메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 124-134

Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on the central and peripheral nervous systems: Neurotoxicity and neural blood flow

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; LIDOCAINE; ROPIVACAINE; SUFENTANIL; TETRACAINE;

EID: 0037354909     PISSN: 10987339     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/rapm.2003.50024     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (138)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 12244305880 scopus 로고
    • Ueber die bedeutung des adrenalins fur die chirurgie
    • Braun H. Ueber die bedeutung des adrenalins fur die chirurgie. Munch Med Wschr 1903;50:352-353.
    • (1903) Munch Med Wschr , vol.50 , pp. 352-353
    • Braun, H.1
  • 2
    • 0023018771 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and bupivacaine: Effects of epinephrine on the plasma concentration profiles
    • Burm AGL, van Kleef JW, Gladines MPRR, Olthof, G, Splerdijk J. Epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and bupivacaine: Effects of epinephrine on the plasma concentration profiles. Anesth Analg 1986;65:1281-1284.
    • (1986) Anesth Analg , vol.65 , pp. 1281-1284
    • Burm, A.G.L.1    Van Kleef, J.W.2    Gladines, M.P.R.R.3    Olthof, G.4    Splerdijk, J.5
  • 3
    • 0036258685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a small-dose infusion of ropivacaine, fentanyl, and epinephrine after major thoracic or abdominal surgery: A randomized, double-blinded crossover study with and without epinephrine
    • Niemi G, Breivik H. Epinephrine markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a small-dose infusion of ropivacaine, fentanyl, and epinephrine after major thoracic or abdominal surgery: A randomized, double-blinded crossover study with and without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1598-1605.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1598-1605
    • Niemi, G.1    Breivik, H.2
  • 4
    • 0036233943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural epinephrine on the minimum local analgesic concentration of epidural bupivacaine in labor
    • Polley LS, Columb MO, Naughton NN, Wagner DS, van de Ven CJM. Effect of epidural epinephrine on the minimum local analgesic concentration of epidural bupivacaine in labor. Anesthesiology 2002;96: 1123-1128.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 1123-1128
    • Polley, L.S.1    Columb, M.O.2    Naughton, N.N.3    Wagner, D.S.4    Van de Ven, C.J.M.5
  • 5
    • 0019449982 scopus 로고
    • Studies in the primate on the analgetic effects associated with intrathecal actions of opiates, alpha-adrenergic agonists and baclofen
    • Yaksh TL, Reddy SVR. Studies in the primate on the analgetic effects associated with intrathecal actions of opiates, alpha-adrenergic agonists and baclofen. Anesthesiology 1981;54:451-467.
    • (1981) Anesthesiology , vol.54 , pp. 451-467
    • Yaksh, T.L.1    Reddy, S.V.R.2
  • 6
    • 0026600764 scopus 로고
    • 1-adrenoceptor subtype in bovine cerebral arteries
    • 1-adrenoceptor subtype in bovine cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:507-513.
    • (1992) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.12 , pp. 507-513
    • Ayajiki, K.1    Toda, N.2
  • 7
    • 0022543478 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of adrenergic receptors in cerebral blood vessels: An autoradiographic study
    • Nakai K, Itakura T, Naka Y, Nakakita K, Kamei I, Imai H, Yokote H, Komai N. The distribution of adrenergic receptors in cerebral blood vessels: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res 1986;381:148-152.
    • (1986) Brain Res , vol.381 , pp. 148-152
    • Nakai, K.1    Itakura, T.2    Naka, Y.3    Nakakita, K.4    Kamei, I.5    Imai, H.6    Yokote, H.7    Komai, N.8
  • 8
  • 9
    • 0022346384 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord blood flow following subarachnoid lidocaine
    • Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, Biehl DR. Spinal cord blood flow following subarachnoid lidocaine. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985;32:472-478.
    • (1985) Can Anaesth Soc J , vol.32 , pp. 472-478
    • Kozody, R.1    Palahniuk, R.J.2    Biehl, D.R.3
  • 10
    • 0032760449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its principal metabolites during continuous epidural infusion of lidocaine with or without epinephrine
    • Kihara S, Miyabe M, Kakiuchi Y, Takahashi S, Fukuda T, Kohda Y, Toyooka H. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its principal metabolites during continuous epidural infusion of lidocaine with or without epinephrine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24: 529-533.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 529-533
    • Kihara, S.1    Miyabe, M.2    Kakiuchi, Y.3    Takahashi, S.4    Fukuda, T.5    Kohda, Y.6    Toyooka, H.7
  • 11
  • 12
    • 0032434256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bupivacaine 0.01% and/or epinephrine 0.5 mcg/ml improve epidural fentanyl analgesia after cesarean section
    • Cohen S, Lowenwirt I, Pantuck CB, Amar D, Pantuck EJ. Bupivacaine 0.01% and/or epinephrine 0.5 mcg/ml improve epidural fentanyl analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1998;89:1354-1361.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , pp. 1354-1361
    • Cohen, S.1    Lowenwirt, I.2    Pantuck, C.B.3    Amar, D.4    Pantuck, E.J.5
  • 13
    • 0015337976 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intrathecal epinephrine on rabbit spinal cord
    • Berman ML, Murray WJ. Effect of intrathecal epinephrine on rabbit spinal cord. Anesth Analg 1972;51: 383-386.
    • (1972) Anesth Analg , vol.51 , pp. 383-386
    • Berman, M.L.1    Murray, W.J.2
  • 14
    • 0034814438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of epinephrine to tetracaine injected intrathecally sustains an increase in glutamate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and worsens neuronal injury
    • Oka S, Matsumoto M, Ohtake K, Kiyoshima T, Nakakimura K, Sakabe T. The addition of epinephrine to tetracaine injected intrathecally sustains an increase in glutamate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and worsens neuronal injury. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1050-1057.
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1050-1057
    • Oka, S.1    Matsumoto, M.2    Ohtake, K.3    Kiyoshima, T.4    Nakakimura, K.5    Sakabe, T.6
  • 15
    • 0035021886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine increases the neurotoxic potential of intrathecally administered lidocaine in the rat
    • Hashimoto K, Hampl KF, Nakamura Y, Bollen AW, Feiner J, Drasner K. Epinephrine increases the neurotoxic potential of intrathecally administered lidocaine in the rat. Anesthesiology 2001;94:876-881.
    • (2001) Anesthesiology , vol.94 , pp. 876-881
    • Hashimoto, K.1    Hampl, K.F.2    Nakamura, Y.3    Bollen, A.W.4    Feiner, J.5    Drasner, K.6
  • 16
    • 0021682875 scopus 로고
    • Histopathology of the spinal cord after intrathecal cocaine, bupivacaine, lignocaine and adrenaline in the rat
    • Bahar M, Cole G, Rosen M, Vickers MD. Histopathology of the spinal cord after intrathecal cocaine, bupivacaine, lignocaine and adrenaline in the rat. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1984;1:293-297.
    • (1984) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.1 , pp. 293-297
    • Bahar, M.1    Cole, G.2    Rosen, M.3    Vickers, M.D.4
  • 17
    • 0003210935 scopus 로고
    • Neurological effects following intrathecal administration of vasoconstrictor drugs in rhesus monkeys
    • Wu JJ, Harnagel ELA, Brizzee KR, Smith SM. Neurological effects following intrathecal administration of vasoconstrictor drugs in rhesus monkeys. Anesthesiology 1954;15:70-88.
    • (1954) Anesthesiology , vol.15 , pp. 70-88
    • Wu, J.J.1    Harnagel, E.L.A.2    Brizzee, K.R.3    Smith, S.M.4
  • 18
    • 0035049104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy. II: Epinephrine and spinal cord function
    • Vaghadia H, Solylo MA, Henderson CL, Mitchell GWE. Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy. II: Epinephrine and spinal cord function. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:261-266.
    • (2001) Can J Anaesth , vol.48 , pp. 261-266
    • Vaghadia, H.1    Solylo, M.A.2    Henderson, C.L.3    Mitchell, G.W.E.4
  • 19
    • 0012824069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord vascular disease
    • Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Renichel GM, Marsden CD, eds. Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann
    • Geldmacher DS. Spinal Cord Vascular Disease. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Renichel GM, Marsden CD, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. Boston, MA: Butterworth Heinemann; 2000:1225-1228.
    • (2000) Neurology in Clinical Practice , pp. 1225-1228
    • Geldmacher, D.S.1
  • 20
    • 0028260074 scopus 로고
    • Radicular artery blood flow does not redistribute fentanyl from the epidural space to the spinal cord
    • Bernards CM, Sorkin LS. Radicular artery blood flow does not redistribute fentanyl from the epidural space to the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 1994;80:872-878.
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.80 , pp. 872-878
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Sorkin, L.S.2
  • 22
    • 0032741675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of spinal cord ischemia after clamping of noncritical segmental arteries in the pig
    • de Haan P, Kalkman CJ, Meylaerts SA, Lips J, Jacobs MJ. Development of spinal cord ischemia after clamping of noncritical segmental arteries in the pig. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1278-1284.
    • (1999) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.68 , pp. 1278-1284
    • De Haan, P.1    Kalkman, C.J.2    Meylaerts, S.A.3    Lips, J.4    Jacobs, M.J.5
  • 23
    • 0022095354 scopus 로고
    • The intrinsic vasculature of the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots
    • Parke WW, Watanbe R. The intrinsic vasculature of the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. Spine 1985;6:508-515.
    • (1985) Spine , vol.6 , pp. 508-515
    • Parke, W.W.1    Watanbe, R.2
  • 24
    • 0028559602 scopus 로고
    • Regional blood flow, plasma volume, and vascular permeability in the spinal cord, the dural sac, and lumbar nerve roots
    • Hoy K, Hansen ES, He S-Z, Soballe K, Henriksen TB, Kjolseth D, Hjortdal V, Bunger C. Regional blood flow, plasma volume, and vascular permeability in the spinal cord, the dural sac, and lumbar nerve roots. Spine 1994;19:2804-2811.
    • (1994) Spine , vol.19 , pp. 2804-2811
    • Hoy, K.1    Hansen, E.S.2    He, S.-Z.3    Soballe, K.4    Henriksen, T.B.5    Kjolseth, D.6    Hjortdal, V.7    Bunger, C.8
  • 25
  • 26
    • 0001368912 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition of the spinal nerve roots. The role of diffusion from the cerebrospinal fluid
    • Rydevik B, Holm S, Brown MD, Lundborg G. Nutrition of the spinal nerve roots. The role of diffusion from the cerebrospinal fluid. Trans Orthop Res Soc 1984;9:276.
    • (1984) Trans Orthop Res Soc , vol.9 , pp. 276
    • Rydevik, B.1    Holm, S.2    Brown, M.D.3    Lundborg, G.4
  • 27
    • 85031203087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma pharmacokinetics of opioids administered epidurally with and without epinephrine in pigs
    • accepted
    • Bernards CM, Shen DD, Shen ES. Epidural, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma pharmacokinetics of opioids administered epidurally with and without epinephrine in pigs. Anesthesiology (accepted).
    • Anesthesiology
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Shen, D.D.2    Shen, E.S.3
  • 29
    • 0029162833 scopus 로고
    • Intimal musculature of the lower anterior spinal artery
    • Parke WW, Whalen JL, Bunger PC, Settles HE. Intimal musculature of the lower anterior spinal artery. Spine 1995;20:2073-2079.
    • (1995) Spine , vol.20 , pp. 2073-2079
    • Parke, W.W.1    Whalen, J.L.2    Bunger, P.C.3    Settles, H.E.4
  • 30
    • 0033080876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human radicular veins: Regulation of venous reflux in the absence of valves
    • van der Kuip M, Hoogland PV, Groen RJ. Human radicular veins: Regulation of venous reflux in the absence of valves. Anat Rec 1999;254:173-180.
    • (1999) Anat Rec , vol.254 , pp. 173-180
    • Van der Kuip, M.1    Hoogland, P.V.2    Groen, R.J.3
  • 31
    • 0013943633 scopus 로고
    • Differential reactivity of neural and extraneural vasculature: I. Role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord damage from contrast media in experimental aortography
    • Abraham J, Margolis G, O'Loughlin JC, MacCarty WC. Differential reactivity of neural and extraneural vasculature: I. Role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord damage from contrast media in experimental aortography. J Neurosurg 1966;25:257-269.
    • (1966) J Neurosurg , vol.25 , pp. 257-269
    • Abraham, J.1    Margolis, G.2    O'Loughlin, J.C.3    MacCarty, W.C.4
  • 32
    • 0025898744 scopus 로고
    • Effect of adrenalectomy or sympathectomy on spinal cord blood flow in hypothermic rats
    • Iawi A, Monafo WW, Elizsson SG. Effect of adrenalectomy or sympathectomy on spinal cord blood flow in hypothermic rats. Am J Physiol 1991;260:H827-831.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.260
    • Iawi, A.1    Monafo, W.W.2    Elizsson, S.G.3
  • 33
    • 0019486485 scopus 로고
    • Effects of anesthesia and laminectomy on regional spinal cord blood flow in conscious sheep
    • Hales JR, Yeo JD, Stabback S, Fawcett AA, Kearns R. Effects of anesthesia and laminectomy on regional spinal cord blood flow in conscious sheep. J Neurosurg 1981;54:620-626.
    • (1981) J Neurosurg , vol.54 , pp. 620-626
    • Hales, J.R.1    Yeo, J.D.2    Stabback, S.3    Fawcett, A.A.4    Kearns, R.5
  • 34
    • 0023267264 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord blood flow during spinal anesthesia in dogs: The effects of tetracaine, epinephrine, acute blood loss, and hypercapnia
    • Dohi S, Takeshima R, Naito H. Spinal cord blood flow during spinal anesthesia in dogs: The effects of tetracaine, epinephrine, acute blood loss, and hypercapnia. Anesth Analg 1987;66:599-606.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 599-606
    • Dohi, S.1    Takeshima, R.2    Naito, H.3
  • 35
    • 0021126074 scopus 로고
    • The effect of subarachnoid epinephrine and phenylephrine on spinal cord blood flow
    • Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, Wade JG, Cumming MO. The effect of subarachnoid epinephrine and phenylephrine on spinal cord blood flow. Can Anaesth Soc J 1984;31:503-508.
    • (1984) Can Anaesth Soc J , vol.31 , pp. 503-508
    • Kozody, R.1    Palahniuk, R.J.2    Wade, J.G.3    Cumming, M.O.4
  • 36
    • 0021926311 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord and cerebral blood flow responses to subarachnoid injection of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine
    • Porter SS, Albin MS, Watson WA, Bunegin L, Pantoja G. Spinal cord and cerebral blood flow responses to subarachnoid injection of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985;29: 330-338.
    • (1985) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.29 , pp. 330-338
    • Porter, S.S.1    Albin, M.S.2    Watson, W.A.3    Bunegin, L.4    Pantoja, G.5
  • 37
  • 38
    • 0021261033 scopus 로고
    • The effects of subarachnoid lidocaine and phenylephrine on spinal cord and cerebral blood flow in dogs
    • Dohi S, Matsumiya N, Takeshima R, Naito H. The effects of subarachnoid lidocaine and phenylephrine on spinal cord and cerebral blood flow in dogs. Anesthesiology 1984;61:238-244.
    • (1984) Anesthesiology , vol.61 , pp. 238-244
    • Dohi, S.1    Matsumiya, N.2    Takeshima, R.3    Naito, H.4
  • 40
    • 0031861432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord blood flow after intrathecal injection of ropivacaine and bupivacaine with or without epinephrine in rats
    • Kristensen JD, Karlsten R, Gordh T. Spinal cord blood flow after intrathecal injection of ropivacaine and bupivacaine with or without epinephrine in rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998;42:685-690.
    • (1998) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.42 , pp. 685-690
    • Kristensen, J.D.1    Karlsten, R.2    Gordh, T.3
  • 41
    • 0015752775 scopus 로고
    • The macro and microvasculature of the dura mater
    • Kerber CW, Newton TH. The macro and microvasculature of the dura mater. Neuroradiology 1973;6:175-179.
    • (1973) Neuroradiology , vol.6 , pp. 175-179
    • Kerber, C.W.1    Newton, T.H.2
  • 42
    • 0017652840 scopus 로고
    • The effect of norepinephrine on the spinal cord circulation and its possible implications in the pathogenesis of acute spinal trauma
    • Crawford RA, Griffiths IR, McCullock J. The effect of norepinephrine on the spinal cord circulation and its possible implications in the pathogenesis of acute spinal trauma. J Neurosurg 1977;47:567-576.
    • (1977) J Neurosurg , vol.47 , pp. 567-576
    • Crawford, R.A.1    Griffiths, I.R.2    McCullock, J.3
  • 46
    • 0029065914 scopus 로고
    • Systemic vascular uptake of epinephrine from the lumbar epidural space in parturients
    • Ramanathan S, Desai NS, Zakowski M. Systemic vascular uptake of epinephrine from the lumbar epidural space in parturients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1995; 20:199-205.
    • (1995) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.20 , pp. 199-205
    • Ramanathan, S.1    Desai, N.S.2    Zakowski, M.3
  • 49
    • 0018864231 scopus 로고
    • The response of feline spinal pial arterioles to norepinephrine
    • Crawford RA, Gregory PC, Griffiths IR. The response of feline spinal pial arterioles to norepinephrine. J Neurosurg 1980;52:60-63.
    • (1980) J Neurosurg , vol.52 , pp. 60-63
    • Crawford, R.A.1    Gregory, P.C.2    Griffiths, I.R.3
  • 50
    • 0032997161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The age-related effects of epidural lidocaine, with and without epinephrine, on spinal cord blood flow in anesthetized rabbits
    • Bouaziz H, Okubo N, Malinovsky J-M, Benhamou D, Samii K, Maxoit JX. The age-related effects of epidural lidocaine, with and without epinephrine, on spinal cord blood flow in anesthetized rabbits. Anesth Analg 1999;88:1302-1307.
    • (1999) Anesth Analg , vol.88 , pp. 1302-1307
    • Bouaziz, H.1    Okubo, N.2    Malinovsky, J.-M.3    Benhamou, D.4    Samii, K.5    Maxoit, J.X.6
  • 51
    • 0018145313 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthetics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections
    • Selander D, Sjostrand J. Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthetics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections. Acta Anaesth Scand 1978;22:622-634.
    • (1978) Acta Anaesth Scand , vol.22 , pp. 622-634
    • Selander, D.1    Sjostrand, J.2
  • 52
    • 0026091583 scopus 로고
    • The spinal nerve root sleeve is not the preferred route for redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord
    • Bernards CM, Hill HF. The spinal nerve root sleeve is not the preferred route for redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 1991;75:827-832.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.75 , pp. 827-832
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Hill, H.F.2
  • 53
    • 0025650372 scopus 로고
    • Morphine and alfentanil permeability through the spinal dura, arachnoid, and pia mater of dogs and monkeys
    • Bernards CM, Hill HF. Morphine and alfentanil permeability through the spinal dura, arachnoid, and pia mater of dogs and monkeys. Anesthesiology 1990;73: 1214-1219.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73 , pp. 1214-1219
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Hill, H.F.2
  • 54
    • 0028887044 scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine is metabolized by the spinal meninges of monkeys and pigs
    • Kern C, Mautz DS, Bernards CM. Epinephrine is metabolized by the spinal meninges of monkeys and pigs. Anesthesiology 1995;83:1078-1081.
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.83 , pp. 1078-1081
    • Kern, C.1    Mautz, D.S.2    Bernards, C.M.3
  • 55
    • 0018914598 scopus 로고
    • Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise
    • Dimsdale J, Moss J. Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. JAMA 1980;243:340-345.
    • (1980) JAMA , vol.243 , pp. 340-345
    • Dimsdale, J.1    Moss, J.2
  • 56
    • 0026410166 scopus 로고
    • Effect of i.v. low-dose adrenaline and phenylephrine infusions on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after lumbar extradural anaesthesia in elderly patients
    • Sharrock N, Go G, Mineo R. Effect of i.v. low-dose adrenaline and phenylephrine infusions on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after lumbar extradural anaesthesia in elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:694-698.
    • (1991) Br J Anaesth , vol.67 , pp. 694-698
    • Sharrock, N.1    Go, G.2    Mineo, R.3
  • 57
    • 0019942870 scopus 로고
    • Neural blockade and pharmacokinetics following subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. I. Effects of epinephrine
    • Denson DD, Bridenbaugh PO, Turner PA, Phero JC, Raj PP. Neural blockade and pharmacokinetics following subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. I. Effects of epinephrine. Anesth Analg 1982;61: 746-750.
    • (1982) Anesth Analg , vol.61 , pp. 746-750
    • Denson, D.D.1    Bridenbaugh, P.O.2    Turner, P.A.3    Phero, J.C.4    Raj, P.P.5
  • 58
    • 0021343224 scopus 로고
    • Spinally administered epinephrine suppresses noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Collins JG, Kitahata LM, Suzukawa M. Spinally administered epinephrine suppresses noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 1984;60:269-275.
    • (1984) Anesthesiology , vol.60 , pp. 269-275
    • Collins, J.G.1    Kitahata, L.M.2    Suzukawa, M.3
  • 59
    • 0032755635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of epinephrine increases intensity of sensory block during epidural anesthesia with lidocaine
    • Sakura S, Sumi M, Morimoto N, Saito Y. The addition of epinephrine increases intensity of sensory block during epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:541-546.
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , pp. 541-546
    • Sakura, S.1    Sumi, M.2    Morimoto, N.3    Saito, Y.4
  • 60
    • 0018885888 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord pharmacology of adrenergic agonist-mediated antinociception
    • Reddy SVR, Maderdrut JL, Yaksh TL. Spinal cord pharmacology of adrenergic agonist-mediated antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;213:525-533.
    • (1980) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.213 , pp. 525-533
    • Reddy, S.V.R.1    Maderdrut, J.L.2    Yaksh, T.L.3
  • 61
    • 0030694568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural epinephrine and clonidine. Segmental analgesia and effects on differential pain modalities
    • Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zbinden AM. Epidural epinephrine and clonidine. Segmental analgesia and effects on differential pain modalities. Anesthesiology 1997;87:785-794.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 785-794
    • Curatolo, M.1    Petersen-Felix, S.2    Arendt-Nielsen, L.3    Zbinden, A.M.4
  • 62
    • 0030796791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine spinal anesthesia. A vanishing therapeutic index?
    • Drasner K. Lidocaine spinal anesthesia. A vanishing therapeutic index? (editorial). Anesthesiology 1997;87: 469-472.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 469-472
    • Drasner, K.1
  • 63
    • 0030764113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cauda equina syndrome following a single spinal administration of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine through a 25-gauge Whitacre needle
    • Gerancher JC. Cauda equina syndrome following a single spinal administration of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine through a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. Anesthesiology 1997;87:687-689.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 687-689
    • Gerancher, J.C.1
  • 64
    • 0000245571 scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics: Failure to discover major neurological sequelae
    • Dripps RD, Vandam LD. Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics: Failure to discover major neurological sequelae. JAMA 1954; 156:1486-1491.
    • (1954) JAMA , vol.156 , pp. 1486-1491
    • Dripps, R.D.1    Vandam, L.D.2
  • 65
    • 0001053935 scopus 로고
    • Exacerbation of pre-existing neurologic disease after spinal anesthesia
    • Vandam LD, Dripps RD. Exacerbation of pre-existing neurologic disease after spinal anesthesia. JAMA 1956;255:843-849.
    • (1956) JAMA , vol.255 , pp. 843-849
    • Vandam, L.D.1    Dripps, R.D.2
  • 66
    • 0014014328 scopus 로고
    • Spinal (subarachnoid) block. A review of 11,574 cases
    • Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD. Spinal (subarachnoid) block. A review of 11,574 cases. JAMA 1966;195: 907-912.
    • (1966) JAMA , vol.195 , pp. 907-912
    • Moore, D.C.1    Bridenbaugh, L.D.2
  • 67
    • 0031039069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective review of 4767 consecutive spinal anesthetics: Central nervous system complications
    • Horlocker TT, McGregor DG, Matsushige DK, Schroeder DR, Besse JA. A retrospective review of 4767 consecutive spinal anesthetics: Central nervous system complications. Anesth Analg 1997;84:578-584.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 578-584
    • Horlocker, T.T.1    McGregor, D.G.2    Matsushige, D.K.3    Schroeder, D.R.4    Besse, J.A.5
  • 68
    • 0030938754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic complications of 603 consecutive continuous spinal anesthetics using macrocatheter and microcatheter techniques
    • Horlocker TT, McGregor DG, Matsushige DK, Chantigian RC, Schroeder DR, Besse JA. Neurologic complications of 603 consecutive continuous spinal anesthetics using macrocatheter and microcatheter techniques. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1063-1070.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 1063-1070
    • Horlocker, T.T.1    McGregor, D.G.2    Matsushige, D.K.3    Chantigian, R.C.4    Schroeder, D.R.5    Besse, J.A.6
  • 69
    • 0030008574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the incidence of transient radicular irritation in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia
    • Pollock JE, Neal JM, Stephenson CA, Wiley CE. Prospective study of the incidence of transient radicular irritation in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996;84:1361-1367.
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.84 , pp. 1361-1367
    • Pollock, J.E.1    Neal, J.M.2    Stephenson, C.A.3    Wiley, C.E.4
  • 70
    • 0031711234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia. An epidemiologic study of 1,863 patients
    • Freedman JM, Li D-K, Drasner K, Jaskela MC, Larsen B, Wi S. Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia. An epidemiologic study of 1,863 patients. Anesthesiology 1998;89:633-641.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , pp. 633-641
    • Freedman, J.M.1    Li, D.-K.2    Drasner, K.3    Jaskela, M.C.4    Larsen, B.5    Wi, S.6
  • 71
    • 0029096514 scopus 로고
    • Neurological complications after anaesthesia. A follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed over three years
    • Dahlgren N, Tornebrandt K. Neurological complications after anaesthesia. A follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed over three years. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:872-880.
    • (1995) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.39 , pp. 872-880
    • Dahlgren, N.1    Tornebrandt, K.2
  • 72
    • 0014483884 scopus 로고
    • Neurologic complications following spinal anesthesia with lidocaine: A prospective review of 10,440 cases
    • Phillips OC, Ebner H, Nelson AT, Black MH. Neurologic complications following spinal anesthesia with lidocaine: A prospective review of 10,440 cases. Anesthesiology 1969;30:284-289.
    • (1969) Anesthesiology , vol.30 , pp. 284-289
    • Phillips, O.C.1    Ebner, H.2    Nelson, A.T.3    Black, M.H.4
  • 73
    • 0030839581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serious complications related to regional anesthesia. Results of a prospective survey in France
    • Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, Litt L, Rouvier B, Samii K. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia. Results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology 1997;87:479-486.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 479-486
    • Auroy, Y.1    Narchi, P.2    Messiah, A.3    Litt, L.4    Rouvier, B.5    Samii, K.6
  • 76
    • 0024367128 scopus 로고
    • Effects of local anesthesia on nerve blood flow: Studies using lidocaine with and without epinephrine
    • Myers RR, Heckman HM. Effects of local anesthesia on nerve blood flow: Studies using lidocaine with and without epinephrine. Anesthesiology 1989;71: 757-762.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71 , pp. 757-762
    • Myers, R.R.1    Heckman, H.M.2
  • 77
    • 0036784837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lidocaine and adrenergic agonists on rat sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle blood flow in vivo
    • Palmer GM, Cairns BE, Berkes SL, Dunning PS, Taylor GA, Berde CB. The effects of lidocaine and adrenergic agonists on rat sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle blood flow in vivo. Anesth Analg 2002;95:1080-1086.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 1080-1086
    • Palmer, G.M.1    Cairns, B.E.2    Berkes, S.L.3    Dunning, P.S.4    Taylor, G.A.5    Berde, C.B.6
  • 78
    • 0026046807 scopus 로고
    • The effects of local anesthetics and epinephrine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow
    • Partridge BL. The effects of local anesthetics and epinephrine on rat sciatic nerve blood flow. Anesthesiology 1991;75:243-251.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.75 , pp. 243-251
    • Partridge, B.L.1
  • 80
    • 0032878865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: A microdialysis study in humans
    • Bernards CM, Kopacz DJ. Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: A microdialysis study in humans. Anesthesiology 1999;91:962-968.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 962-968
    • Bernards, C.M.1    Kopacz, D.J.2
  • 81
    • 0037217588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the mechanism by which epinephrine potentiates lidocaine's peripheral nerve block
    • Sinnott CJ, Cogswell LP III, Johnson A, Strichartz GR. On the mechanism by which epinephrine potentiates lidocaine's peripheral nerve block. Anesthesiology 2003;98:181-188.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.98 , pp. 181-188
    • Sinnott, C.J.1    Cogswell L.P. III2    Johnson, A.3    Strichartz, G.R.4
  • 82
    • 0021932279 scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-dependent manner
    • Johns RA, DiFazio CA, Longnecker DE. Lidocaine constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-dependent manner. Anesthesiology 1985;62:141-144.
    • (1985) Anesthesiology , vol.62 , pp. 141-144
    • Johns, R.A.1    DiFazio, C.A.2    Longnecker, D.E.3
  • 83
    • 0032944028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: A closed claims analysis
    • Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL. Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: A closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1062-1069.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.90 , pp. 1062-1069
    • Cheney, F.W.1    Domino, K.B.2    Caplan, R.A.3    Posner, K.L.4
  • 84
    • 0026497538 scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats
    • Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA. Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Anesthesiology 1992;77: 941-947.
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 941-947
    • Kalichman, M.W.1    Calcutt, N.A.2
  • 85
    • 0018428856 scopus 로고
    • Local anesthetics: Importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for the appearance of nerve lesions
    • Selander D, Brattsand R, Lundborg G, Nordborg C, Olsson Y. Local anesthetics: Importance of mode of application, concentration and adrenaline for the appearance of nerve lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1979;23:127-136.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.23 , pp. 127-136
    • Selander, D.1    Brattsand, R.2    Lundborg, G.3    Nordborg, C.4    Olsson, Y.5
  • 86
    • 0018438393 scopus 로고
    • Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks
    • Selander D, Edshage S, Wolff T. Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1979;23:27-33.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.23 , pp. 27-33
    • Selander, D.1    Edshage, S.2    Wolff, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.