Motor cortical representation of speed and direction during reaching

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 82, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 2676-2692

  Moran, Daniel W ^a   Schwartz, Andrew B ^a  

^a NEUROSCIENCES INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARM MUSCLE; ARTICLE; CELL ACTIVITY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHESUS MONKEY; TASK PERFORMANCE; VELOCITY;

EID: 0032717445     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2676     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. ALEXANDER, G. E. AND CRUTCHER, M. D. Preparation for movement: neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 133-150, 1990a.
2. ALEXANDER, G. E. AND CRUTCHER, M. E. Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 164-178, 1990b.
3. ANDERSEN, R. A., ESSICK, G. K., AND SIEGEL, R. M. The encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons. Science 230: 456-458, 1985.
4. ASANUMA, H. AND ROSEN, I. Topographical organization of cortical efferent zones projecting to distal forelimb muscles in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 14: 243-256, 1972.
5. ASHE, J. AND GEORGOPOULOS, A. P. Movement parameters and neural activity in motor cortex and area 5. Cereb. Cortex 6: 590-600, 1994.
6. BATSCHELET, E. Circular Statistics in Biology, London: Academic, 1981.
7. BAUSWEIN, E., FROMM, C., WERNER, W., AND ZIEMANN, U. Phasic and tonic responses of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons to torque changes. Exp. Brain Res. 86: 303-310, 1991.
8. BERNSTEIN, N. A. The Coordination and Regulation of Movements. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1967.
9. BIZZI, E., ACCORNERO, N., CHAPPLE, W., AND HOGAN, N. Arm trajectory formation in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 46: 139-143, 1982.
10. BIZZI, E., ACCORNERO, N., CHAPPLE, W., AND HOGAN, N. Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement. J. Neurosci. 4: 2738-2744, 1984.
11. BOSSOM, J. Moving without proprioception. Brain Res. 71: 285-296, 1974.
12. BROOKS, V. B. Some examples of programmed limb movements. Brain Res. 71: 299-308, 1974.
13. BURBAUD, P., DOEGLE, C., GROSS, C., AND BIOULAC, B. A quantitative study of neuronal discharge in areas 5, 2, and 4 of the monkey during fast arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 429-443, 1991.
14. BUTLER, E. G., HORNE, M. K., AND CHURCHWARD, P. R. A frequency analysis of neuronal activity in monkey thalamus, motor cortex and electromyograms in wrist oscillations. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 445: 49-68, 1992.
15. CAMINITI, R., JOHNSON, P. B., BURNOD, Y., GALLI, C., AND FERRAINA, S. Shift of preferred directions of premotor cortical cells with arm movements performed across the workspace. Exp. Brain Res. 83: 228-232, 1990a.
16. CAMINITI, R., JOHNSON, P. B., GALLI, C., FERRAINA, S., AND BURNOD, Y. Making arm movements within different parts of space: the premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching to visual targets. J. Neurosci. 11: 1182-1197, 1991.
17. CAMINITI, R., JOHNSON, P. B., AND URBANO, A. Making arm movements within different parts of space: Dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 10: 2039-2058, 1990b.
18. CHEN, L. L. AND WISE, S. P. Evolution of directional preferences in the supplementary eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations. J. Neurosci. 16: 3067-3081, 1996.
19. CRAMMOND, D. J. AND KALASKA, J. F. Differential relation of discharge in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex to movements versus actively maintained postures during a reaching task. Exp. Brain Res. 108: 45-61, 1996.
20. CRUTCHER, M. D. AND ALEXANDER, G. E. Movement-related neuronal activity selectively coding either direction or muscle pattern in three motor areas of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 151-163, 1990.
21. DETTMERS, C., LEMON, R. N., STEPHAN, K. M., FINK, G. R., AND FRACKOWIACK, R. S. Cerebral activation during the exertion of sustained force in man. Neuroreport 7: 2103-2110, 1996.
22. EVARTS, E. V. Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. J. Neurophysiol. 31: 14-27, 1968.
23. FETZ, E. E. AND CHENEY, P. D. Muscle fields of primate corticomotoneuronal cells. J. Physiol. Paris 74: 239-245, 1978.
24. FETZ, E. E. AND FINNOCHIO, D. V. Correlations between activity of motor cortex cells and arm muscles during operantly conditioned response patterns. Exp. Brain Res. 23: 217-240, 1975.
25. FITTS, P. M. AND PETERSON, J. R. Information capacity of discrete motor responses. J. Exp. Psychol. 67: 103-112, 1964.
26. FLAMENT, D. AND HORE, J. Relations of motor cortex neural discharge to kinematics of passive and active elbow movements in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 60: 1268-1284, 1988.
27. FLANDERS, M., PELLEGRINI, J. J., AND SOECHTING, J. F. Spatial/temporal characteristics of a motor pattern for reaching. J. Neurophysiol. 71: 811-813, 1994.
28. FLASH, T. The control of hand equilibrium trajectories in multi-joint arm movements. Biol. Cybern. 57: 257-274, 1987.
29. FORTIER, P. A., KALASKA, J. F., AND SMITH, A. M. Cerebellar neuronal activity related to whole-arm reaching movements in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 62: 198-211, 1989.
30. FRITSCH, G. AND HITZIG, E. Ueber dir elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Lpz. 37: 300-332, 1870.
31. Fu, Q.-G., FLAMENT, D., COLTZ, J. D., AND EBNER, T. J. Temporal encoding of movement kinematics in the discharge of primate primary motor and premotor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 73: 836-854, 1995.
32. FU, Q. J., SUAREZ, J. I., AND EBNER, T. J. Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements in the superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 2097-2116, 1993.
33. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., ASHE, J., SMYRNIS, N., AND TAIRA, M. The motor cortex and the coding of force, Science 256: 1692-1695, 1992.
34. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., CAMINITI, R., KALASKA, J. F., AND MASSEY, J. T. Spatial coding of movement: a hypothesis concerning the coding of movement direction by motor cortical populations. Exp. Brain Res. Suppl. 7: 327-336, 1983.
35. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., KALASKA, J. F., CAMINITI, R., AND MASSEY, J. T. On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 2: 1527-1537, 1982.
36. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., KALASKA, J. F., CRUTCHER, M. D., CAMINITI, R., AND MASSEY, J. T. The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: single cell and population studies. In: Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Function, edited by G. E. Edelman, W. E. Gall, and W. M. Cowan. New York: Wiley, 1984, p. 501-524.
37. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., KALASKA, J. F., AND MASSEY, J. T. Spatial trajectories and reaction times of aimed movements: Effects of practice, uncertainty and change in target location. J. Neurophysiol. 46: 725-743, 1981.
38. GEORGOPOULOS, A. P., KETTNER, R. E., AND SCHWARTZ, A. B. Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population. J. Neurosci. 8: 2928-2937, 1988.
39. GHEZ, C. AND VICARIO, D. The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments. Exp. Brain Res. 33: 191-202, 1978.
40. GOMI, H. AND KAWATO, M. Equilibrium-point control hypothesis examined by measured arm stiffness during multijoint movement. Science 272: 117-120, 1996.
41. GOTTLIEB, G. L. On the voluntary movement of compliant (inertial-viscoelastic) loads by parcellated control mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 76: 3207-3229, 1996.
42. GOTTLIEB, G. L. AND AGARWAL, G. C. Filtering of electromyographic signals. Am. J. Phys. Med. 49: 142-146, 1970.
43. GOTTLIEB, G. L., CORCOS, D. M., AND AGARWAL, G. C. Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom. Behav. Brain Sci. 12: 189-250, 1989.
44. GRAY'S ANATOMY. 36th British Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1980.
45. HAMADA, I. Correlation of monkey pyramidal tract neuron activity to movement velocity in rapid wrist flexion movement. Brain Res. 230: 384-389, 1981.
46. HATSOPOULOS, N. G. Is a virtual trajectory necessary in reaching movements? Biol. Cybern. 70: 541-551, 1994.
47. HOLLERBACH, J. M. AND FLASH, T. Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement. Biol. Cybern. 44: 67-77, 1982.
48. HUMPHREY, D. R., SCHMIDT, E. M., AND THOMPSON, L.V.D. Predicting measures of motor performance from multiple cortical spike trains. Science 179: 758-762, 1970.
49. JACKSON, J. H. Cases of partial convulsion from organic brain disease, bearing on the experiments of Hitzig and Ferrier. Medical Times Gazette 1: 578-579, 1875.
50. KAKAVAND, A., MORAN, D., AND SCHWARTZ, A. B. Dynamic correlations of motor cortical activity with kinetic and kinematic parameters of hand movement. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 1830, 1996.
51. KALASKA, J. F., COHEN, D.A.D., HYDE, M. L., AND PRUD'HOMME, M. A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction-related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task. J. Neurosci. 9: 2080-2102, 1989.
52. KALASKA, J. F. AND CRAMMOND, D. J. Cerebral control mechanisms of reaching movements. Science 255: 1517-1523, 1992.
53. KELSO, J.A.S. AND HOLT, K. G. Exploring a vibratory system analysis of human movement production. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1183-1196, 1980.
54. KURATA, K. AND TANJI, J. Premotor cortex neurons in macaques: activity before distal and proximal forelimb movements. J. Neurosci. 6: 403-411, 1986.
55. LACKNER, J. R. AND DIZIO, P. Rapid adaptation to Coriolis-force perturbations of arm trajectory. J. Neurophysiol. 72: 299-313, 1994.
56. LANDGREN, S., PHILLIPS, C. G., AND PORTER, R. Cortical fields of origin of the monosynaptic pyramidal pathways to some alpha motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 161: 112-125, 1962.
57. LEMON, R. N., MUIR, R. B., AND MANTEL, G.W.H. The effects upon the activity of hand and forearm muscles of intracortical stimulation in the vicinity of corticomotor neurons in the conscious monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 66: 621-637, 1987.
58. LEYTON, A.S.F. AND SHERRINGTON, C. S. Observations and the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orang-utan and gorilla. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 11: 135-222, 1917.
59. LOEB, G. E. AND GANS, C. Electromyography for Experimentalists. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1986.
60. LUCIER, G. E., RUEGG, D. C., AND WIESENDANGER, M. Responses of neurones in motor cortex and in area 3A to controlled stretches of forelimb muscles in cebus monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 251: 833-853, 1975.
61. MAIER, M. A., BENNETT, K.M.B., HEPP-REYMOND, M.-C., AND LEMON, R. N. Contribution of the monkey corticomotoneuronal system to the control of force in precision grip. J. Neurophysiol. 69: 772-785, 1993.
62. MANTEL, G. W. AND LEMON, R. N. Cross-correlation reveals facilitation of single motor units in thenar muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 77: 113-118, 1987.
63. MASSEY, J. T., SCHWARTZ, A. B., AND GEORGOPOULOS, A. P. On information processing and performing a movement sequence. In: Generation and Modulation of Action Patterns, edited by C. Fromm and H. Heuer. Exp. Brain Res. Series 15, 1986, p. 242-251.
64. MEGAW, E. D. Possible modification to a rapid on-going programmed manual response. Brain Res. 71: 425-441, 1974.
65. MEYER, D. E., SMITH, J.E.K., AND WRIGHT, C. E. Models for the speed and accuracy of armed movements. Psychol. Rev. 89: 449-482, 1982.
66. MORASSO, P. Spatial control of arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 42: 223-227, 1981.
67. MOUNTCASTLE, V. B., LYNCH, J. C., GEORGOPOULOS, A., SAKATA, H., AND ACUNA, C. Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. J. Neurophysiol. 38: 871-908, 1975.
68. MOUNTCASTLE, V. B., TALBOT, W. H., SAKATA, H., AND HYVARINEN, J. Cortical neuronal mechanisms in the flutter vibration studied in unanesthetized monkeys. Neuronal periodicity and frequency discrimination. J. Neurophysiol. 32: 452-484, 1969.
69. PAILLARD, J. The contribution of peripheral and central vision to visually guided reaching. In: Analysis of Visual Behavior, edited by D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, and R.J.W. Mansfield. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982, p. 367-385.
70. PAILLARD, J. AND BROUCHON, M. A proprioceptive contribution to the spatial encoding of position cues for ballistic movements. Brain Res. 71: 273-284, 1974.
71. POLIT, A. AND BIZZI, E. Characteristics of the motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 183-192, 1979.
72. RICHMOND, B. J., OPTICAN, L. M., PODELL, M., AND SPITZER, H. Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. I. Response characteristics. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 132-146, 1987.
73. RUIZ, S., CRESPO, P., AND ROMO, R. Representation of moving tactile stimuli in the somatic sensory cortex of awake monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 73: 525-537, 1995.
74. SANES, J. N., SUNER, S., AND DONOOHUE, J. P. Dynamic organization of primary motor cortical output to target muscles in adult rats. I. Long-term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 79: 479-491, 1990.
75. SANES, J. N., WANG, J., AND DONOGHUE, J. P. Immediate and delayed changes of rat motor cortical output with new forelimb configurations. Cereb. Cortex 2: 141-152, 1992.
76. SCHAFER, E. A. The cerebral cortex. In: Textbook of Physiology, edited by E. A. Schafer. London: Young J. Pentland, 1900, p. 697-782.
77. SCHMIDT, E. M., JOST, R. G., AND DAVID, K. K. Re-examination of force relationship of cortical cell discharge patterns with conditioned wrist movements. Brain Res. 83: 213-223, 1975.
78. SCHWARTZ, A. B. Motor cortical activity during drawing movements. Single-unit activity during sinusoid tracing. J. Neurophysiol. 68: 528-541, 1992.
79. SCHWARTZ, A. B. Motor cortical activity during drawing movements: population response during sinusoid tracing. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 28-36, 1993.
80. SCHWARTZ, A. B. Direct cortical representation of drawing. Science 265: 540-542, 1994a.
81. SCHWARTZ, A. B. Distributed processing in cerebral cortex. Cur. Opin. Neurobiol. 4: 840-846, 1994b.
82. SCHWARTZ, A. B., KETTNER, R. E., AND GEORGOPOULOS, A. P. Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. J. Neurosci. 8: 2913-2927, 1988.
83. SCOTT, S. H. AND KALASKA, J. F. Changes in motor cortex activity during reaching movements with similar hand paths but different postures. J. Neurophysiol. 73: 2563-2567, 1995.
84. SCOTT, S. H. AND KALASKA, J. F. Reaching movements with similar had paths but different arm orientations. I. Activity of individual cells in motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 826-852, 1997.
85. SHADMEHR, R. AND MUSSA-IVALDI, F. A. Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task. J. Neurosci. 14: 3208-3224, 1994.
86. SOECHTING, J. F. Effective target size on spatial and temporal characteristics of a pointing movement in man. Exp. Brain Res. 54: 121-132, 1984.
87. SOKAL, R. R. AND ROHLF, F. J. Biometry (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman, 1995.
88. TAUB, E., GOLDBERG, I. A., AND TAUB, P. Deafferentation in monkeys pointing at a target without visual feedback. Exp. Neurol. 46: 178-186, 1975.
89. THACH, W. T. Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, point position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 654-676, 1978.
90. TURNER, R. S. AND ANDERSON, M. E. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1051-1074, 1997.
91. WOLTRING, H. J. A FORTRAN package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv. Eng. Software 8: 104-113, 1986.
92. WON, J. AND HOGAN, N. Stability properties of human reaching movement. Exp. Brain Res. 107: 125-136, 1995.
93. WOODWORTH, R. S. The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl. (whole 13) 3: 3: 1899.
94. WOOLSEY, C. N. Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior, edited by H. F. Harlow and C. N. Woolsey, Madison, WI: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1958, p. 63-81.