Technology-assisted training of arm-hand skills in stroke: Concepts on reacquisition of motor control and therapist guidelines for rehabilitation technology design

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Timmermans, Annick Aa ^a,b   Seelen, Henk Am ^b   Willmann, Richard D ^c   Kingma, Herman ^a,d  

^a EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b Adelante Netherlands   (Netherlands)

^c PHILIPS RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (Germany)

^d MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARM; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LEARNING; MEDICAL STAFF; MOTIVATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); PATIENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STROKE;

ARM; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEEDBACK; GOALS; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEDICAL STAFF; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOTOR SKILLS DISORDERS; MOVEMENT; PATIENTS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; ROBOTICS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STROKE;

EID: 61549126018     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17430003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-6-1     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2004 Update. http://www. strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3030387
2. Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe: a review of available data. T Truelsen B Piechowski-Jozwiak R Bonita C Mathers J Bogousslavsky G Boysen, Eur J Neurol 2006 13 6 581 598 16796582
3. Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. JW Krakauer, Curr Opin Neurol 2006 19 1 84 90 16415682
4. Reshaping the cortical motor map by unmasking latent intracortical connections. KM Jacobs JP Donoghue, Science 1991 251 4996 944 947 2000496
5. Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories. G Kwakkel B Kollen E Lindeman, Restor Neurol Neurosci 2004 22 3-5 281 299 15502272
6. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. P Duncan S Studenski L Richards S Gollub SM Lai D Reker S Perera J Yates V Koch S Rigler, Stroke 2003 34 9 2173 2180 12920254
7. Assessment and training of locomotion after stroke:evolving concepts. FRC Malouin, Science-based rehabilitation Theories into practice Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann, Refshauge Kathryn, 2005 185 222
8. The long-term outcome of arm function after stroke: results of a follow-up study. JG Broeks GJ Lankhorst K Rumping AJ Prevo, Disabil Rehabil 1999 21 8 357 364 10503976
9. Effect of a therapeutic intervention for the hemiplegic upper limb in the acute phase after stroke: a single-blind, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. HM Feys WJ De Weerdt BE Selz GA Cox Steck R Spichiger LE Vereeck KD Putman GA Van Hoydonck, Stroke 1998 29 4 785 792 9550512
10. Development of a teletechnology protocol for in-home rehabilitation. H Hoenig JA Sanford T Butterfield PC Griffiths P Richardson K Hargraves, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 2 287 298 16847794
11. Discharge and follow-up for people with stroke: what happens and why. S Tyson G Turner, Clin Rehabil 2000 14 4 381 392 10945422
12. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation. HI Krebs N Hogan ML Aisen BT Volpe, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 1998 6 1 75 87 9535526
13. Rehabilitation Robotics: Performance-Based Progressive Robot-Assisted Therapy. HI Krebs JJ P L Dipietro M Ferraro BT Volpe N Hogan, Autonomous Robots 2003 15 7 20
14. Experimental results using force-feedback cueing in robot-assisted stroke therapy. MJ Johnson HF Van der Loos CG Burgar P Shor LJ Leifer, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2005 13 3 335 348 16200757
15. Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke. AS Merians D Jack R Boian M Tremaine GC Burdea SV Adamovich M Recce H Poizner, Phys Ther 2002 82 9 898 915 12201804
16. Rehabilitation therapy services for stroke patients living at home: systematic review of randomised trials. L Legg P Langhorne, Lancet 2004 363 9406 352 356 15070563
17. Therapy-based rehabilitation for stroke patients living at home. L Legg P Langhorne, Stroke 2004 35 4 1022 14988566
18. A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. P Duncan L Richards D Wallace J Stoker-Yates P Pohl C Luchies A Ogle S Studenski, Stroke 1998 29 10 2055 2060 9756581
19. Automating arm movement training following severe stroke: functional exercises with quantitative feedback in a gravity-reduced environment. RJ Sanchez J Liu S Rao P Shah R Smith T Rahman SC Cramer JE Bobrow DJ Reinkensmeyer, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2006 14 3 378 389 17009498
20. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate intensity of community-based rehabilitation provision following stroke or hip fracture in old age. T Ryan P Enderby AS Rigby, Clin Rehabil 2006 20 2 123 131 16541932
21. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation of the upper extremities. R Riener T Nef G Colombo, Med Biol Eng Comput 2005 43 1 2 10 15742713
22. Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. World-Health-Organization, Geneva 2002
23. Issues for selection of outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation: ICF Body Functions. K Salter JW Jutai R Teasell NC Foley J Bitensky, Disabil Rehabil 2005 27 4 191 207 15824050
24. Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. C Butefisch H Hummelsheim P Denzler KH Mauritz, J Neurol Sci 1995 130 1 59 68 7650532
25. Strategies for stroke rehabilitation. BH Dobkin, Lancet Neurol 2004 3 9 528 536 15324721
26. Bridging the gap between theory and practice. RCJ Shephard, Science-Based Rehabilitation - Theories into Practice Edinburgh: Butterworth-Heinemann, Refshauge Kathryn ALaEE, 2005 1 13
27. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what's the evidence? RP Van Peppen G Kwakkel S Wood-Dauphinee HJ Hendriks PJ Van der Wees J Dekker, Clin Rehabil 2004 18 8 833 862 15609840
28. Application of the CIT concept in the clinical environment: hurdles, practicalities, and clinical benefits. A Sterr A Szameitat S Shen S Freivogel, Cogn Behav Neurol 2006 19 1 48 54 16633019
29. Personal context as a focus for rehabilitation. DT Wade, Clin Rehabil 2000 14 2 115 118 10763786
30. Evidence-based physiotherapeutic concepts for improving arm and hand function in stroke patients: a review. H Woldag H Hummelsheim, J Neurol 2002 249 5 518 528 12021939
31. Activity-dependent factors affecting poststroke functional outcomes. BE Fisher KJ Sullivan, Top Stroke Rehabil 2001 8 3 31 44 14523736
32. Progress in clinical neurosciences: stroke recovery and rehabilitation. R Teasell N Bayona K Salter C Hellings J Bitensky, Can J Neurol Sci 2006 33 4 357 364 17168160
33. Therapy impact on functional recovery in stroke rehabilitation: a critical view of the literature. GKB Kwakkel R Wagenaar, Physiotherapy 1999 13 457
34. Motor Control. Translating Research into Clinical Practice. AWM Shumway-Cook, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Third 2007
35. Stroke rehabilitation research: time to answer more specific questions? J Whitall, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2004 18 1 3 8 author reply 9-11 15035958
36. Task-Related Circuit Training Improves Performance of Locomotor Tasks in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial. CM Dean CL Richards F Malouin, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 81 April 409 417 10768528
37. A task-oriented intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. NM Salbach NE Mayo S Wood-Dauphinee JA Hanley CL Richards R Cote, Clin Rehabil 2004 18 509 519 15293485
38. Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. G Kwakkel R van Peppen RC Wagenaar S Wood Dauphinee C Richards A Ashburn K Miller N Lincoln C Partridge I Wellwood, Stroke 2004 35 11 2529 2539 15472114
39. Balance training following stroke: effects of task-oriented exercises with and without altered sensory input. J Bayouk JP Boucher A Leroux, International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2006 29 51 59 16432390
40. Short-term recovery of limb muscle strength after acute stroke. AW Andrews RW Bohannon, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003 84 1 125 130 12589633
41. Robot-assisted reaching exercise promotes arm movement recovery in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. LE Kahn ML Zygman WZ Rymer DJ Reinkensmeyer, J Neuroengineering Rehabil 2006 3 12 16790067
42. Task constraints and functional motor performance of individuals with and without multiple sclerosis. VWD Mathiowetz, Ecological Psychology 1995 7 99 123
43. Enhanced physical therapy for arm function after stroke: a one year follow up study. A Sunderland D Fletcher L Bradley D Tinson RL Hewer DT Wade, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 57 7 856 858 8021679
44. Enhanced physical therapy improves recovery of arm function after stroke. A randomised controlled trial. A Sunderland DJ Tinson EL Bradley D Fletcher R Langton Hewer DT Wade, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992 55 7 530 535 1640226
45. UK Clinical Guidelines for stroke - second version. Royal College of Physicians of London, London 2004 146
46. Attempting to improve function and quality of life using the FTM protocol: case report. AJ Butler S Blanton VT Rowe SL Wolf J Higgins NM Salbach S Wood Dauphinee CL Richards R Cote NE Mayo, Physical therapy 2006 3 148 156 17029658
47. Resistance training modes: specificity and effectiveness. MC Morrissey EA Harman MJ Johnson, Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995 27 5 648 660 7674868
48. KNGF-richtlijn Beroerte. RKG van Peppen B Harmeling-van der Wel, Nederland Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie 2004 114 5 82
49. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation: from evidence-based to science-based rehabilitation. HI Krebs BT Volpe M Ferraro S Fasoli J Palazzolo B Rohrer L Edelstein N Hogan, Top Stroke Rehabil 2002 8 4 54 70 14523730
50. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. World-Health-Organization, Geneva: World Health Organization 2001
51. Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. B Langhammer JK Stanghelle, Clin Rehabil 2000 14 4 361 369 10945420
52. Bobath or motor relearning programme? A follow-up one and four years post stroke. B Langhammer JK Stanghelle, Clin Rehabil 2003 17 7 731 734 14606738
53. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. SL Wolf CJ Winstein JP Miller E Taub G Uswatte D Morris C Giuliani KE Light D Nichols-Larsen, Jama 2006 296 17 2095 2104 17077374
54. Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke: efficacy for patients with minimal upper-extremity motor ability. NM Bonifer KM Anderson DB Arciniegas, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005 86 9 1867 1873 16181956
55. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. JH van der Lee RC Wagenaar GJ Lankhorst TW Vogelaar WL Deville LM Bouter, Stroke 1999 30 11 2369 2375 10548673
56. AutoCITE: automated delivery of CI therapy with reduced effort by therapists. E Taub PS Lum P Hardin VW Mark G Uswatte, Stroke 2005 36 6 1301 1304 15879335
57. A placebo-controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremity after stroke. E Taub G Uswatte DK King D Morris JE Crago A Chatterjee, Stroke 2006 37 4 1045 1049 16514097
58. Paretic hand rehabilitation with constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. IM Tarkka K Pitkanen J Sivenius, Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005 84 7 501 505 15973086
59. Constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with stroke: a pilot study on effects of small group training and of extended mitt use. C Brogardh BH Sjolund, Clin Rehabil 2006 20 3 218 227 16634340
60. Constraint-induced movement therapy following stroke: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. S Hakkennes JL Keating, Aust J Physiother 2005 51 4 221 231 16321129
61. An evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation. RW Teasell NC Foley SK Bhogal MR Speechley, Top Stroke Rehabil 2003 10 1 29 58 12970830
62. The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation. E Taub G Uswatte VW Mark DM Morris, Eura Medicophys 2006 42 3 241 256 17039223
63. Learning and memory. E Kandel I Kupfermann S Iversen, Principles of neural science New York: McGraw-Hill, Kandel ERSJ, Jessell TM, 4 2000 1227 1246
64. Stroke patients' and therapists' opinions of constraint-induced movement therapy. SJ Page P Levine S Sisto Q Bond MV Johnston, Clin Rehabil 2002 16 1 55 60 11837526
65. Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. J Whitall S McCombe Waller KH Silver RF Macko, Stroke 2000 31 10 2390 2395 11022069
66. Effect of bilateral reaching on affected arm motor control in stroke - with and without loading on unaffected arm. JJ Chang WL Tung WL Wu FC Su, Disabil Rehabil 2006 28 24 1507 1516 17178614
67. Repetitive bilateral arm training and motor cortex activation in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. AR Luft S McCombe-Waller J Whitall LW Forrester R Macko JD Sorkin JB Schulz AP Goldberg DF Hanley, Jama 2004 292 15 1853 1861 15494583
68. Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke. JD Schaechter, Prog Neurobiol 2004 73 1 61 72 15193779
69. Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey. C Pavlides E Miyashita H Asanuma, J Neurophysiol 1993 70 2 733 741 8410169
70. Neuronal post-stroke plasticity in the adult. PM Rossini G Dal Forno, Restor Neurol Neurosci 2004 22 3-5 193 206 15502265
71. Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron emission tomography. G Nelles W Jentzen M Jueptner S Muller HC Diener, Neuroimage 2001 13 6 Pt 1 1146 1154 11352620
72. Cortical reorganization induced by task-oriented training in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients. SH Jang YH Kim SH Cho JH Lee JW Park YH Kwon, Neuroreport 2003 14 1 137 141 12544845
73. Motor cortex plasticity during forced-use therapy in stroke patients: a preliminary study. J Liepert I Uhde S Graf O Leidner C Weiller, J Neurol 2001 248 4 315 321 11374097
74. Constraint-induced therapy in stroke: magnetic-stimulation motor maps and cerebral activation. GF Wittenberg R Chen K Ishii KO Bushara S Eckloff E Croarkin E Taub LH Gerber M Hallett LG Cohen, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2003 17 1 48 57 12645445
75. Exercise in Rehabilitation. K Kerr, Rehabilitation of movement: theoretical basis of clinical practice London: W.B. Saunders, Pitt-Brooke Judith HR, Lockwood Jane, Kate Kerr, 1998 423 457
76. Improving Strength, Endurance, and Power. R Mangine TP H VL Eldridge, Physical Therapy Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, Scully RBM, 1989 739 762
77. Essentials of Exercise Physiology. WD McArdle FI Katch VL Katch, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2 2000
78. Activity-based therapies. AW Dromerick PS Lum J Hidler, NeuroRx 2006 3 4 428 438 17012056
79. Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. C Kisner L Colby, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company 5 2007
80. Motor Learning and Control, Concepts and Applications. R Magill, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies eigth 2007
81. The effect of context on skill acquisition and transfer. HI Ma CA Trombly C Robinson-Podolski, Am J Occup Ther 1999 53 2 138 144 10200836
82. A kinematic study of contextual effects on reaching performance in persons with and without stroke: influences of object availability. C Wu CA Trombly K Lin L Tickle-Degnen, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 81 1 95 101 10638883
83. Facilitating independence, motivation and motor learning. V Pomeroy, Physiotherapy 2007
84. Is goal planning in rehabilitation effective? A systematic review. WM Levack K Taylor RJ Siegert SG Dean KM McPherson M Weatherall, Clin Rehabil 2006 20 9 739 755 17005499
85. Goal-directed training: linking theories of treatment to clinical practice for improved functional activities in daily life. M Mastos K Miller AC Eliasson C Imms, Clin Rehabil 2007 21 1 47 55 17213241
86. Toward a cognitive-affective model of goal-setting in rehabilitation: is self-regulation theory a key step? RJ Siegert KM McPherson WJ Taylor, Disabil Rehabil 2004 26 20 1175 1183 15371017
87. Skill acquisition: Action, Movement, and Neuromotor Processes. AM Gentile, Movement Science Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publishers, Inc, Carr JSR, 2000 111 187
88. Goal Attainment Scaling: Applications, Theory, and Measurement. T Kiresuk A Smith J Cardillo, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers 1994
89. Caregivers of stroke patient family members: behavioral and attitudinal indicators of overprotective care. SC Thompson M Galbraith C Thomas J Swan S Vrungos, Psychology and Health 2002 17 3 297 312
90. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients' motivation for rehabilitation. N Maclean P Pound C Wolfe A Rudd, Bmj 2000 321 7268 1051 1054 11053175
91. Self-controlled practice enhances motor learning: implications for physiotherapy. G Wulf, Physiotherapy 2007
92. Human Performance. PPMI Fitts, Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole 1967
93. Theoretical and practical considerations in the restoration of function after stroke. P Bach-y-Rita, Top Stroke Rehabil 2001 8 3 1 15 14523734
94. Rehabilitation (CAMR) for Institutional, Home, and Educational Late Stroke Programs. PWS Bach-y-Rita R Leder O Paredes D Bahr E Wicab Bach-y-Rita N Murillo, Top Stroke Rehabil 2002 8 4 1 10 14523726
95. Motivating, Game-Based Rehabilitation: A Brief Report. SRMN Wood P Bach-y-Rita RS Leder JT Marks SJ Page, Top Stroke Rehabil 2003 10 2 134 140 13680522
96. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. NF Gordon M Gulanick F Costa G Fletcher BA Franklin EJ Roth T Shephard, Stroke 2004 35 5 1230 1240 15105522
97. Recent trends in robot-assisted therapy environments to improve real-life functional performance after stroke. MJ Johnson, J Neuroengineering Rehabil 2006 3 29 17176474
98. Effects of computer feedback on adherence to exercise. JJ Annesi, Percept Mot Skills 1998 87 2 723 730 9842630
99. Strategies to enhance chronic disease self-management: how can we apply this to stroke? F Jones, Disabil Rehabil 2006 28 13-14 841 847 16777771
100. Extrinsic feedback for motor learning after stroke: what is the evidence? PM van Vliet G Wulf, Disabil Rehabil 2006 28 13-14 831 840 16777770
101. Transfer of landing skill after training with supplementary visual cues. G Lintern, Hum Factors 1980 22 1 81 88 7364448
102. Knowledge of performance and the learning of a closed motor skill. SA Wallace RW H, Research Quarterly 1979 50 265 271 472467
103. Stroke Rehabilitation. Guidelines for exercise and training to optimize motor skill. J Carr R Shephard, Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann. Elsevier Science Limited 2003
104. Some effects of introducing and withdrawing knowledge of results early and late in practice. EA Bilodeau IM B DA Schumsky, Journal of Experimental Psychology 1959 58 142 144 13800728
105. Feedback and practice in physical education: Interrelationships with task structures and student skill level. S Silverman AM W PR Subramaniam, Journal of Human Movement Studies 1999 36 203 224
106. Information feedback and the learning multiple-degree-of-freedom activities. MW Kernodle LG Carlton, J Mot Behav 1992 24 2 187 196 14977618
107. Learning volleyball serves: a preliminary study of the effects of knowledge of performance and of results. M Zubiaur A Ona J Delgado, Percept Mot Skills 1999 89 1 223 232 10544422
108. Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. CM Cirstea A Ptito MF Levin, Stroke 2006 37 5 1237 1242 16601218
109. Effect of augmented feedback on motor function of the affected upper extremity in rehabilitation patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. H van Dijk MJ Jannink HJ Hermens, J Rehabil Med 2005 37 4 202 211 16024475
110. Skill Acquisition: Action, movement and neuromotor processes. AM Gentile, Movement Science: Foundations for physical therapy in rehabilitation London: Heinemann Physiotherapy, Carr JaSR, 1987
111. Achieving enlightenment: what do we know about the implicit learning system and its interaction with explicit knowledge? ED Vidoni LA Boyd, J Neurol Phys Ther 2007 31 3 145 154 18025960
112. Impact of explicit information on implicit motor-sequence learning following middle cerebral artery stroke. LA Boyd CJ Winstein, Phys Ther 2003 83 11 976 989 14577825
113. Explicit information interferes with implicit motor learning of both continuous and discrete movement tasks after stroke. L Boyd C Winstein, J Neurol Phys Ther 2006 30 2 46 57 discussion 58-49 16796767
114. Interlimb coordination in patients with Parkinson's disease: motor learning deficits and the importance of augmented information feedback. SM Verschueren SP Swinnen R Dom W De Weerdt, Exp Brain Res 1997 113 3 497 508 9108216
115. Information feedback for skill acquisition: Instantaneous knowledge of results degrades learning. SP Swinnen RA S DE Nicholson DC Shapiro, Journal of Experimental Psychology 1990 16 706 716 2148587
116. Information processes in movement learning: Capacity and structural interference. RG Marteniuk, Journal of Motor Behavior 1986 5 249 259 15136284
117. Interpolated activities during the knowledge of results delay and postknowledge of results interval: Effects of performance and learning. SP Swinnen, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1990 16 692 705
118. The effect of knowledge of results delay and the subjective estimation of movement form on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill. J Liu CA Wrisberg, Res Q Exerc Sport 1997 68 2 145 151 9200248
119. Reduced feedback frequency enhances generalized motor program learning but not parameterization learning. G Wulf RA Schmidt H Deubel, J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1993 19 5 1134 1150 8409852
120. Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning. CJ Winstein RA S, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1990 16 677 691
121. Effects of physical guidance and knowledge of results on motor learning: support for the guidance hypothesis. CJ Winstein PS Pohl R Lewthwaite, Res Q Exerc Sport 1994 65 4 316 323 7886280
122. Optimal length for summary knowledge of results: the influence of task-related experience and complexity. MA Guadagnoli LA Dornier RD Tandy, Res Q Exerc Sport 1996 67 2 239 248 8836005
123. Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality. H Sveistrup, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2004 1 10 1 8
124. Effects of Robot-Assisted Therapy on Upper Limb Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review. G Kwakkel BJ Kollen HI Krebs, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008 22 2 111 121 17876068
125. Robot-Mediated Movement Therapy: a Tool for Training and Evaluation. HI Krebs, European Symposium Technical Aids for Rehabilitation TAR 2007; Berlin (Germany) 2007
126. Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects. S Hesse G Schulte-Tigges M Konrad A Bardeleben C Werner, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003 84 6 915 920 12808550
127. Computerized arm training improves the motor control of the severely affected arm after stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers. S Hesse C Werner M Pohl S Rueckriem J Mehrholz ML Lingnau, Stroke 2005 36 9 1960 1966 16109908
128. Robotic assistance of an active upper limb exercise in neurologically impaired patients. JA Cozens, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 1999 7 2 254 256 10391596
129. Robotic technology and stroke rehabilitation: translating research into practice. SE Fasoli HI Krebs N Hogan, Top Stroke Rehabil 2004 11 4 11 19 15592986
130. Telerehabilitation robotics: Bright lights, big future? CR Carignan HI Krebs, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 5 695 710 17123209
131. Customized interactive robotic treatment for stroke: EMG-triggered therapy. L Dipietro M Ferraro JJ Palazzolo HI Krebs BT Volpe N Hogan, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2005 13 3 325 334 16200756
132. Robotic devices for movement therapy after stroke: current status and challenges to clinical acceptance. P Lum D Reinkensmeyer R Mahoney WZ Rymer C Burgar, Top Stroke Rehabil 2002 8 4 40 53 14523729
133. Web-based telerehabilitation for the upper extremity after stroke. DJ Reinkensmeyer CT Pang JA Nessler CC Painter, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2002 10 2 102 108 12236447
134. Rehabilitation robotics: pilot trial of a spatial extension for MIT-Manus. HI Krebs M Ferraro SP Buerger MJ Newbery A Makiyama M Sandmann D Lynch BT Volpe N Hogan, J Neuroengineering Rehabil 2004 1 1 5 15679916
135. Robot-aided sensorimotor arm training improves outcome in patients with chronic stroke. M Ferraro JJ Palazzolo J Krol HI Krebs N Hogan BT Volpe, Neurology 2003 61 11 1604 1607 14663051
136. Robotic upper extremity neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke patients. L Macclellan D Bradham J Whitall P Wilson J Ohlhoff C Meister N Hogan HI Krebs C Bever, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2005 42 717 722 16680609
137. Short-duration robotic therapy in stroke patients with severe upper-limb motor impairment. MA Finley SE Fasoli L Dipietro J Ohlhoff L Macclellan C Meister J Whitall R Macko CT Bever Jr HI Krebs, J Rehabil Res Dev 2005 42 5 683 692 16586194
138. Changing motor synergies in chronic stroke. L Dipietro HI Krebs SE Fasoli BT Volpe J Stein C Bever N Hogan, J Neurophysiol 2007 98 2 757 768 17553941
139. The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitative training on motor recovery following stroke. ML Aisen HI Krebs N Hogan F McDowell BT Volpe, Arch Neurol 1997 54 4 443 446 9109746
140. A novel approach to stroke rehabilitation: robot-aided sensorimotor stimulation. BT Volpe HI Krebs N Hogan L Edelstein C Diels ML Aisen, Neurology 2000 54 1938 1944 10822433
141. Response to upper-limb robotics and functional neuromuscular stimulation following stroke. JJ Daly N Hogan EM Perepezko HI Krebs JM Rogers KS Goyal ME Dohring E Fredrickson J Nethery RL Ruff, J Rehabil Res Dev 2005 42 6 723 736 16680610
142. Robotic therapy for chronic motor impairments after stroke: Follow-up results. SE Fasoli HI Krebs J Stein WR Frontera R Hughes N Hogan, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004 85 7 1106 1111 15241758
143. Comparison of two techniques of robot-aided upper limb exercise training after stroke. J Stein HI Krebs WR Frontera SE Fasoli R Hughes N Hogan, Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004 83 9 720 728 15314537
144. Upper Limb Robot Mediated Stroke Therapy - GENTLE/s Approach. RAR Loureiro M Topping B Driessen W Harwin, Autonomous Robots 2003 15 35 51 17309791
145. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. PS Lum CG Burgar PC Shor M Majmundar M Van der Loos, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002 83 7 952 959 12098155
146. Development of robots for rehabilitation therapy: the Palo Alto VA/Stanford experience. CG Burgar PS Lum PC Shor HF Machiel Van der Loos, J Rehabil Res Dev 2000 37 6 663 673 11321002
147. Evidence for improved muscle activation patterns after retraining of reaching movements with the MIME robotic system in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis. PS Lum CG Burgar PC Shor, IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2004 12 2 186 194 15218933
148. MIME robotic device for upper-limb neurorehabilitation in subacute stroke subjects: A follow-up study. PS Lum CG Burgar M Van der Loos PC Shor M Majmundar R Yap, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 5 631 642 17123204
149. Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: A pilot study. S Hesse C Werner EM Schonhardt A Bardeleben W Jenrich SG Kirker, Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007 25 1 9 15 17473391
150. ARMin: a robot for patient-cooperative arm therapy. T Nef M Mihelj R Riener, Med Biol Eng Comput 2007 45 9 887 900 17674069
151. Confounders in rehabilitation trials of task-oriented training: lessons from the designs of the EXCITE and SCILT multicenter trials. BH Dobkin, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2007 21 1 3 13 17172549
152. ARMin - Toward a six DOF upper limb rehabilitation robot. M Mihelj T Nef R Riener, IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics: 2006; Pisa, Italy 2006
153. ARMin II - 7 DoF rehabilitation robot: mechanisms and kinematics. MNT MIhelj R Riener, IEEE International conference on Robotics and Automation: 10-14 April 2007; Roma, Italy 2007 4120 4125
154. ARMin-Exoskeleton for Arm Therapy in Stroke Patients. TMM Nef G Kiefer C Perndl R Muller R Riener, IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: June 12-15 2007; Noordwijk, The Netherlands IEEE 2007 68 74
155. Nerebot: a wire-based robot for neurorehabilitation. C Fanin P Gallina A Rossi U Zannatta S Masiero, 8th International Conference of Rehabilitation Robotics ICORR: 2003; Seoul (Korea) 2003 23 27
156. Robotic-assisted rehabilitation of the upper limb after acute stroke. S Masiero A Celia G Rosati M Armani, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007 88 2 142 149 17270510
157. Electromyography-controlled exoskeletal upper-limb-powered orthosis for exercise training after stroke. J Stein K Narendran J McBean K Krebs R Hughes, Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007 86 4 255 261 17413538
158. A suite of computer-assisted techniques for assessing upper-extremity motor impairments. X Feng M Johnson L Johnson J Winters, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005 7 6867 6870 17281852
159. Potential of a suite of robot/computer-assisted motivating systems for personalized, home-based, stroke rehabilitation. MJ Johnson X Feng LM Johnson JM Winters, J Neuroeng Rehabil 2007 4 6 17331243
160. TheraDrive: a new stroke therapy concept for home-based, computer-assisted motivating rehabilitation. MJ Johnson M Trickey E Brauer X Feng, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2004 7 4844 4847 17271396
161. Feasibility study of TheraDrive: a low-cost game-based environment for the delivery of upper arm stroke therapy. MJ Johnson B Ramachandran RP Paranjape JB Kosasih, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006 1 695 698 17946851
162. Training of arm-hand kinaesthetics in subacute stroke patients using robotics. HAM Seelen RPJ Geers M Soede LWL Spauwen, Journal of Biomechanics 2007 40 Supplement 2 S645
163. Development of ADLER: The Activities of Daily Living Exercise Robot. MWKJ Johnson J Anderson D Nathan RO Smith, BioRob2006 The first IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics: Feb 20-22 2006 2006 881 886
164. Multivariate analysis of the Fugl-Meyer outcome measures assessing the effectiveness of GENTLE/S robot-mediated stroke therapy. F Amirabdollahian R Loureiro E Gradwell C Collin W Harwin G Johnson, J Neuroengineering Rehabil 2007 4 4 17309791
165. Effect of robot-assisted and unassisted exercise on functional reaching in chronic stroke hemiparesis. LE Kahn ML Z WZ Rymer DJ Reinkensmeyer, 23rd EMBS International Conference: October 25-28 2001; Istanbul, Turkey IEEE 2001
166. Selection of Robotic Therapy Algorithms for the Upper Extremity in Chronic Stroke: Insights from MIME and ARM Guide Results. LE Kahn PS L DJ Reinkensmeyer, ICORR 2003 (The Eighth International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics): 23-25 April 2003 2003
167. Adaptive assistance for guided force training in chronic stroke. LE Kahn WZ Rymer DJ Reinkensmeyer, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2004 4 2722 2725 17270839
168. Robot-assisted movement training for the stroke-impaired arm: Does it matter what the robot does? LE Kahn PS Lum WZ Rymer DJ Reinkensmeyer, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 5 619 630 17123203
169. Can Robot-Assisted Therapy Promote Generalization of Motor Learning Following Stroke?: Preliminary Results. H Fischer LE Kahn E Pelosin H Roth J Barbas WZ Rymer D Reinkensmeyer, Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob): 2006; Pisa (Italy) 2006 865 868
170. Virtual reality-based orthopedic telerehabilitation. G Burdea V Popescu V Hentz K Colbert, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 2000 8 3 430 432 11001524
171. Virtual Reality-Based Post-Stroke Hand Rehabilitation. RSA Boian C Han A Merians C Burdea D Adamovich M Recce M Tremaine H Poizner, Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 2002 Conference: 23-26 January 2002; Newport Beach CA IOS Press 2002 64 70
172. Advances in wearable technology and applications in physical medicine and rehabilitation. P Bonato, J Neuroengineering Rehabil 2005 2 1 2 15733322
173. The SMART Project: A user led approach to developing and testing technological applications for domiciliary stroke rehabilitation. GWPM Mountain J Hammerton SJ Mawson H Zheng R Davies N Black H Zhou H Hu N Harris C Eccleston, Designing Accessible Technology London: Springer, Robinson P, 2006
174. Home Stroke Rehabilitation for the Upper Limbs. RLG Willmann P Saini A Timmermans J TeVrugt S Winter, EMBC 2007; 29th Ann Int Conf IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: 2007; Lyon, France: IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007 4015 4018
175. Philips Stroke Rehabilitation Exerciser. GWR Lanfermann J te Vrugt A Timmermans E Bongers N Lambert V van Acht, Technical Aids for Rehabilitation - TAR 2007: January 25-26, 2007 2007; Technical Aids for Rehabilitation - TAR 2007-Technical University of Berlin 2007
176. Automated Constraint-Induced Therapy Extension (AutoCITE) for movement deficits after stroke. PS Lum E Taub D Schwandt M Postman P Hardin G Uswatte, J Rehabil Res Dev 2004 41 3A 249 258 15543442
177. A telerehabilitation approach to delivery of constraint-induced movement therapy. PS Lum G Uswatte E Taub P Hardin VW Mark, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 3 391 400 17041824
178. Systematic review of the effect of robot-aided therapy on recovery of the hemiparetic arm after stroke. GB Prange MJ Jannink CG Groothuis-Oudshoorn HJ Hermens MJ Ijzerman, J Rehabil Res Dev 2006 43 2 171 184 16847784
179. What does the clinician expect from machines and robots in Neurorehabilitation? S Hesse, European Symposium Technical Aids for Rehabilitation TAR 2007; Berlin (Germany) 2007
180. Mixed reality environments in stroke rehabilitation: development as rehabilitation tools. JA Edmans JR Gladman M Walker A Sunderland A Porter DS Fraser, 5th International Conference of Disability, Virtual Reality & Assoc Tech (ICDVRAT): 2004: Oxford, UK 2004
181. Arm and Hand Skills: Training Preferences after Stroke. AAA Timmermans HAM Seelen RD Willmann W Bakx B de Ruyter G Lanfermann H Kingma, Disability and Rehabilitation
182. Technics of progressive resistance exercise. TL Delorme AL Watkins, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1948 29 5 263 273 18860422
183. Issues for selection of outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation: ICF activity. K Salter JW Jutai R Teasell NC Foley J Bitensky M Bayley, Disabil Rehabil 2005 27 6 315 340 16040533
184. Issues for selection of outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation: ICF Participation. K Salter JW Jutai R Teasell NC Foley J Bitensky M Bayley, Disabil Rehabil 2005 27 9 507 528 16040555
185. Investigating behavioral strategies underlying recovery of the upper paretic limb after stroke: The EXPLICIT - stroke program. J van Kordelaar R Nijland EEH van Wegen J Harlaar JMA Visser-Meily E Lindeman A van Kuijk AC Geurts CGM Meskers JH Arendzen, Ageing, 3rd Dutch-UK Rehabilitation Meeting: 2008; Ermelo, the Netherlands 2008
186. Understanding neuromechanics in post-stroke recovery: the EXPLICIT-stroke program. JM van der Krogt A Klomp CGM Meskers JH De Groot CD Bakker FE Buma J van Kordelaar R Nijland A van Kuijk JMA Visser-Meily, Ageing: 3rd Dutch-UK Rehabilitation Meeting: 2008; Ermelo, the Netherlands 2008
187. Explaining plasticity after Stroke. EEH van Wegen J van Kordelaar R Nijland JM van de Krogt CGM Meskers A van Kuijk C Bakker F Buma JMA Visser-Meily AC Geurts, Ageing: 3rd Dutch-UK Rehabilitation Meeting: 2008; Ermelo, the Netherlands 2008