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Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1327-1336

Ranking the lacunary (Bu 4N) 9{H[α 2- P 2W 17 O61]} polyoxometalate's stabilizing ability for Ir(0)n nanocluster formation and stabilization using the five-criteria method plus necessary control experiments

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADDITIONAL CONTROLS; AGGLOMERATION RATES; ANIONIC CHARGE DENSITIES; BASIC STRUCTURES; CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES; CLEAN PRODUCTS; CONTROL EXPERIMENTS; DEGREE OF PROTONATION; DIRECT MEASUREMENTS; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; GOLD STANDARDS; INHERENT ERRORS; LACUNARY; NANOCLUSTER FORMATIONS; NB-CONTAINING; POLYOXOMETALATE; POLYOXOMETALATES; PROTONATED; PROTONATION STATE; SOLVENT-SOLUBLE; TETRABUTYLAMMONIUM SALTS; TETRADENTATE; WELLS-DAWSON;

EID: 62149092882     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la8025254     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (116)
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    • Colloidal/nanocluser stability is often discussed at least initially in terms of DLVO (Derjaugin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory in which that stabilization is achieved through a delicate balance of interparticle Coulombic repulsion opposing van der Waals attraction. Hence, DLVO theory predicts that anions adsorbed on the coordinatively unsaturated, electrophilic nanocluster surface are a key to stability, providing the Coulombic repulsion component opposing van der Waals attraction between the nanoclusters (accordingly, DLVO-type stabilization is also commonly referred to as electrostatic stabilization, In addition, anions are a component of the diffuse layer of ions surrounding and stabilizing nanoclusters. This diffuse layer is the Debye layer (denoted by \lκ; values are typically in ran, Steric, as well as electrosteric stabilization of colloidal/ nanocluster particles is also known ref 8
    • Colloidal/nanocluser stability is often discussed at least initially in terms of DLVO (Derjaugin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory in which that stabilization is achieved through a delicate balance of interparticle Coulombic repulsion opposing van der Waals attraction. Hence, DLVO theory predicts that anions adsorbed on the coordinatively unsaturated, electrophilic nanocluster surface are a key to stability, providing the Coulombic repulsion component opposing van der Waals attraction between the nanoclusters (accordingly, DLVO-type stabilization is also commonly referred to as " electrostatic" stabilization). In addition, anions are a component of the diffuse layer of ions surrounding and stabilizing nanoclusters. This diffuse layer is the Debye layer (denoted by \lκ; values are typically in ran). Steric, as well as "electrosteric" stabilization of colloidal/ nanocluster particles is also known (ref 8).
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    • A few insights afforded previously by the application of the five-criteria method include (i) that proton sponge (PS) is of value as one preferred scavenger for the H+ generated during the nanocluster syntheses under H2 (ref 16, ii) that HP04 2̃ is a simple, effective, readily available, robust, and previously unap-preciated nanocluster stabilizer (ref 38, ίii) that a tridentate array of POM surface oxygens in POMs such as [P2W 15Nb3θ62]9- appear to be preferred and lead to superior stabilization (ref 46, iv) that the traditionally weakly coordinating anion BRΓ provides for considerable nanocluster stability in high dielectric constant solvents (ref 39, even in the presence of the steric stabilizer poly(vinylpyrrolidone, PVP, ref 40, v) that the observed nanocluster stabilization by tridentate species should translate in at least a general way to other tridentate
    • 9- appear to be preferred and lead to superior stabilization (ref 46); (iv) that the traditionally weakly coordinating anion BRΓ provides for considerable nanocluster stability in high dielectric constant solvents (ref 39), even in the presence of the steric stabilizer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) (ref 40); (v) that the observed nanocluster stabilization by tridentate species should translate in at least a general way to other tridentate anions or ligand systems as well as to other metals including Rh, Pt, Au, and Cu (ref 40).
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    • Elsewhere the necessary details are discussed regarding the number of surface oxygens that can serve as ligands in polyoxometalates such as P2W 15Nb3θ629- and how they can match with different metal lattices ref 48
    • 9- and how they can match with different metal lattices (ref 48).
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    • This work is based primarily on the M.S. Thesis work of Christopher R. Graham, Colorado State University, Fall, 2008
    • This work is based primarily on the M.S. Thesis work of Christopher R. Graham, Colorado State University, Fall, 2008.
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    • Since our original 2002 paper detailing the five criteria, we have published a study of scaled-up, isolated nanoclusters (ref 59a) which reveals that the precise method of isolation matters considerably (probably due to surface chemistry/modifications happening on the nanoclusters (ref 59)), with results from isolation experiments in acetone (as is the case for the present studies) being less reproducible than those in propylene carbonate, for example, ref 59. In that regard, the activity after isolation from acetone (the solvent used in the original five-criteria study (ref 15)) yields larger error bars (ca. a factor of 3 is seen in the Table 1 data in the present paper), inherent error that one needs to be aware of when interpreting criteria 3 in Table 1.
    • (b) Since our original 2002 paper detailing the five criteria, we have published a study of scaled-up, isolated nanoclusters (ref 59a) which reveals that the precise method of isolation matters considerably (probably due to surface chemistry/modifications happening on the nanoclusters (ref 59)), with results from isolation experiments in acetone (as is the case for the present studies) being less reproducible than those in propylene carbonate, for example, ref 59. In that regard, the activity after isolation from acetone (the solvent used in the original five-criteria study (ref 15)) yields larger error bars (ca. a factor of 3 is seen in the Table 1 data in the present paper), inherent error that one needs to be aware of when interpreting criteria 3 in Table 1.
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    • Interestingly, in the cases of two anions so far (HP0 42- and P3O93, ref 67b) we have found that the preformed complexes with (1, 5-COD)Ir+ do yield slightly better nanoclusters (ref 15, although it is arguable if the time, effort, and expense of making the preformed complexes are worth the relatively small difference in the final results, An educated guess is that it is the more precise control over any free, uncomplexed, and thus more easily and quickly reduced (refs 12, 35, 49, 1, 5- COD)¿, and its faster nucleation, mat is the main gain from making the preformed and isolated, l, 5-COD)Ir HP04])xx- or, l, 5-COD)Ir P 309]2, In any event, we feel pretty confident that at best only slightly better results could possibly be obtained by synthesizing, for example, the unknown, l, 5-COD)Ir HP2W 17θ61
    • (8x)-" complex. And, synthetically, the more easily and quickly prepared in situ complex is preferred. For these latter two reasons, as well as the success of the in situ control reported in the main text, we emphasized the in situ generated precatalysts in the present study,
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    • See ref 15 and Table 1, p 6253 (Controls Generating the Ir(Õ) Nanoclusters via the In-Situ Precursors. .) and Figures S12 and S13 of the Supporting Information in ref 16.
    • (b) See ref 15 and Table 1, p 6253 ("Controls Generating the Ir(Õ) Nanoclusters via the In-Situ Precursors. .") and Figures S12 and S13 of the Supporting Information in ref 16.
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    • Reproducibility in transition-metal nanocluster syntheses implies control over the underlying steps of especially nucleation but also growth and agglomeration (refs 35, 48, 49). Reproducibility approaching a small molecule-like ±15% in catalytic activity, for example, is now achievable in cases such as the present nanoclusters (see also Bradley's dramatic example of the ±500% effects of HC1 byproduct from nanocluster syntheses from metal halides (ref 70). Such reproducibility requires careful control over variables such the nanocluster precursor, the amount of stabilizer and the byproducts of the synthesis that are present, the solvent purity (ref 13), the water (refs 13, 35) and oxygen content, the temperature, and the order of addition of reagents (ref 15).
    • Reproducibility in transition-metal nanocluster syntheses implies control over the underlying steps of especially nucleation but also growth and agglomeration (refs 35, 48, 49). Reproducibility approaching a small molecule-like ±15% in catalytic activity, for example, is now achievable in cases such as the present nanoclusters (see also Bradley's dramatic example of the ±500% effects of HC1 byproduct from nanocluster syntheses from metal halides (ref 70). Such reproducibility requires careful control over variables such the nanocluster precursor, the amount of stabilizer and the byproducts of the synthesis that are present, the solvent purity (ref 13), the water (refs 13, 35) and oxygen content, the temperature, and the order of addition of reagents (ref 15).
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    • 10-.
    • 10-.
  • 111
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    • A mechanistic subtlety here is that if the initially formed nanoclusters (B) are good catalysts, then a two-step kinetic fit can be seen during the time in which all the cyclohexene is consumed (e.g, as in Figure 4, with agglomeration occurring after the kinetic monitoring (agglomeration apparent in observables such as the TEM or even in inflated ITO values, b) A second subtlety is that a very small k\ value, as seen in the {H[α2-P2W17O61, 9̃, appears to be correlated with the appearance of larger, polydisperse lr(0) nanoclusters ref 48, The reason is that a small k, and correspondingly large k2/k1 value correlates with the formation of larger nanoclusters, with those larger nanoclusters subsequently turning on facile agglomeration between bigger and smaller nanoclusters, the B, C, 1.5 C, fourth step of the four-step mechanism for nanocluster n
    • 2/ki criterion more difficult and open to misinterpretation.
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    • 9- system, and that, too, can inflate the TTO value. In short, the range of errors seen for entries 1 -4 in Table 1 indicated that TTO values should probably differ by more than a factor of 2 before too much interpretation is given those TTO values.
    • 9- system, and that, too, can inflate the TTO value. In short, the range of errors seen for entries 1 -4 in Table 1 indicated that TTO values should probably differ by more than a factor of 2 before too much interpretation is given those TTO values.
  • 115
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    • 4 is a weak stabilizer compared to basic POMs (although it is surprisingly effective as a stabilizer in high dielectric constant solvents vs neutral ligand such as PVP polymer or solvents alone that are claimed to be stabilizers (refs 8, 39, 40)).
    • 4 is a weak stabilizer compared to basic POMs (although it is surprisingly effective as a stabilizer in high dielectric constant solvents vs neutral ligand such as PVP polymer or solvents alone that are claimed to be stabilizers (refs 8, 39, 40)).
  • 116
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    • 2/h without PS). The final product is again bulk lr(0) metal.
    • 2/h without PS). The final product is again bulk lr(0) metal.


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