JP. Brachial plexus anesthesia with verapamil and/or morphine. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:379-383.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 379-383
    • Reuben, S.S.1    Reuben, J.P.2
  • 274
    • 0036208073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus block prolongs postoperative analgesia
    • Candido KD, Winnie AP, Ghaleb AH, Fattouh MW, Franco CD. Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus block prolongs postoperative analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002;27:162-167.
    • (2002) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.27 , pp. 162-167
    • Candido, K.D.1    Winnie, A.P.2    Ghaleb, A.H.3    Fattouh, M.W.4    Franco, C.D.5
  • 275
    • 0027263512 scopus 로고
    • Improved postoperative analgesia with morphine added to axillary block solution
    • Bourke DL, Furman WR. Improved postoperative analgesia with morphine added to axillary block solution. J Clin Anesth. 1993;5:114-117.
    • (1993) J Clin Anesth , vol.5 , pp. 114-117
    • Bourke, D.L.1    Furman, W.R.2
  • 276
    • 0029094529 scopus 로고
    • Effects of brachial plexus fentanyl on supraclavicular block
    • Kardash K, Schools A, Conception M. Effects of brachial plexus fentanyl on supraclavicular block. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:311-315.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 311-315
    • Kardash, K.1    Schools, A.2    Conception, M.3
  • 277
    • 0025911691 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effect of perineuronal morphine on the quality of postoperative analgesia after axillary block: A randomized double-blind study
    • Racz H, Gunning K, Delia Santa D, Forster A. Evaluation of the effect of perineuronal morphine on the quality of postoperative analgesia after axillary block: a randomized double-blind study. Anesth Analg. 1991;72:769-772.
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.72 , pp. 769-772
    • Racz, H.1    Gunning, K.2    Delia Santa, D.3    Forster, A.4
  • 278
    • 0034057611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: A systematic review
    • Murphy DB, McCartney CJL, Chan VWS. Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2000;2000:1122-1128.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.2000 , pp. 1122-1128
    • Murphy, D.B.1    McCartney, C.J.L.2    Chan, V.W.S.3
  • 279
    • 0346896366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of adenosine with prilocaine and lignocaine for brachial plexus block does not prolong postoperative analgesia
    • Apan A, Basar H, Ozean S, Buyukkocak U. Combination of adenosine with prilocaine and lignocaine for brachial plexus block does not prolong postoperative analgesia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2003;31:648-652.
    • (2003) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.31 , pp. 648-652
    • Apan, A.1    Basar, H.2    Ozean, S.3    Buyukkocak, U.4
  • 280
    • 1642420481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently
    • Robaux S, Blunt C, Viel E, Cuvillon P, Nouguier P, Dautel G, et al. Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1172-1177.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.98 , pp. 1172-1177
    • Robaux, S.1    Blunt, C.2    Viel, E.3    Cuvillon, P.4    Nouguier, P.5    Dautel, G.6
  • 281
    • 0037335618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of local anesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine for minor surgical procedures
    • Altunkaya H, Ozer Y, Kargi E, Babuccu O. Comparison of local anesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine for minor surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90:320-322.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 320-322
    • Altunkaya, H.1    Ozer, Y.2    Kargi, E.3    Babuccu, O.4
  • 282
    • 0032984504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No enhancement of sensory and motor blockade by neostigmine added to mepivacaine axillary plexus block
    • Bouaziz H, Paqueron X, Bur ML, Merle M, Laxenaire MC, Benhamou D. No enhancement of sensory and motor blockade by neostigmine added to mepivacaine axillary plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:79-83.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 79-83
    • Bouaziz, H.1    Paqueron, X.2    Bur, M.L.3    Merle, M.4    Laxenaire, M.C.5    Benhamou, D.6
  • 283
    • 29844452487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone added to lidocaine prolongs axillary brachial plexus block
    • Movafegh A, Razazian M, Hajimaohamadi F, Meysamie A. Dexamethasone added to lidocaine prolongs axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:263-267.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.102 , pp. 263-267
    • Movafegh, A.1    Razazian, M.2    Hajimaohamadi, F.3    Meysamie, A.4
  • 284
    • 62949212043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future considerations for pharmacologic adjuvants in single-injection peripheral nerve blocks for patients with diabetes mellitus
    • In press
    • Williams BA, Murinson BB, Grable BR, Orebaugh SL. Future considerations for pharmacologic adjuvants in single-injection peripheral nerve blocks for patients with diabetes mellitus. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009. In press.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med
    • Williams, B.A.1    Murinson, B.B.2    Grable, B.R.3    Orebaugh, S.L.4
  • 285
    • 0036076458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No enhancement of sensory or motor blockade by ketamine added to ropivacaine interscalene brachial plexus blockade
    • Lee IO, Kim WK, Kong MH, Lee MK, Kim NS, Choi YS, et al. No enhancement of sensory or motor blockade by ketamine added to ropivacaine interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:821-826.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 821-826
    • Lee, I.O.1    Kim, W.K.2    Kong, M.H.3    Lee, M.K.4    Kim, N.S.5    Choi, Y.S.6
  • 286
    • 33747655091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnesium added to prilocaine prolongs the duration of axillary plexus block
    • Gunduz A, Bilir A, Gulec S. Magnesium added to prilocaine prolongs the duration of axillary plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:233-236.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 233-236
    • Gunduz, A.1    Bilir, A.2    Gulec, S.3
  • 287
    • 28444463342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus block with midazolam and bupivacaine improves analgesia
    • Jarbo K, Batra YK, Panda NB. Brachial plexus block with midazolam and bupivacaine improves analgesia. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:822-826.
    • (2005) Can J Anaesth , vol.52 , pp. 822-826
    • Jarbo, K.1    Batra, Y.K.2    Panda, N.B.3
  • 288
    • 33751322989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from spinal midazolam: When misuse of messages from preclinical models exposes patients to unnecessary risks [editorial]
    • Lavand'homme P. Lessons from spinal midazolam: when misuse of messages from preclinical models exposes patients to unnecessary risks [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:489-491.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 489-491
    • Lavand'homme, P.1
  • 289
    • 0026502095 scopus 로고
    • Effect of addition of hyaluronidase to bupivacaine during axillary brachial plexus block
    • Keeler JF, Simpson KH, Ellis FR, Kay SP. Effect of addition of hyaluronidase to bupivacaine during axillary brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 1992;68:68-71.
    • (1992) Br J Anaesth , vol.68 , pp. 68-71
    • Keeler, J.F.1    Simpson, K.H.2    Ellis, F.R.3    Kay, S.P.4
  • 290
    • 0031967370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dose-response relationship of ketorolac as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine
    • Steinberg RB, Reuben SS, Gardner G. The dose-response relationship of ketorolac as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:791-793.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 791-793
    • Steinberg, R.B.1    Reuben, S.S.2    Gardner, G.3
  • 291
    • 0036840091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major complications of regional anesthesia in France. The SOS regional anesthesia hotline service
    • Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L, Ecoffey C, Falissard B, Mercier F, et al. Major complications of regional anesthesia in France. The SOS regional anesthesia hotline service. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1274-1280.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.97 , pp. 1274-1280
    • Auroy, Y.1    Benhamou, D.2    Bargues, L.3    Ecoffey, C.4    Falissard, B.5    Mercier, F.6
  • 292
    • 0030839581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serious complications related to regional anesthesia. Results of a prospective survey in France
    • Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, Litt L, Rouvier B, Samii K. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia. Results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:479-486.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 479-486
    • Auroy, Y.1    Narchi, P.2    Messiah, A.3    Litt, L.4    Rouvier, B.5    Samii, K.6
  • 293
    • 0034791759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery. A prospective study
    • Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C. Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery. A prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2001;95:875-880.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 875-880
    • Borgeat, A.1    Ekatodramis, G.2    Kalberer, F.3    Benz, C.4
  • 294
    • 17744389027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic sequelae after interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder/upper arm surgery: The association of patient, anesthetic, and surgical factors to the incidence and clinical course
    • Candido KD, Sukhani R, Doty R, Nader A, Kendall MC, Yaghmour E, et al. Neurologic sequelae after interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder/upper arm surgery: the association of patient, anesthetic, and surgical factors to the incidence and clinical course. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1489-1495.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1489-1495
    • Candido, K.D.1    Sukhani, R.2    Doty, R.3    Nader, A.4    Kendall, M.C.5    Yaghmour, E.6
  • 295
    • 0032944028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: A closed claims analysis
    • Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL. Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1062-1069.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.90 , pp. 1062-1069
    • Cheney, F.W.1    Domino, K.B.2    Caplan, R.A.3    Posner, K.L.4
  • 296
    • 0029013423 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of side effects following axillary block used for outpatient surgery
    • Cooper K, Kelley H, Carrithers J. Perceptions of side effects following axillary block used for outpatient surgery. Reg Anesth. 1995;20:212-216.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 212-216
    • Cooper, K.1    Kelley, H.2    Carrithers, J.3
  • 297
    • 0035197359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia does not increase the risk of postoperative neuropathy in patients undergoing ulnar nerve transposition
    • Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, Sorenson EJ, Schroeder DR. Regional anesthesia does not increase the risk of postoperative neuropathy in patients undergoing ulnar nerve transposition. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1606-1611.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1606-1611
    • Hebl, J.R.1    Horlocker, T.T.2    Sorenson, E.J.3    Schroeder, D.R.4
  • 298
    • 50649091361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications associated with eye blocks and peripheral nerve blocks: An ASA closed-claims analysis
    • Lee L, Posner KL, Chaney FW, Caplan RA, Domino KB. Complications associated with eye blocks and peripheral nerve blocks: an ASA closed-claims analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:416-422.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 416-422
    • Lee, L.1    Posner, K.L.2    Chaney, F.W.3    Caplan, R.A.4    Domino, K.B.5
  • 300
    • 33749054741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve localization techniques for interscalene brachial plexus blockade: A prospective, randomized comparison of mechanical paresthesia versus electrical stimulation
    • Liguori GA, Zayas VM, YaDeau JT, Kahn RL, Paroli L, Buschiazzo V, et al. Nerve localization techniques for interscalene brachial plexus blockade: a prospective, randomized comparison of mechanical paresthesia versus electrical stimulation. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:761-777.
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.103 , pp. 761-777
    • Liguori, G.A.1    Zayas, V.M.2    YaDeau, J.T.3    Kahn, R.L.4    Paroli, L.5    Buschiazzo, V.6
  • 301
    • 0028229180 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of brachial plexus anesthesia for upper extremity surgery
    • Urban MK, Urquhart B. Evaluation of brachial plexus anesthesia for upper extremity surgery. Reg Anesth. 1994;19:175-182.
    • (1994) Reg Anesth , vol.19 , pp. 175-182
    • Urban, M.K.1    Urquhart, B.2
  • 303
    • 62949204085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral nerve injury
    • eds, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier;
    • Hebl JR. Peripheral nerve injury. In: Neal JM, Rathmell JP, eds. Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:125-140.
    • (2007) Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , pp. 125-140
    • Hebl, J.R.1
  • 304
    • 0015791716 scopus 로고
    • The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes
    • Upton AR, McComas AJ. The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet. 1973;2:359-362.
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 359-362
    • Upton, A.R.1    McComas, A.J.2
  • 306
    • 0035174289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffuse brachial plexopathy after interscalene blockade in a patient receiving cisplatin chemotherapy: The pharmacologic double crush syndrome
    • Hebl JR, Horlocker TT, Pritchard DJ. Diffuse brachial plexopathy after interscalene blockade in a patient receiving cisplatin chemotherapy: the pharmacologic double crush syndrome. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:249-251.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.92 , pp. 249-251
    • Hebl, J.R.1    Horlocker, T.T.2    Pritchard, D.J.3
  • 307
    • 0026480968 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral nerve injury caused by injection needles used in regional anaesthesia: Influence of bevel configuration, studied in a rat model
    • Rice ASC, McMahon SB. Peripheral nerve injury caused by injection needles used in regional anaesthesia: influence of bevel configuration, studied in a rat model. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69:433-438.
    • (1992) Br J Anaesth , vol.69 , pp. 433-438
    • Rice, A.S.C.1    McMahon, S.B.2
  • 308
    • 0017750297 scopus 로고
    • Catheter technique in axillary plexus block
    • Selander D. Catheter technique in axillary plexus block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1977;21:324-329.
    • (1977) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.21 , pp. 324-329
    • Selander, D.1
  • 309
    • 0022389762 scopus 로고
    • The incidence of neuropathy following upper extremity nerve blocks
    • Winchell SW, Wolfe R. The incidence of neuropathy following upper extremity nerve blocks. Reg Anesth. 1985;10:12-15.
    • (1985) Reg Anesth , vol.10 , pp. 12-15
    • Winchell, S.W.1    Wolfe, R.2
  • 310
    • 0017682933 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma
    • Selander D, Ghuner K-G, Lundborg G. Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anesthesia. An experimental study of the acute effects of needle point trauma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1977;21:182-188.
    • (1977) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.21 , pp. 182-188
    • Selander, D.1    Ghuner, K.-G.2    Lundborg, G.3
  • 311
    • 0028845214 scopus 로고
    • Does the transarterial technique of axillary block provide a higher success rate and lower complication rate than a paresthesia technique?
    • Winnie AP. Does the transarterial technique of axillary block provide a higher success rate and lower complication rate than a paresthesia technique? Reg Anesth. 1995;20:482-485.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth , vol.20 , pp. 482-485
    • Winnie, A.P.1
  • 312
    • 0030808370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No paresthesia-no anesthesia, the nerve stimulator or neither
    • Moore DC. "No paresthesia-no anesthesia," the nerve stimulator or neither. Reg Anesth. 1997;22:388-390.
    • (1997) Reg Anesth , vol.22 , pp. 388-390
    • Moore, D.C.1
  • 313
    • 50649087972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia in anesthetized or heavily sedated patients
    • Bernards CM, Hadzic A, Suresh S, Neal JM. Regional anesthesia in anesthetized or heavily sedated patients. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:449-460.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 449-460
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Hadzic, A.2    Suresh, S.3    Neal, J.M.4
  • 314
    • 4544229045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs
    • Hadzic A, Dilberovic F, Shah S, Kulenovic A, Kapur E, Zaciragic A, et al. Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:417-423.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 417-423
    • Hadzic, A.1    Dilberovic, F.2    Shah, S.3    Kulenovic, A.4    Kapur, E.5    Zaciragic, A.6
  • 316
    • 39449099357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced injection pressures using a compressed air injection technique (CAIT): An in vitro study
    • Tsui BC, Knezevich MP, Pillay JJ. Reduced injection pressures using a compressed air injection technique (CAIT): an in vitro study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:168-173.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 168-173
    • Tsui, B.C.1    Knezevich, M.P.2    Pillay, J.J.3
  • 318
    • 0024367128 scopus 로고
    • Effects of local anesthesia on nerve blood flow: Studies using lidocaine with and without epinephrine
    • Myers RR, Heckman HM. Effects of local anesthesia on nerve blood flow: studies using lidocaine with and without epinephrine. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:757-762.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71 , pp. 757-762
    • Myers, R.R.1    Heckman, H.M.2
  • 319
    • 27744529939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow
    • Bouaziz H, Iohom G, Estebe JP, Campana WM, Meyers RR. Effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:696-700.
    • (2005) Br J Anaesth , vol.95 , pp. 696-700
    • Bouaziz, H.1    Iohom, G.2    Estebe, J.P.3    Campana, W.M.4    Meyers, R.R.5
  • 320
    • 0018428856 scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetics: Importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for the appearance of nerve lesions
    • Selander D, Brattsand R, Lundborg G, Nordborg C, Olsson Y. Local anesthetics: importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for the appearance of nerve lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1979;23:127-136.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.23 , pp. 127-136
    • Selander, D.1    Brattsand, R.2    Lundborg, G.3    Nordborg, C.4    Olsson, Y.5
  • 321
    • 0026651545 scopus 로고
    • Differences in sensitivity to hyperglycemic hypoxia of isolated rat sensory and motor nerve fibers
    • Schneider U, Jund R, Nees S, Grafe P. Differences in sensitivity to hyperglycemic hypoxia of isolated rat sensory and motor nerve fibers. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:605-610.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.31 , pp. 605-610
    • Schneider, U.1    Jund, R.2    Nees, S.3    Grafe, P.4
  • 322
    • 0018145313 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthestics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections
    • Selander D, Sjostrand J. Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthestics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1978;22:622-634.
    • (1978) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.22 , pp. 622-634
    • Selander, D.1    Sjostrand, J.2
  • 323
    • 0022657249 scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics: Altered perineural permeability, edema, and nerve fiber injury
    • Myers RR, Kalichman MW, Reisner LS, Powell HC. Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics: altered perineural permeability, edema, and nerve fiber injury. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:29-35.
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.64 , pp. 29-35
    • Myers, R.R.1    Kalichman, M.W.2    Reisner, L.S.3    Powell, H.C.4
  • 325
    • 0018866118 scopus 로고
    • Nerve injection injury with local anesthetic agents: A light and electron microscopic, fluorescent microscopic, and horseradish peroxidase study
    • Gentili F, Hudson AR, Hunter D, Kline DG. Nerve injection injury with local anesthetic agents: a light and electron microscopic, fluorescent microscopic, and horseradish peroxidase study. Neurosurgery. 1980;6:263-272.
    • (1980) Neurosurgery , vol.6 , pp. 263-272
    • Gentili, F.1    Hudson, A.R.2    Hunter, D.3    Kline, D.G.4
  • 326
    • 0022546851 scopus 로고
    • Effect of repetitive lidocaine infusion on peripheral nerve
    • Kroin JS, Penn RD, Levy FE, Kerns JM. Effect of repetitive lidocaine infusion on peripheral nerve. Exp Neurol. 1986;94:166-173.
    • (1986) Exp Neurol , vol.94 , pp. 166-173
    • Kroin, J.S.1    Penn, R.D.2    Levy, F.E.3    Kerns, J.M.4
  • 328
    • 85013738439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neal JM, Rathmell JP. Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. New York: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.
    • Neal JM, Rathmell JP. Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. New York: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.
  • 329
    • 20144388426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term evaluation of motor function following intraneural injection of ropivacaine using walking track analysis in rats
    • Iohom G, Lan GB, Diana D-P, Grignon F, Merle M, Granier G, et al. Long-term evaluation of motor function following intraneural injection of ropivacaine using walking track analysis in rats. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94:524-529.
    • (2005) Br J Anaesth , vol.94 , pp. 524-529
    • Iohom, G.1    Lan, G.B.2    Diana, D.-P.3    Grignon, F.4    Merle, M.5    Granier, G.6
  • 330
    • 0000578470 scopus 로고
    • Needle nerve stimulator-locator: Nerve blocks with a new instrument for location of nerves
    • Greenblatt GM, Denson JS. Needle nerve stimulator-locator: nerve blocks with a new instrument for location of nerves. Anesth Analg. 1962;41:599-602.
    • (1962) Anesth Analg , vol.41 , pp. 599-602
    • Greenblatt, G.M.1    Denson, J.S.2
  • 331
    • 0025268120 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three methods of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia
    • Baranowski AP, Pither CE. A comparison of three methods of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:362-365.
    • (1990) Anaesthesia , vol.45 , pp. 362-365
    • Baranowski, A.P.1    Pither, C.E.2
  • 332
    • 0035160352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ponzecchi P Axillary brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: A comparison between double- and triple-injection techniques
    • Sia S, Lepri A, Ponzecchi P Axillary brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between double- and triple-injection techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:499-503.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 499-503
    • Sia, S.1    Lepri, A.2
  • 333
    • 0033636935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permanent loss of cervical spinal cord function associated with interscalene block performed under general anesthesia
    • Benumof JL. Permanent loss of cervical spinal cord function associated with interscalene block performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1541-1544.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 1541-1544
    • Benumof, J.L.1
  • 334
    • 42149086697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensity of the stimulating current may not be a reliable indicator of intraneural needle placement
    • Tsai TP, Vuckovic I, Dilberovic F, Obhodzas M, Kapur E, Divanovic KA, et al. Intensity of the stimulating current may not be a reliable indicator of intraneural needle placement. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:207-210.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 207-210
    • Tsai, T.P.1    Vuckovic, I.2    Dilberovic, F.3    Obhodzas, M.4    Kapur, E.5    Divanovic, K.A.6
  • 335
    • 50649116589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological injuries associated with regional anesthesia
    • Sorenson EJ. Neurological injuries associated with regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:442-448.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 442-448
    • Sorenson, E.J.1
  • 336
    • 33845702372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disclosure of risks associated with regional anesthesia: A survey of academic regional anesthesiologists
    • Brull R, McCartney CJL, Chan VWS, Liguori GA, Hargettt MJ, Xu D, et al. Disclosure of risks associated with regional anesthesia: a survey of academic regional anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:7-11.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 7-11
    • Brull, R.1    McCartney, C.J.L.2    Chan, V.W.S.3    Liguori, G.A.4    Hargettt, M.J.5    Xu, D.6
  • 337
    • 42149092194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice patterns related to block selection, nerve localization and risk disclosure: A survey of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
    • Brull R, Wijayatilake DS, Perlas A, Chan VWS, Abbas S, Liguori GA, et al. Practice patterns related to block selection, nerve localization and risk disclosure: a survey of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:395-403.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 395-403
    • Brull, R.1    Wijayatilake, D.S.2    Perlas, A.3    Chan, V.W.S.4    Abbas, S.5    Liguori, G.A.6
  • 338
    • 0032938816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory effects of low-dose bupivacaine interscalene block
    • al-Kaisy AA, Chan VW, Perlas A. Respiratory effects of low-dose bupivacaine interscalene block. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:217-220.
    • (1999) Br J Anaesth , vol.82 , pp. 217-220
    • al-Kaisy, A.A.1    Chan, V.W.2    Perlas, A.3
  • 339
    • 0032730608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus analgesia after open shoulder surgery: Continuous versus patient-controlled infusion
    • Singelyn FJ, Suguy S, Gouverneur JM. Interscalene brachial plexus analgesia after open shoulder surgery: continuous versus patient-controlled infusion. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:1216-1220.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.89 , pp. 1216-1220
    • Singelyn, F.J.1    Suguy, S.2    Gouverneur, J.M.3
  • 340
    • 0026585192 scopus 로고
    • Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block: Effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics
    • Urmey W, McDonald M. Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:352-357.
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.74 , pp. 352-357
    • Urmey, W.1    McDonald, M.2
  • 341
    • 0027160977 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary function changes during interscalene brachial plexus block: Effects of decreasing local anesthetic injection volume
    • Urmey WF, Gloeggler PJ. Pulmonary function changes during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects of decreasing local anesthetic injection volume. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:244-249.
    • (1993) Reg Anesth , vol.18 , pp. 244-249
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Gloeggler, P.J.2
  • 342
    • 0025855434 scopus 로고
    • One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography
    • Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE. One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography. Anesth Analg. 1991;72:498-503.
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.72 , pp. 498-503
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Talts, K.H.2    Sharrock, N.E.3
  • 343
    • 62949106501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low vs. high volume ultrasound-guided interscalene block: Pulmonary function and diaphragmatic motion
    • Sinha S, Abrams J, Weller RS. Low vs. high volume ultrasound-guided interscalene block: pulmonary function and diaphragmatic motion. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:A3.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33
    • Sinha, S.1    Abrams, J.2    Weller, R.S.3
  • 344
    • 0027151948 scopus 로고
    • The effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block with 0.125% bupivacaine plus fentanyl on diaphragmatic motility and ventilatory function
    • Pere P. The effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block with 0.125% bupivacaine plus fentanyl on diaphragmatic motility and ventilatory function. Reg Anesth. 1993;18:93-97.
    • (1993) Reg Anesth , vol.18 , pp. 93-97
    • Pere, P.1
  • 345
    • 0033016229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary function changes after interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia with 0.5% and 0.75% ropivacaine: A double blind comparison with 2% mepivacaine
    • Casati A, Fanelli G, Cedrati V, Berti M, Aldegheri G, Torri G. Pulmonary function changes after interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia with 0.5% and 0.75% ropivacaine: a double blind comparison with 2% mepivacaine. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:587-592.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.88 , pp. 587-592
    • Casati, A.1    Fanelli, G.2    Cedrati, V.3    Berti, M.4    Aldegheri, G.5    Torri, G.6
  • 346
    • 15544370307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block with bupivacaine and ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure: Diaphragmatic excursion and pulmonary function changes
    • Altintas F, Gumus F, Kaya G, Mihmanli I, Kantarci F, Kaynak K, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus block with bupivacaine and ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure: diaphragmatic excursion and pulmonary function changes. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1166-1171.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1166-1171
    • Altintas, F.1    Gumus, F.2    Kaya, G.3    Mihmanli, I.4    Kantarci, F.5    Kaynak, K.6
  • 348
    • 1642539028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower lobe collapse during continuous interscalene brachial plexus local anesthesia at home
    • Sardesai AM, Chakrabarti AJ, Denny NM. Lower lobe collapse during continuous interscalene brachial plexus local anesthesia at home. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:65-68.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 65-68
    • Sardesai, A.M.1    Chakrabarti, A.J.2    Denny, N.M.3
  • 349
    • 0033981938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery. Effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function
    • Borgeat A, Perschak H, Bird P, Kodier J, Gerber C. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery. Effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:102-108.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.92 , pp. 102-108
    • Borgeat, A.1    Perschak, H.2    Bird, P.3    Kodier, J.4    Gerber, C.5
  • 350
    • 0031864810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of respiratory, motor, and sensory function after supraclavicular block
    • Neal JM, Moore JM, Kopacz DJ, Liu SS, Kramer DJ, Plorde JJ. Quantitative analysis of respiratory, motor, and sensory function after supraclavicular block. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:1239-1244.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 1239-1244
    • Neal, J.M.1    Moore, J.M.2    Kopacz, D.J.3    Liu, S.S.4    Kramer, D.J.5    Plorde, J.J.6
  • 351
    • 0035070877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis following supraclavicular brachial plexus block and its effect on pulmonary function
    • Mak PH, Irwin MG, Ooi CG, Chow BF. Incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis following supraclavicular brachial plexus block and its effect on pulmonary function. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:352-356.
    • (2001) Anaesthesia , vol.56 , pp. 352-356
    • Mak, P.H.1    Irwin, M.G.2    Ooi, C.G.3    Chow, B.F.4
  • 352
    • 0031731425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraclavicular brachial plexus block effects on respiratory function and extent of block
    • Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Rodriguez V, Aneiros F, Alvarez J. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block effects on respiratory function and extent of block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:564-568.
    • (1998) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.23 , pp. 564-568
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Barcena, M.2    Rodriguez, V.3    Aneiros, F.4    Alvarez, J.5
  • 353
    • 1642386226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diaphragmatic excursion and respiratory function after the modified Raj technique of infraclavicular plexus block
    • Dullenkopf A, Blumenthal S, Theodorou P, Roos J, Perschak H, Borgeat A. Diaphragmatic excursion and respiratory function after the modified Raj technique of infraclavicular plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:110-114.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 110-114
    • Dullenkopf, A.1    Blumenthal, S.2    Theodorou, P.3    Roos, J.4    Perschak, H.5    Borgeat, A.6
  • 354
    • 0036710560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe respiratory failure after infraclavicular block with 0.75% ropivacaine: A case report
    • Gentili ME, Deleuze A, Estebe JP, Lebourg M, Ecoffey C. Severe respiratory failure after infraclavicular block with 0.75% ropivacaine: a case report. J Clin Anesth. 2002;14:459-461.
    • (2002) J Clin Anesth , vol.14 , pp. 459-461
    • Gentili, M.E.1    Deleuze, A.2    Estebe, J.P.3    Lebourg, M.4    Ecoffey, C.5
  • 355
    • 0021875240 scopus 로고
    • Persistent phrenic nerve paresis following interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Bashein G, Robertson HT, Kennedy WF. Persistent phrenic nerve paresis following interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1985;63:102-104.
    • (1985) Anesthesiology , vol.63 , pp. 102-104
    • Bashein, G.1    Robertson, H.T.2    Kennedy, W.F.3
  • 356
    • 10944259112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged hemidiaphragmatic paralysis following interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Ediale KR, Myung CR, Neuman GG. Prolonged hemidiaphragmatic paralysis following interscalene brachial plexus block. J Clin Anesth. 2004;16:573-575.
    • (2004) J Clin Anesth , vol.16 , pp. 573-575
    • Ediale, K.R.1    Myung, C.R.2    Neuman, G.G.3
  • 358
    • 28644441649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent hiccups after attempted interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Homer JR, Davies JM, Amundsen LB. Persistent hiccups after attempted interscalene brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:574-576.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 574-576
    • Homer, J.R.1    Davies, J.M.2    Amundsen, L.B.3
  • 359
    • 0037358332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The infraclavicular brachial plexus block by the coracoid approach is clinically effective
    • Desroches J. The infraclavicular brachial plexus block by the coracoid approach is clinically effective. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50:253-257.
    • (2003) Can J Anaesth , vol.50 , pp. 253-257
    • Desroches, J.1
  • 361
  • 362
    • 0037369717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the supraclavicular plumb-bob technique for brachial plexus block by magnetic resonance imaging
    • Klaastad O, VadeBoncouer TR, Tillung T, Smedby O. An evaluation of the supraclavicular plumb-bob technique for brachial plexus block by magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:862-867.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 862-867
    • Klaastad, O.1    VadeBoncouer, T.R.2    Tillung, T.3    Smedby, O.4
  • 364
    • 0001112489 scopus 로고
    • Brachial plexus anesthesia: Its indications, technic, and dangers
    • Kulenkampff D, Persky MA. Brachial plexus anesthesia: its indications, technic, and dangers. Ann Surg. 1928;87:883.
    • (1928) Ann Surg , vol.87 , pp. 883
    • Kulenkampff, D.1    Persky, M.A.2
  • 365
    • 33845713111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eight ball, corner pocket: The optimal position for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block [letter]
    • Soares LG, Brull R, Lai J, Chan VW. Eight ball, corner pocket: the optimal position for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block [letter]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:94-95.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 94-95
    • Soares, L.G.1    Brull, R.2    Lai, J.3    Chan, V.W.4
  • 366
    • 0001741036 scopus 로고
    • Pneumothorax. Its incidence following brachial plexus block analgesia
    • Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD. Pneumothorax. Its incidence following brachial plexus block analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1954;15:475-479.
    • (1954) Anesthesiology , vol.15 , pp. 475-479
    • Moore, D.C.1    Bridenbaugh, L.D.2
  • 367
    • 41149119823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complication during ultrasound-guided regional block: Accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic
    • Loubert C, Williams SR, Helie F, Arcand G. Complication during ultrasound-guided regional block: accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:759-760.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 759-760
    • Loubert, C.1    Williams, S.R.2    Helie, F.3    Arcand, G.4
  • 369
    • 0023850853 scopus 로고
    • Plasma prilocaine concentrations after three techniques of brachial plexus blockade
    • McLean D, Chambers WA, Tucker GT, Wildsmith JAW. Plasma prilocaine concentrations after three techniques of brachial plexus blockade. Br J Anaesth. 1969;60:136-142.
    • (1969) Br J Anaesth , vol.60 , pp. 136-142
    • McLean, D.1    Chambers, W.A.2    Tucker, G.T.3    Wildsmith, J.A.W.4
  • 370
    • 0016430578 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the toxicity of local anaesthetic agents in man
    • Scott DB. Evaluation of the toxicity of local anaesthetic agents in man. Br J Anaesth. 1975;47:56.
    • (1975) Br J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 56
    • Scott, D.B.1
  • 373
    • 28644447060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute toxicity of local anesthetics: Underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts
    • Mather LE, Copeland SE, Ladd LA. Acute toxicity of local anesthetics: underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:553-566.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 553-566
    • Mather, L.E.1    Copeland, S.E.2    Ladd, L.A.3
  • 374
    • 11144320679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: A multifactorial concept
    • Rosenberg P, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:564-575.
    • (2004) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.29 , pp. 564-575
    • Rosenberg, P.1    Veering, B.T.2    Urmey, W.F.3
  • 375
    • 0031423830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety steps for epidural injection of local anesthetics: Review of the literature and recommendations
    • Mulroy MF, Noms MC, Liu SS. Safety steps for epidural injection of local anesthetics: review of the literature and recommendations. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:1346-1356.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.85 , pp. 1346-1356
    • Mulroy, M.F.1    Noms, M.C.2    Liu, S.S.3
  • 376
    • 0029096401 scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: Seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes
    • Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA, Leicht CH, Schroeder DR, Offord KP. Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:321-328.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.81 , pp. 321-328
    • Brown, D.L.1    Ransom, D.M.2    Hall, J.A.3    Leicht, C.H.4    Schroeder, D.R.5    Offord, K.P.6
  • 377
    • 0036146810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infraclavicular block with lateral approach and nerve stimulation: Extent of anesthesia and adverse effects
    • Jandard C, Gentilli ME, Girard F, Ecoffey C, Heck M, Laxenaire MC, et al. Infraclavicular block with lateral approach and nerve stimulation: extent of anesthesia and adverse effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002;27:590-594.
    • (2002) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.27 , pp. 590-594
    • Jandard, C.1    Gentilli, M.E.2    Girard, F.3    Ecoffey, C.4    Heck, M.5    Laxenaire, M.C.6
  • 378
    • 0033762369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventricular arrhythmias with or without programmed electrical stimulation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine
    • Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Ventricular arrhythmias with or without programmed electrical stimulation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:1103-1111.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1103-1111
    • Groban, L.1    Deal, D.D.2    Vernon, J.C.3    James, R.L.4    Butterworth, J.5
  • 379
    • 0035174830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs
    • Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:37-43.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.92 , pp. 37-43
    • Groban, L.1    Deal, D.D.2    Vernon, J.C.3    James, R.L.4    Butterworth, J.5
  • 380
    • 33745865111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion
    • Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T. Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia. 2006;61:800-801.
    • (2006) Anaesthesia , vol.61 , pp. 800-801
    • Litz, R.J.1    Popp, M.2    Stehr, S.N.3    Koch, T.4
  • 381
    • 0042347991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block with ropivacaine and lidocaine
    • Reinikainen M, Hedman A, Pelkonen O, Ruokonen E. Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block with ropivacaine and lidocaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:904-906.
    • (2003) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.47 , pp. 904-906
    • Reinikainen, M.1    Hedman, A.2    Pelkonen, O.3    Ruokonen, E.4
  • 382
    • 62949118672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unintended destinations of local anesthetics
    • eds, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier;
    • Borgeat A, Blumenthal S. Unintended destinations of local anesthetics. In: Neal JM, Rathmell JP, eds. Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:157-163.
    • (2007) Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , pp. 157-163
    • Borgeat, A.1    Blumenthal, S.2
  • 383
    • 0020585740 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral spread of analgesia following interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Lombard TP, Couper JL. Bilateral spread of analgesia following interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 1983;58:472-473.
    • (1983) Anesthesiology , vol.58 , pp. 472-473
    • Lombard, T.P.1    Couper, J.L.2
  • 384
    • 33746878487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interscalene brachial plexus block: Can the risk of entering the spinal cord be reduced? A study of needle angles in volunteers undergoing magnetic resonance imaging
    • Sardesai AM, Patel R, Denny NM, Menon DK, Dixon K, Herrick MJ, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus block: can the risk of entering the spinal cord be reduced? A study of needle angles in volunteers undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:9-13.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , pp. 9-13
    • Sardesai, A.M.1    Patel, R.2    Denny, N.M.3    Menon, D.K.4    Dixon, K.5    Herrick, M.J.6
  • 386
    • 0017750392 scopus 로고
    • Hoarseness and Horner's syndrome after interscalene brachial plexus block
    • Seltzer JL. Hoarseness and Horner's syndrome after interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1977;56:585-586.
    • (1977) Anesth Analg , vol.56 , pp. 585-586
    • Seltzer, J.L.1
  • 387
    • 0034855788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged Horner syndrome due to neck hematoma after continuous interscalene block
    • Ekatodramis G, Macaire P, Borgeat A. Prolonged Horner syndrome due to neck hematoma after continuous interscalene block. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:801-803.
    • (2001) Anesthesiology , vol.95 , pp. 801-803
    • Ekatodramis, G.1    Macaire, P.2    Borgeat, A.3
  • 389
    • 31644449171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications and adverse events in continuous peripheral regional anesthesia. Results of investigations on 3,491 catheters
    • Neuberger M, Breitbarth J, Reisig F, Lang D, Buttner J. Complications and adverse events in continuous peripheral regional anesthesia. Results of investigations on 3,491 catheters. Anaesthesist. 2006;55:33-40.
    • (2006) Anaesthesist , vol.55 , pp. 33-40
    • Neuberger, M.1    Breitbarth, J.2    Reisig, F.3    Lang, D.4    Buttner, J.5
  • 390
    • 33745936999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious complications: A new practice advisory [editorial]
    • Hebl JR, Neal JM. Infectious complications: a new practice advisory [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:289-290.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 289-290
    • Hebl, J.R.1    Neal, J.M.2
  • 391
    • 33745967502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance and implications of aseptic techniques during regional anesthesia
    • Hebl J. Importance and implications of aseptic techniques during regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:311-323.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 311-323
    • Hebl, J.1
  • 392
    • 33745953627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia in the febrile or infected patient
    • Wedel DJ. Regional anesthesia in the febrile or infected patient. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:324-333.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 324-333
    • Wedel, D.J.1
  • 393
    • 33745936821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia and the immunocompromised patient
    • Horlocker T. Regional anesthesia and the immunocompromised patient. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:334-345.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 334-345
    • Horlocker, T.1
  • 394
    • 0029005264 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in the sitting position for shoulder arthroscopy using interscalene block
    • D'Alessio JG, Weller RS, Rosenblum M. Activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in the sitting position for shoulder arthroscopy using interscalene block. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:1158-1162.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.80 , pp. 1158-1162
    • D'Alessio, J.G.1    Weller, R.S.2    Rosenblum, M.3
  • 395
    • 0032909268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-adrenergic blockers and vasovagal episodes during shoulder surgery in the sitting position under interscalene block
    • Kahn RL, Hargett MJ. Beta-adrenergic blockers and vasovagal episodes during shoulder surgery in the sitting position under interscalene block. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:378-381.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.88 , pp. 378-381
    • Kahn, R.L.1    Hargett, M.J.2
  • 396
    • 0031738348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of metoprolol and glycopyrrolate to prevent hypotension/bradycardic events during shoulder arthroscopy in the sitting position under interscalene block
    • Liguori GA, Kahn RL, Gordon J, Gordon MA, Urban MK. The use of metoprolol and glycopyrrolate to prevent hypotension/bradycardic events during shoulder arthroscopy in the sitting position under interscalene block. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:1320-1325.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.87 , pp. 1320-1325
    • Liguori, G.A.1    Kahn, R.L.2    Gordon, J.3    Gordon, M.A.4    Urban, M.K.5
  • 397
    • 0037686713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, Brown DL, Enneking FK, Heit JA, et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (The Second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:172-197.
    • Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, Brown DL, Enneking FK, Heit JA, et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (The Second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:172-197.
  • 398
    • 1942501192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient vascular insufficiency after axillary brachial plexus block in a child
    • Bhat R. Transient vascular insufficiency after axillary brachial plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1284-1285.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.98 , pp. 1284-1285
    • Bhat, R.1
  • 399
    • 0021932279 scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-dependent manner
    • Johns R, Di Fazio CA, Longnecker DE. Lidocaine constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-dependent manner. Anesthesiology. 1985;62:141-144.
    • (1985) Anesthesiology , vol.62 , pp. 141-144
    • Johns, R.1    Di Fazio, C.A.2    Longnecker, D.E.3
  • 400
    • 0019411752 scopus 로고
    • Vascular insufficiency following axillary block of the brachial plexus
    • Merrill DG, Brodskey JB, Hentz RV Vascular insufficiency following axillary block of the brachial plexus. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:162-164.
    • (1981) Anesth Analg , vol.60 , pp. 162-164
    • Merrill, D.G.1    Brodskey, J.B.2    Hentz, R.V.3
  • 401
    • 0032957930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axillary block complicated by hematoma and radial nerve injury
    • Ben-David B, Stahl S. Axillary block complicated by hematoma and radial nerve injury. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:264-266.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 264-266
    • Ben-David, B.1    Stahl, S.2
  • 402
    • 16844362195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed recovery of radial nerve function after axillary block in a patient receiving ipsilateral ulnar nerve transposition surgery
    • Liu HT, Yu YS, Liu CK, Sung CS, Chiou HF, Tsou MY, et al. Delayed recovery of radial nerve function after axillary block in a patient receiving ipsilateral ulnar nerve transposition surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2005;43:49-53.
    • (2005) Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan , vol.43 , pp. 49-53
    • Liu, H.T.1    Yu, Y.S.2    Liu, C.K.3    Sung, C.S.4    Chiou, H.F.5    Tsou, M.Y.6
  • 403
    • 0025729552 scopus 로고
    • False aneurysm of the axillary artery following brachial plexus block
    • Zipkin M, Backus WW, Scott B, Poppers PJ. False aneurysm of the axillary artery following brachial plexus block. J Clin Anesth. 1991;3:143-145.
    • (1991) J Clin Anesth , vol.3 , pp. 143-145
    • Zipkin, M.1    Backus, W.W.2    Scott, B.3    Poppers, P.J.4
  • 404
    • 4744368064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudoaneurysm after interscalene block for a rotator cuff repair
    • Flowers GA, Meyers JF. Pseudoaneurysm after interscalene block for a rotator cuff repair. Arthroscopy. 2004;20:67-69.
    • (2004) Arthroscopy , vol.20 , pp. 67-69
    • Flowers, G.A.1    Meyers, J.F.2
  • 405
    • 0024428135 scopus 로고
    • Obliteration of the axillary artery after axillary block
    • Ott B, Neuberger L, Frey HP. Obliteration of the axillary artery after axillary block. Anaesthesia. 1989;44:773-774.
    • (1989) Anaesthesia , vol.44 , pp. 773-774
    • Ott, B.1    Neuberger, L.2    Frey, H.P.3
  • 407
    • 22944474585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long term myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blocks
    • Zink W, Bohl JRE, Hacke N, Sinner B, Martin E, Graf BM. The long term myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:548-554.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 548-554
    • Zink, W.1    Bohl, J.R.E.2    Hacke, N.3    Sinner, B.4    Martin, E.5    Graf, B.M.6
  • 408
    • 0141569689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades
    • Zink W, Seif C, Bohl JRE, Hacke N, Braun PM, Sinner B, et al. The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1173-1179.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , pp. 1173-1179
    • Zink, W.1    Seif, C.2    Bohl, J.R.E.3    Hacke, N.4    Braun, P.M.5    Sinner, B.6
  • 409
    • 33847632049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimally invasive retrieval of knotted nonstimulating peripheral nerve catheters
    • Burgher AH, Hebl JR. Minimally invasive retrieval of knotted nonstimulating peripheral nerve catheters. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:162-166.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 162-166
    • Burgher, A.H.1    Hebl, J.R.2
  • 410
    • 33745948397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perforation of a Pajunk stimulating catheter after traction-induced damage
    • Chin KJ, Chee V Perforation of a Pajunk stimulating catheter after traction-induced damage. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:389-390.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 389-390
    • Chin, K.J.1    Chee, V.2
  • 411
    • 0021032265 scopus 로고
    • Considerations on the use of the tourniquet in surgery of the hand
    • Tajima T. Considerations on the use of the tourniquet in surgery of the hand. J Hand Surg 1983;8:799-802.
    • (1983) J Hand Surg , vol.8 , pp. 799-802
    • Tajima, T.1
  • 413
    • 0025322519 scopus 로고
    • Tourniquet-induced limb ischemia: A neurophysiologic animal model
    • Chabal C, Russell LC, Lee R. Tourniquet-induced limb ischemia: a neurophysiologic animal model. Anesthesiology. 1990;72:1038-1044.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 1038-1044
    • Chabal, C.1    Russell, L.C.2    Lee, R.3
  • 414
    • 0023734457 scopus 로고
    • Changes in venous blood lactate, venous blood gases, and somatosensory evoked potentials after tourniquet application
    • Benzon HT, Tolekis JR, Meagher LL, Shapiro BA, Ts'ao CH, Avram MJ. Changes in venous blood lactate, venous blood gases, and somatosensory evoked potentials after tourniquet application. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:677-682.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.69 , pp. 677-682
    • Benzon, H.T.1    Tolekis, J.R.2    Meagher, L.L.3    Shapiro, B.A.4    Ts'ao, C.H.5    Avram, M.J.6
  • 417
    • 33845696572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed consent for regional anesthesia: What is necessary? [editorial]
    • Domino KB. Informed consent for regional anesthesia: what is necessary? [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:1-2.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 1-2
    • Domino, K.B.1
  • 419
    • 13244278211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manufacturing principles and human processes: Can we create a safer system? [editorial]
    • Rupp SM. Manufacturing principles and human processes: can we create a safer system? [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:1-3.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 1-3
    • Rupp, S.M.1
  • 420
    • 39449101515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unintentional wrong-sided peripheral nerve block [editorial]
    • Rupp SM. Unintentional wrong-sided peripheral nerve block [editorial]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:95-97.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 95-97
    • Rupp, S.M.1
  • 421
    • 13244292483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two cases of a wrong-site peripheral nerve block and a process to prevent this complication
    • Edmunds CR, Liguori GA, Stanton MA. Two cases of a wrong-site peripheral nerve block and a process to prevent this complication. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:99-103.
    • (2005) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.30 , pp. 99-103
    • Edmunds, C.R.1    Liguori, G.A.2    Stanton, M.A.3
  • 422
    • 39449090966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new approach to preanesthetic site verification after 2 cases of wrong site peripheral nerve blocks
    • Stanton MA, Tong-Ngork S, Liguori GA, Edmonds CR. A new approach to preanesthetic site verification after 2 cases of wrong site peripheral nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:174-177.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 174-177
    • Stanton, M.A.1    Tong-Ngork, S.2    Liguori, G.A.3    Edmonds, C.R.4
  • 423
    • 19044396220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: A review
    • Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1822-1833.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1822-1833
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Enneking, F.K.2
  • 425
    • 37249037088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous peripheral nerve block for postoperative pain control at home: A prospective feasibility study in children
    • Ludot H, Berger J, Pichenot V, Belouadah M, Madi K, Malvinovsky JM. Continuous peripheral nerve block for postoperative pain control at home: a prospective feasibility study in children. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:52-56.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 52-56
    • Ludot, H.1    Berger, J.2    Pichenot, V.3    Belouadah, M.4    Madi, K.5    Malvinovsky, J.M.6
  • 426
    • 35348970910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound and regional anesthesia: A new section in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
    • Neal JM, Chan V Ultrasound and regional anesthesia: a new section in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:373-374.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 373-374
    • Neal, J.M.1    Chan, V.2
  • 427
    • 33748112757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of sequential electrical nerve stimuli (SENS) for location of the sciatic nerve and lumbar plexus
    • Urmey WF, Grossi P. Use of sequential electrical nerve stimuli (SENS) for location of the sciatic nerve and lumbar plexus. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:463-469.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 463-469
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Grossi, P.2
  • 428
    • 33745941830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart
    • Weinberg GL, Ripper R, Murphy P, Edelman L, Huffman W, Strichartz G, et al. Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:296-303.
    • (2006) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.31 , pp. 296-303
    • Weinberg, G.L.1    Ripper, R.2    Murphy, P.3    Edelman, L.4    Huffman, W.5    Strichartz, G.6
  • 429
    • 33845696099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment tool for brachial plexus regional anesthesia performance: Establishing construct validity and reliability
    • Naik VN, Perlas A, Chandra DB, Chung DY, Chan VWS. An assessment tool for brachial plexus regional anesthesia performance: establishing construct validity and reliability. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:41-45.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 41-45
    • Naik, V.N.1    Perlas, A.2    Chandra, D.B.3    Chung, D.Y.4    Chan, V.W.S.5
  • 430
    • 48149098379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New model for learning ultrasound-guided needle to target localization
    • Pollard BA. New model for learning ultrasound-guided needle to target localization. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:360-362.
    • (2008) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.33 , pp. 360-362
    • Pollard, B.A.1
  • 432
    • 60849121447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) and the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA) Joint Committee recommendations for education and training in ultrasound guided regional anesthesia
    • Sites BD, Chan VW, Neal JM, Weller R, Grau T, Koscielniak-Nielsen Z, et al. The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) and the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA) Joint Committee recommendations for education and training in ultrasound guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:40-46.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.34 , pp. 40-46
    • Sites, B.D.1    Chan, V.W.2    Neal, J.M.3    Weller, R.4    Grau, T.5    Koscielniak-Nielsen, Z.6
  • 433
    • 60749106126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and analgesia: A qualitative systematic review
    • Liu SS, Negeow JE, Yadeau JT. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and analgesia: a qualitative systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:47-59.
    • (2009) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.34 , pp. 47-59
    • Liu, S.S.1    Negeow, J.E.2    Yadeau, J.T.3
  • 434
    • 33644861221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesiology physician scientists in academic medicine: Awake-up call
    • Schwinn DA, Balser JR. Anesthesiology physician scientists in academic medicine: awake-up call. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:170-178.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.104 , pp. 170-178
    • Schwinn, D.A.1    Balser, J.R.2
  • 435
    • 34548036957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandating two-year regional anesthesia fellowships: Fanning the academic flame or extinguishing it?
    • Ilfeld BM, Yaksh TL, Neal JM. Mandating two-year regional anesthesia fellowships: fanning the academic flame or extinguishing it? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32:275-279.
    • (2007) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.32 , pp. 275-279
    • Ilfeld, B.M.1    Yaksh, T.L.2    Neal, J.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.