메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 629, Issue , 2009, Pages 139-178

From intention to action: Motor cortex and the control of reaching movements

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARM MOVEMENT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CELL POPULATION; FOREARM; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HAND MOVEMENT; HUMAN; JOINT FUNCTION; KINEMATICS; LIMB MOVEMENT; MOTONEURON; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR COORDINATION; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR UNIT; MUSCLE EXCITATION; MUSCLE FORCE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE INNERVATION; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NERVOUS SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; TASK PERFORMANCE; TORQUE; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT; ANIMAL; ARM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; JOINT; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REVIEW;

EID: 61949408477     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77064-2_8     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (128)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0030903810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central modifications of reflex parameters may underlie the fastest arm movements
    • Adamovich SV, Levin MF, Feldman AG (1997) Central modification of reflex parameters may underlie the fastest arm movements. J Neurophysiol 77:1460-1469 (Pubitemid 27137039)
    • (1997) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.77 , Issue.3 , pp. 1460-1469
    • Adamovich, S.V.1    Levin, M.F.2    Feldman, A.G.3
  • 2
    • 0033748313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematic coordinates in which motor cortical cells encode movement direction
    • Ajemian R, Bullock D, Grossberg S (2000) Kinematic coordinates in which motor cortical cells encode movement direction. J Neurophysiol 84:2191-2203
    • (2000) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.84 , pp. 2191-2203
    • Ajemian, R.1    Bullock, D.2    Grossberg, S.3
  • 3
    • 0035192225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of movement coordinates in the motor cortex: Posture-dependent changes in the gain and direction of single cell tuning curves
    • Ajemian R, Bullock D, Grossberg S (2001) A model of movement coordinates in the motor cortex: Posture-dependent changes in the gain and direction of single cell tuning curves. Cerebral Cortex 11:1124-1135 (Pubitemid 33108239)
    • (2001) Cerebral Cortex , vol.11 , Issue.12 , pp. 1124-1135
    • Ajemian, R.1    Bullock, D.2    Grossberg, S.3
  • 4
    • 0342710415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Force and the motor cortex
    • Ashe J (1997) Force and the motor cortex. Behav Brain Res 87:255-269
    • (1997) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.87 , pp. 255-269
    • Ashe, J.1
  • 5
    • 0028561844 scopus 로고
    • Movement parameters and neural activity in motor cortex and area 5
    • Ashe J, Georgopoulos AP (1994) Movement parameters and neural activity in motor cortex and area 5. Cerebral Cortex 6:590-600
    • (1994) Cerebral Cortex , vol.6 , pp. 590-600
    • Ashe, J.1    Georgopoulos, A.P.2
  • 6
    • 0028238934 scopus 로고
    • The influence of single monkey cortico-motoneuronal cells at different levels of activity in target muscles
    • Bennett KM, Lemon RN (1994) The influence of single monkey corticomotoneuronal cells at different levels of activity in target muscles. J Physiol 477:291-307 (Pubitemid 24186579)
    • (1994) Journal of Physiology , vol.477 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-307
    • Bennett, K.M.B.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 7
    • 0029950622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal contribution to the fractionation of muscle activity during precision grip in the monkey
    • Bennett KM, Lemon RN (1996) Corticomotoneuronal contribution to the fractionation and muscle activity during precision grip in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 75:1826-1842 (Pubitemid 26159020)
    • (1996) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 1826-1842
    • Bennett, K.M.B.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 8
    • 0033162942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational nature of human adaptive control during learning of reaching movements in force fields
    • Bhushan N, Shadmehr R (1999) Computational nature of human adaptive control during learning of reaching movements in force fields. Biol Cybern 81:39-60 (Pubitemid 129543166)
    • (1999) Biological Cybernetics , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-60
    • Bhushan, N.1    Shadmehr, R.2
  • 9
    • 28444462188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relations between single cell activity in the motor cortex and the direction and magnitude of three-dimensional dynamic isometric force
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-005-0016-z
    • Boline J, Ashe J (2005) On the relation between single cell activity in the motor cortex and the direction and magnitude of three-dimensional dynamic isometric force. Exp Brain Res 167:148-159 (Pubitemid 41726605)
    • (2005) Experimental Brain Research , vol.167 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-159
    • Boline, J.1    Ashe, J.2
  • 11
    • 0034786886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural activity in primary motor cortex related to mechanical loads applied to the shoulder and elbow during a postural task
    • Cabel DW, Cisek P, Scott SH (2001) Neural activity in primary motor cortex related to mechanical loads to the shoulder and elbow during a postural task. J Neurophysiol 86:2102-2108 (Pubitemid 32953253)
    • (2001) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 2102-2108
    • Cabel, D.W.1    Cisek, P.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 12
    • 0025453987 scopus 로고
    • Making arm movements within different parts of space: Dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex
    • Caminiti R, Johnson P, Urbano A (1990) Making arm movements within different parts of space: dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex. J Neurosci 10:2039-2058
    • (1990) J. Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 2039-2058
    • Caminiti, R.1    Johnson, P.2    Urbano, A.3
  • 13
    • 0026002643 scopus 로고
    • Making arm movements within different parts of space: The premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching to visual targets
    • Caminiti R, Johnson P, Galli C, Ferraina S, Burnod Y (1991) Making arm movements within different parts of space: the premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching to visual targets. J Neurosci 11:1182-1197
    • (1991) J. Neurosci. , vol.11 , pp. 1182-1197
    • Caminiti, R.1    Johnson, P.2    Galli, C.3    Ferraina, S.4    Burnod, Y.5
  • 15
    • 0018954522 scopus 로고
    • Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force
    • Cheney PD, Fetz EE (1980) Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. J Neurophysiol 44:773-791 (Pubitemid 10022914)
    • (1980) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 773-791
    • Cheney, P.D.1    Fetz, E.E.2
  • 16
    • 0025759284 scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms underlying corticospinal and rubrospinal control of limb movements
    • Cheney PD, Fetz EE, Mewes K (1991) Neural mechanisms underlying corticospinal and rubrospinal control of limb movements. Prog Brain Res 87:213-252
    • (1991) Prog. Brain Res. , vol.87 , pp. 213-252
    • Cheney, P.D.1    Fetz, E.E.2    Mewes, K.3
  • 17
    • 0021990626 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of facilitation and suppression of antagonist forelimb muscles from motor cortex sites in the awake monkey
    • Cheney PD, Fetz EE, Palmer SS (1985) Patterns of facilitation and suppression of antagonist forelimb muscles from motor cortex sites in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 53:805-820 (Pubitemid 15144075)
    • (1985) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 805-820
    • Cheney, P.D.1    Fetz, E.E.2    Palmer, S.S.3
  • 18
    • 0029883786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential relation of discharge in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex to movements versus actively maintained postures during a reaching task
    • Crammond DJ, Kalaska JF (1996) Differential relation of discharge in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex to movements versus actively maintained postures during a reaching task. Exp Brain Res 108:45-61 (Pubitemid 26076020)
    • (1996) Experimental Brain Research , vol.108 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-61
    • Crammond, D.J.1    Kalaska, J.F.2
  • 19
    • 0033842223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prior information in motor and premotor cortex: Activity during the delay period and effect on pre-movement activity
    • Crammond DJ, Kalaska JF (2000) Prior information in motor and premotor cortex: activity during the delay period and effect on pre-movement activity. J Neurophysiol 84:986-1005 (Pubitemid 30655618)
    • (2000) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 986-1005
    • Crammond, D.J.1    Kalaska, J.F.2
  • 20
    • 0027219240 scopus 로고
    • Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. I. Cells related to the forelimbs
    • Drew T (1993) Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. I. Cells related to the forelimbs. J Neurophysiol 70:179-199 (Pubitemid 23220308)
    • (1993) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 179-199
    • Drew, T.1
  • 21
    • 0141988732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying generalization from trial-by-trial behavior of adaptive systems that learn with basis functions: Theory and experiments in human motor control
    • Donchin O, Francis JT, Shadmehr R (2003) Quantifying generalization from trial-to-trial behavior of adaptive systems that learn basis functions: theory and experiments in human motor control. J Neurosci 23:9032-9045 (Pubitemid 37243804)
    • (2003) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.23 , Issue.27 , pp. 9032-9045
    • Donchin, O.1    Francis, J.T.2    Shadmehr, R.3
  • 22
    • 0025937229 scopus 로고
    • The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
    • Dum RP, Strick PL (1991) The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J Neurosci 11:667-689
    • (1991) J. Neurosci. , vol.11 , pp. 667-689
    • Dum, R.P.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 23
    • 0014235123 scopus 로고
    • Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement
    • Evarts EV (1968) Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. J Neurophysiol 31:14-27
    • (1968) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.31 , pp. 14-27
    • Evarts, E.V.1
  • 24
    • 0014514366 scopus 로고
    • Activity of pyramidal tract neurons during postural fixation
    • Evarts EV (1969) Activity of pyramidal tract neurons during postural fixation. J Neurophysiol 32:375-385
    • (1969) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.32 , pp. 375-385
    • Evarts, E.V.1
  • 27
    • 0022616533 scopus 로고
    • Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (λ model) for motor control
    • Feldman AG. (1986) Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (Lambda model) for motor control. J Mot Behav 18:17-54 (Pubitemid 16119226)
    • (1986) Journal of Motor Behavior , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-54
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 29
    • 13744262393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing hypotheses and the advancement of science: Recent attempts to falsify the equilibrium point hypothesis
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-004-2049-0
    • Feldman AG, Latash ML (2005) Testing hypotheses and the advancement of science: recent attempts to falsify the equilibrium point hypothesis. Exp Brain Res 161:91-103 (Pubitemid 40238873)
    • (2005) Experimental Brain Research , vol.161 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-103
    • Feldman, A.G.1    Latash, M.L.2
  • 30
    • 0029611080 scopus 로고
    • The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control
    • Feldman AG, Levin MF. (1995) The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control. Behav Brain Sci 18:723-744
    • (1995) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 723-744
    • Feldman, A.G.1    Levin, M.F.2
  • 31
    • 0018933987 scopus 로고
    • Postspike facilitation of forelimb muscle activity by primate corticomotoneuronal cells
    • Fetz EE, Cheney PD (1980) Postspike facilitation of forelimb muscle activity by primate corticomotoneuronal cells. J Neurophysiol 44:751-772 (Pubitemid 10022913)
    • (1980) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 751-772
    • Fetz, E.E.1    Cheney, P.D.2
  • 32
    • 0022417008 scopus 로고
    • The coordination of arm movements: An experimentally confirmed mathematical model
    • Flash T, Hogan N (1985) The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model. J Neurosci 5:1688-1703 (Pubitemid 15234427)
    • (1985) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.5 , Issue.7 , pp. 1688-1703
    • Flash, T.1    Hogan, N.2
  • 33
    • 33750839343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold control of arm posture and movement adaptation to load
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-006-0591-7
    • Foisy M, Feldman AG (2006) Threshold control of arm posture and movement adaptation to load. Exp Brain Res 175:726-744 (Pubitemid 44715514)
    • (2006) Experimental Brain Research , vol.175 , Issue.4 , pp. 726-744
    • Foisy, M.1    Feldman, A.G.2
  • 34
    • 0028915264 scopus 로고
    • Temporal encoding of movement kinematics in the discharge of primate primary motor and premotor neurons
    • Fu Q-G, Flament D, Coltz JD, Ebner TJ (1995) Temporal encoding of movement kinematics in the discharge of primate primary motor and premotor neurons. J Neurophysiol 73:836-854
    • (1995) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.73 , pp. 836-854
    • Fu, Q.-G.1    Flament, D.2    Coltz, J.D.3    Ebner, T.J.4
  • 35
    • 0027494493 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements in the superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys
    • Fu Q-G, Suarez JI, Ebner TJ (1993) Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements inthe superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys. J Neurophysiol 70:2097-2116 (Pubitemid 23351046)
    • (1993) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 2097-2116
    • Fu, Q.-G.1    Suarez, J.I.2    Ebner, T.J.3
  • 37
    • 0021254683 scopus 로고
    • Static spatial effects in motor cortex and area 5: Quantitative relations in a two-dimensional space
    • Georgopoulos AP, Caminiti R, Kalaska JF (1984) Static spatial effects in motor cortex and area 5: Quantitative relations in a two-dimensional space. Exp Br Res 54:446-454 (Pubitemid 14110224)
    • (1984) Experimental Brain Research , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 446-454
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Caminiti, R.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 38
    • 0020624425 scopus 로고
    • Spatial coding of movement: A hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations
    • Georgopoulos AP, Caminiti R, Kalaska JF, Massey JT (1983) Spatial coding of movement: a hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. In: Neural Coding of Motor Performance, ed. Massion J, Paillard J, Schultz W, Wiesendanger M. Exp Brain Res Suppl 7:327-336 (Pubitemid 13060611)
    • (1983) Experimental Brain Research , vol.49 , Issue.SUPPL. 7 , pp. 327-336
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Caminiti, R.2    Kalaska, J.F.3    Massey, J.T.4
  • 39
    • 0024416143 scopus 로고
    • Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion
    • Georgopoulos AP, Grillner S (1989) Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion. Science 245:1209-1210 (Pubitemid 19238745)
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , Issue.4923 , pp. 1209-1210
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Grillner, S.2
  • 40
    • 0020401276 scopus 로고
    • On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex
    • Georgopoulos AP, Kalaska JF, Caminiti R, Massey JT (1982) On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J Neurosci 2:1527-1537 (Pubitemid 13178240)
    • (1982) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.2 , Issue.11 , pp. 1527-1537
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Kalaska, J.F.2    Caminiti, R.3    Massey, J.T.4
  • 41
    • 0002537934 scopus 로고
    • The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: Single cell and population studies
    • ed. Edelman GM, Gall WE, Cowan WM. John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • Georgopoulos AP, Kalaska JF, Crutcher MD, Caminiti R, Massey JT (1984) The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: single cell and population studies. In: Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Function, ed. Edelman GM, Gall WE, Cowan WM. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 501-524
    • (1984) Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Function , pp. 501-524
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Kalaska, J.F.2    Crutcher, M.D.3    Caminiti, R.4    Massey, J.T.5
  • 42
    • 0023789678 scopus 로고
    • Primate motor cortex and free-arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space: II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population
    • Georgopoulos AP, Kettner RE, Schwartz AB (1988) Primate motor cortex and free-arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space: II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population. J Neurosci 8:2931-2937
    • (1988) J. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 2931-2937
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Kettner, R.E.2    Schwartz, A.B.3
  • 43
    • 0035081134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timing of control signals underlying fast point-to-point arm movements
    • DOI 10.1007/s002210000643
    • Ghafouri M, Feldman AG (2001) The timing of control signals underlying fast point-to-point arm movements. Exp Brain Res 137:411-423 (Pubitemid 32245481)
    • (2001) Experimental Brain Research , vol.137 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 411-423
    • Ghafouri, M.1    Feldman, A.G.2
  • 45
    • 0037182907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlap of internal models in motor cortex for mechanical loads during reaching
    • DOI 10.1038/nature00834
    • Gribble PL, Scott SH (2002) Overlap of internal models in motor cortex for mechanical loads during reaching. Nature 417:938-941 (Pubitemid 34716868)
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , Issue.6892 , pp. 938-941
    • Gribble, P.L.1    Scott, S.H.2
  • 46
    • 33744943509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parietal area 5 activity does not reflect the differential time-course of motor output kinetics during arm-reaching and isometric-force tasks
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00789.2005
    • Hamel-Pâquet C, Sergio LE, Kalaska JF (2006) Parietal area 5 activity does not reflect the differential time-course of motor output kinetics during arm-reaching and isometric-force tasks. J Neurophysiol 95:3353-3370 (Pubitemid 43846147)
    • (2006) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.95 , Issue.6 , pp. 3353-3370
    • Hamel-Paquet, C.1    Sergio, L.E.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 47
    • 0032552114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning
    • DOI 10.1038/29528
    • Harris CM & Wolpert DM (1998) Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394:780-784 (Pubitemid 28391641)
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , Issue.6695 , pp. 780-784
    • Harris, C.M.1    Wolpert, D.M.2
  • 48
    • 0035487297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MOSAIC model for sensorimotor learning and control
    • DOI 10.1162/089976601750541778
    • Haruno M, Wolpert DM, Kawato M (2001) MOSAIC model for sensorimotor learning and control. Neural Comput 13:2201-2220 (Pubitemid 33676881)
    • (2001) Neural Computation , vol.13 , Issue.10 , pp. 2201-2220
    • Haruno, M.1    Wolpert, D.M.2    Kawato, M.3
  • 49
    • 3142705768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoding continuous and discrete motor behaviors using motor and premotor cortical ensembles
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.01245.2003
    • Hatsopoulos N, Joshi J, O'Leary JG (2004) Decoding continuous and discrete motor behaviors using motor and premotor cortical ensembles. J Neurophysiol 92:1165-1174 (Pubitemid 38931975)
    • (2004) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.92 , Issue.2 , pp. 1165-1174
    • Hatsopoulos, N.G.1    Joshi, J.2    O'Leary, J.G.3
  • 51
    • 0036039562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary motor cortical neurons encode functional muscle synergies
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-002-1166-x
    • Holdefer RN, Miller LE (2002) Primary motor cortical neurons encode functional muscle synergies. Exp Brain Res 146:233-243 (Pubitemid 34994865)
    • (2002) Experimental Brain Research , vol.146 , Issue.2 , pp. 233-243
    • Holdefer, R.N.1    Miller, L.E.2
  • 52
    • 0001723913 scopus 로고
    • Computers, brains and the control of movements
    • Hollerbach JM (1982) Computers, brains and the control of movements. Trends Neurosci 6:189-192
    • (1982) Trends Neurosci. , vol.6 , pp. 189-192
    • Hollerbach, J.M.1
  • 53
    • 0014944127 scopus 로고
    • Predicting measures of motor performance from multiple cortical spike trains
    • Humphrey DR, Schmidt EM, Thompson WD (1970) Predicting measures of motor performance from multiple cortical spike trains. Science 170:758-762
    • (1970) Science , vol.170 , pp. 758-762
    • Humphrey, D.R.1    Schmidt, E.M.2    Thompson, W.D.3
  • 54
    • 24044436831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal models of limb dynamics and the encoding of limb state
    • Hwang EJ, Shadmehr R (2005) Internal models of limb dynamics and the encoding of limb state. J Neural Eng 2:3S266-278
    • (2005) J. Neural. Eng. , vol.2
    • Hwang, E.J.1    Shadmehr, R.2
  • 55
    • 4243131396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Again-field encoding of limb position and velocity in the internal model of arm dynamics
    • Hwang EJ, Donchin O, Smith MA, Shadmehr R (2003) Again-field encoding of limb position and velocity in the internal model of arm dynamics. PLoS Biol 1:209-220
    • (2003) PLoS Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 209-220
    • Hwang, E.J.1    Donchin, O.2    Smith, M.A.3    Shadmehr, R.4
  • 56
    • 0032822129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle and movement representations in the primary motor cortex
    • DOI 10.1126/science.285.5436.2136
    • Kakei S, Hoffman DS, Strick P (1999) Muscle and movement representation in the primary motor cortex. Science 285:2136-2139 (Pubitemid 29451433)
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , Issue.5436 , pp. 2136-2139
    • Kakei, S.1    Hoffman, D.S.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 57
    • 0034816944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex
    • DOI 10.1038/nn726
    • Kakei S, Hoffman DS, Strick P (2001) Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex. Nat Neurosci 4:1020-1025 (Pubitemid 32924142)
    • (2001) Nature Neuroscience , vol.4 , Issue.10 , pp. 1020-1025
    • Kakei, S.1    Hoffman, D.S.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 58
    • 0037405924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor transformations in cortical motor areas
    • DOI 10.1016/S0168-0102(03)00031-2
    • Kakei S, Hoffman DS, Strick PL (2003) Sensorimotor transformations in cortical motor areas. Neurosci Res 46:1-10 (Pubitemid 36506605)
    • (2003) Neuroscience Research , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Kakei, S.1    Hoffman, D.S.2    Strick, P.L.3
  • 59
    • 0002426193 scopus 로고
    • What parameters of reaching are encoded by discharges of cortical cells?
    • ed. Humphrey DR & Freund H-J, John Wiley & Sons
    • Kalaska JF (1991) What parameters of reaching are encoded by discharges of cortical cells? in Motor Control: Concepts and Issues, ed. Humphrey DR & Freund H-J, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 307-330
    • (1991) Motor Control: Concepts and Issues , pp. 307-330
    • Kalaska, J.F.1
  • 60
    • 0020530309 scopus 로고
    • Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: Relations in parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex
    • Kalaska JF, Caminiti R, Georgopoulos AP (1983) Cortical mechanisms related to the direction of two-dimensional arm movements: relations to parietal area 5 and comparison with motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 51:247-260 (Pubitemid 13073878)
    • (1983) Experimental Brain Research , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 247-260
    • Kalaska, J.F.1    Caminiti, R.2    Georgopoulos, A.P.3
  • 61
    • 0024399598 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction-related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task
    • Kalaska JF, Cohen DAD, Hyde ML, Prud'Homme M (1989) A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction-related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task. J Neurosci 9:2080-2102 (Pubitemid 19156995)
    • (1989) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 2080-2102
    • Kalaska, J.F.1    Cohen, D.A.D.2    Hyde, M.L.3    Prud'homme, M.4
  • 62
    • 0025272776 scopus 로고
    • Parietal area 5 neuronal activity encodes movement kinematics, not movement dynamics
    • Kalaska JF, Cohen DAD, Prud'Homme M, Hyde ML (1990) Parietal area 5neuronal activity encodes movement kinematics, not movement dynamics. Exp Brain Res 80:351-364 (Pubitemid 20162105)
    • (1990) Experimental Brain Research , vol.80 , Issue.2 , pp. 351-364
    • Kalaska, J.F.1    Cohen, D.A.D.2    Prud'homme, M.3    Hyde, M.L.4
  • 63
    • 0026545604 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral cortical mechanisms of reaching movements
    • Kalaska JF, Crammond DJ (1992) Cerebral cortical mechanisms of reaching movements. Science 255:1517-1523
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 1517-1523
    • Kalaska, J.F.1    Crammond, D.J.2
  • 65
    • 0032787485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning
    • Kawato M (1999) Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:718-727
    • (1999) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.9 , pp. 718-727
    • Kawato, M.1
  • 66
    • 33746667958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of arm trajectory from a small number of neuron activities in the primary motor cortex
    • DOI 10.1016/j.neures.2006.02.012, PII S0168010206000472
    • Koike Y, Hirose H, Sakurai Y, Iijima T (2006) Prediction of arm trajectory from a small number of neuron activities in the primary motor cortex. Neurosci Res 55:146-153 (Pubitemid 44275074)
    • (2006) Neuroscience Research , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 146-153
    • Koike, Y.1    Hirose, H.2    Sakurai, Y.3    Iijima, T.4
  • 67
    • 33644811564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00706.2005
    • Kurtzer I, Pruszynski JA, Herter TM, Scott SH (2006) Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task. J Neurophysiol 95:493-504 (Pubitemid 44698950)
    • (2006) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 493-504
    • Kurtzer, I.1    Pruszynski, J.A.2    Herter, T.M.3    Scott, S.H.4
  • 68
    • 0027521068 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of the monkey corticomotoneuronal system to the control of force in precision grip
    • Maier MA, Bennett KM, Hepp-Reymond MC, Lemon RN (1993) Contribution of the monkey corticomotoneuronal system to the control of force in precision grip. J Neurophysiol 69:772-785 (Pubitemid 23102950)
    • (1993) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 772-785
    • Maier, M.A.1    Bennett, K.M.B.2    Hepp-Reymond, M.-C.3    Lemon, R.N.4
  • 69
    • 0031739639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal postspike effects in shoulder, elbow, wrist, digit, and intrinsic hand muscles during a reach and prehension task
    • McKiernan BJ, Marcario JK, Karrer JH, Cheney PD (1998) Corticomotoneuronal postspike effects in shoulder, elbow, wrist, digit, and intrinsic hand muscles during a reach and prehension task. J Neurophysiol 80:1961-1980 (Pubitemid 28489125)
    • (1998) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.80 , Issue.4 , pp. 1961-1980
    • McKiernan, B.J.1    Marcario, J.K.2    Karrer, J.H.3    Cheney, P.D.4
  • 70
    • 0033621535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between conicomotoneuronal (CM) cell postspike effects and cell-target muscle covariation
    • McKiernan BJ, Marcario JK, Karrer JH, Cheney PD (2000) Correlations between corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell postspike effects and cell-target muscle covariation. J Neurophysiol 83:99-115 (Pubitemid 30039284)
    • (2000) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-115
    • McKiernan, B.J.1    Marcario, J.K.2    Karrer, J.H.3    Cheney, P.D.4
  • 71
    • 0034106888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits
    • DOI 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00040-5, PII S0165017399000405
    • Middleton FA, Strick PL (2000) Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31:236-250 (Pubitemid 30136179)
    • (2000) Brain Research Reviews , vol.31 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 236-250
    • Middleton, F.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 72
    • 0032717445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortical representation of speed and direction during reaching
    • Moran DW, Schwartz AB (1999a) Motor cortical representation of speed and direction during reaching. J Neurophysiol 82:2676-2692
    • (1999) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.82 , pp. 2676-2692
    • Moran, D.W.1    Schwartz, A.B.2
  • 73
    • 0032738085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: Population representation during spiral tracing
    • Moran DW, Schwartz AB (1999b) Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: population representation during spiral tracing. J Neurophysiol 82:2693-2704
    • (1999) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.82 , pp. 2693-2704
    • Moran, D.W.1    Schwartz, A.B.2
  • 74
    • 0037390756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of muscle activity by populations of sequentially recorded primary motor cortex neurons
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00632.2002
    • Morrow MM, Miller LE (2003) Prediction of muscle activity by populations of sequentially recorded primary motor cortex neurons. J Neurophysiol 89:2279-2288 (Pubitemid 36444280)
    • (2003) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.89 , Issue.4 , pp. 2279-2288
    • Morrow, M.M.1    Miller, L.E.2
  • 76
    • 0020674994 scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90635-2
    • Muir RB, Lemon RN (1983) Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip. Brain Res 261:312-316 (Pubitemid 13195638)
    • (1983) Brain Research , vol.261 , Issue.2 , pp. 312-316
    • Muir, R.B.1    Lemon, R.N.2
  • 77
    • 0023714895 scopus 로고
    • Do neurons in the motor cortex encode movement direction? An alternative hypothesis
    • Mussa-Ivaldi FA (1988) Do neurons in the motor cortex encode movement direction? An alternative hypothesis. Neurosci Lett 91:106-111
    • (1988) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.91 , pp. 106-111
    • Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.1
  • 78
    • 0344873319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-003-1624-0
    • Ostry DJ, Feldman AG (2003) A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control. Exp Brain Res 153:275-288 (Pubitemid 37463969)
    • (2003) Experimental Brain Research , vol.153 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-288
    • Ostry, D.J.1    Feldman, A.G.2
  • 79
    • 0347088824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal tuning of motor cortical neurons for hand position and velocity
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00587.2002
    • Paninski L, Fellows MR, Hatsopoulos NG, Donoghue JP (2004a) Spatiotemporal tuning of motor cortical neurons for hand position and velocity. J Neurophysiol 91:515-532 (Pubitemid 38084391)
    • (2004) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.91 , Issue.1 , pp. 515-532
    • Paninski, L.1    Fellows, M.R.2    Hatsopoulos, N.G.3    Donoghue, J.P.4
  • 80
    • 4744360960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superlinear population encoding of dynamic hand trajectory in primary motor cortex
    • DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0919-04.2004
    • Paninski L, Shohan S, Fellows MR, Hatsopoulos N, Donoghue JP (2004b) Superlinear population encoding of dynamic hand trajectory in primary motor cortex. J Neurosci 29:8551-8561 (Pubitemid 39313778)
    • (2004) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.24 , Issue.39 , pp. 8551-8561
    • Paninski, L.1    Shoham, S.2    Fellows, M.R.3    Hatsopoulos, N.G.4    Donoghue, J.P.5
  • 81
    • 14844315088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Properties of primary motor cortex output to forelimb muscles in rhesus macaques
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00649.2003
    • Park MC, Belhaj-Saif A, Cheney PD (2004) Properties of primary motor cortex output to forelimb muscles in rhesus monkeys. J Neurophysiol 92:2968-2984 (Pubitemid 40340506)
    • (2004) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.92 , Issue.5 , pp. 2968-2984
    • Park, M.C.1    Belhaj-Saif, A.2    Cheney, P.D.3
  • 83
    • 0035660557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the premotor areas
    • DOI 10.1016/S0959-4388(01)00266-5
    • Picard N, Strick PL (2001) Imaging the premotor areas. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:663-672. (Pubitemid 34014913)
    • (2001) Current Opinion in Neurobiology , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 663-672
    • Picard, N.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 87
    • 26644451169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal and parietal cortical ensembles predict single-trial muscle activity during reaching movements in primates
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04320.x
    • Santucci DM, Kralik JD, Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL (2005) Frontal and parietal cortical ensembles predict single-trial muscle activity during reach movements in primates. Eur J Neurosci 22:1529-1540 (Pubitemid 41442424)
    • (2005) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 1529-1540
    • Santucci, D.M.1    Kralik, J.D.2    Lebedev, M.A.3    Nicolelis, M.A.L.4
  • 88
    • 0027220715 scopus 로고
    • Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: Population representation during sinusoid tracing
    • Schwartz AB (1993) Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: population representation during sinusoidal tracing. J Neurophysiol 70:28-36 (Pubitemid 23220297)
    • (1993) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-36
    • Schwartz, A.B.1
  • 89
    • 0028069091 scopus 로고
    • Direct cortical representation of drawing
    • Schwartz AB (1994) Direct cortical representation of drawing. Science 265:540-542 (Pubitemid 24265003)
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , Issue.5171 , pp. 540-542
    • Schwartz, A.B.1
  • 90
    • 0023779975 scopus 로고
    • Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single neuron discharge and direction of movement
    • Schwartz AB, Kettner RE, Georgopoulos AP (1988) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single neuron discharge and direction of movement. J Neurosci 8:2913-2927
    • (1988) J. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 2913-2927
    • Schwartz, A.B.1    Kettner, R.E.2    Georgopoulos, A.P.3
  • 91
    • 3042755702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control
    • Scott SH (2004) Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:534-546
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 534-546
    • Scott, S.H.1
  • 92
    • 0031019642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaching movements with similar hand paths but different arm orientations. I. Activity of individual cells in motor cortex
    • Scott SH, Kalaska JF (1997) Reaching movements with similar hand paths but different arm orientations. I. Activity of individual cells in motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 77:826-852 (Pubitemid 27087783)
    • (1997) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.77 , Issue.2 , pp. 826-852
    • Scott, S.H.1    Kalaska, J.F.2
  • 93
    • 0030666649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaching movements with similar hand paths but different arm orientations. II. Activity of individual cells in dorsal premotor cortex and parietal area 5
    • Scott SH, Sergio LE, Kalaska JF (1997) Reaching movements with similar hand paths but different arm orientations. II. Activity of individual cells in dorsal premotor cortex and parietal area 5. J Neurophysiol 78:2413-2426 (Pubitemid 27495469)
    • (1997) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.78 , Issue.5 , pp. 2413-2426
    • Scott, S.H.1    Sergio, L.E.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 94
    • 0037246172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic changes in motor cortex cell activity with arm posture during directional isometric force generation
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00016.2002
    • Sergio LE, Kalaska JF (2003) Systematic changes in motor cortex cell activity with arm posture during directional isometric force generation. J Neurophysiol 89:212-228 (Pubitemid 36134015)
    • (2003) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 212-228
    • Sergio, L.E.1    Kalaska, J.F.2
  • 95
    • 24944449407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortex neural correlates of output kinematics and kinetics during isometric-force and arm-reaching tasks
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.00989.2004
    • Sergio LE, Hamel-Pâquet C, Kalaska JF (2005) Motor cortex neural correlates of output kinematics and kinetics during isometric-force and arm-reaching tasks. J Neurophysiol 94:2353-2378 (Pubitemid 41324663)
    • (2005) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 2353-2378
    • Sergio, L.E.1    Hamel-Paquet, C.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 97
    • 10944229112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalization as a behavioral window to the neural mechanisms of learning internal models
    • DOI 10.1016/j.humov.2004.04.003, PII S0167945704000235, European Workshop on Movement Science
    • Shadmehr R (2004) Generalization as a behavioral window to the neural mechanisms of learning internal models. Hum Mov Sci 23:543-568 (Pubitemid 40012392)
    • (2004) Human Movement Science , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 543-568
    • Shadmehr, R.1
  • 98
    • 0019498646 scopus 로고
    • Divergent projection of individual corticospinal axons to motoneurons of multiple muscles in the monkey
    • DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90182-8
    • Shinoda Y, Yokota J, Futami T (1981) Divergent projections of individual corticospinal axons to motoneurons of multiple muscles in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 9:7-12 (Pubitemid 11119016)
    • (1981) Neuroscience Letters , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-12
    • Shinoda, Y.1    Yokota, J.-I.2    Futami, T.3
  • 99
    • 0024318921 scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor representations for pointing to targets in three-dimensional space
    • Soechting JF, Flanders M (1989) Sensorimotor representations for pointing to targets in three-dimensional space. J Neurophysiol 62:582-594 (Pubitemid 19208085)
    • (1989) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 582-594
    • Soechting, J.F.1    Flanders, M.2
  • 100
    • 0026540417 scopus 로고
    • Moving in three-dimensional space: Frames of reference, vectors and coordinate systems
    • Soechting JF, Flanders M (1992) Moving in three-dimensional space: frames of reference, vectors and coordinate systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 15:167-191
    • (1992) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 167-191
    • Soechting, J.F.1    Flanders, M.2
  • 101
    • 0029895171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relations between single cell activity in the motor cortex and the direction and magnitude of three-dimensional static isometric force
    • Taira M, Boline J, Smyrnis N, Georgopoulos AP, Ashe J (1996) On the relations between single cell activity in the motor cortex and the direction and magnitude of three-dimensional static isometric force. Exp Br Res 109:367-376 (Pubitemid 26188627)
    • (1996) Experimental Brain Research , vol.109 , Issue.3 , pp. 367-376
    • Taira, M.1    Boline, J.2    Smyrnis, N.3    Georgopoulos, A.P.4    Ashe, J.5
  • 102
    • 0141788440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twitches versus movements: A story of motor cortex
    • DOI 10.1177/1073858403257037
    • Taylor CSR, Gross CG (2003) Twitches versus movements: a story of motor cortex. The Neuroscientist 9:332-342 (Pubitemid 37204338)
    • (2003) Neuroscientist , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 332-342
    • Taylor, C.S.R.1    Gross, C.G.2
  • 103
    • 0037036102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1070291
    • Taylor DM, Tillery SIH, Schwartz AB (2002) Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Science 296:1829-1832 (Pubitemid 34596262)
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , Issue.5574 , pp. 1829-1832
    • Taylor, D.M.1    Tillery, S.I.H.2    Schwartz, A.B.3
  • 104
    • 0018133031 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum
    • Thach WT (1978) Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 41:654-676 (Pubitemid 8324538)
    • (1978) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 654-676
    • Thach, W.T.1
  • 105
    • 0034641916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives
    • Thoroughman K, Shadmehr R (2000) Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Nature 407:742-747
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 742-747
    • Thoroughman, K.1    Shadmehr, R.2
  • 106
    • 0034029092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: A model
    • DOI 10.1038/73964
    • Todorov E (2000) Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: a model. Nat Neurosci 3:391-398 (Pubitemid 30185491)
    • (2000) Nature Neuroscience , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 391-398
    • Todorov, E.1
  • 107
    • 4344685154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimality principles in sensorimotor control
    • DOI 10.1038/nn1309
    • Todorov E (2004) Optimality principles in sensorimotor control. Nat Neurosci 7:907-915 (Pubitemid 39129496)
    • (2004) Nature Neuroscience , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 907-915
    • Todorov, E.1
  • 108
    • 0036829017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination
    • DOI 10.1038/nn963
    • Todorov E, Jordan MI (2002) Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat Neurosci 5:1226-1235 (Pubitemid 35247183)
    • (2002) Nature Neuroscience , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 1226-1235
    • Todorov, E.1    Jordan, M.I.2
  • 109
    • 33751255659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linear encoding of muscle activity in primary motor cortex and cerebellum
    • DOI 10.1152/jn.01086.2005
    • Townsend BR, Paninski L, Lemon RN (2006) Linear coding of muscle activity in primary motor cortex and cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 96:2578-2592 (Pubitemid 44785907)
    • (2006) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.96 , Issue.5 , pp. 2578-2592
    • Townsend, B.R.1    Paninski, L.2    Lemon, R.N.3
  • 111
    • 0032192424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control
    • DOI 10.1016/S0893-6080(98)00066-5, PII S0893608098000665
    • Wolpert DM, Kawato M (1998) Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control. Neural Netw 11:1317-1329 (Pubitemid 28527128)
    • (1998) Neural Networks , vol.11 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 1317-1329
    • Wolpert, D.M.1    Kawato, M.2
  • 112
    • 0030296794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forward models for physiological motor control
    • DOI 10.1016/S0893-6080(96)00035-4, PII S0893608096000354
    • Wolpert DM, Miall RC (1996) Forward models for physiological motor control. Neural Netw 9:1265-1279 (Pubitemid 26413051)
    • (1996) Neural Networks , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 1265-1279
    • Miall, R.C.1    Wolpert, D.M.2
  • 113
    • 33750335190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence against a single coordinate system representation in the motor cortex
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-006-0556-x
    • Wu W, Hatsopoulos NG (2006) Evidence against a single coordinate system representation in the motor cortex. Exp Br Res 175:197-210 (Pubitemid 44624479)
    • (2006) Experimental Brain Research , vol.175 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-210
    • Wu, W.1    Hatsopoulos, N.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.