The effect size of variables associated with creativity: A meta-analysis

Creativity Research Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 30-42

  Ma, Hsen Hsing ^a  

^a NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949086253     PISSN: 10400419     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10400410802633400     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Albert, A., & Kormos, J. (2004). Creativity and narrative task performance: An exploratory study. Language Learning, 54, 277-310.
2. *Alexander, P. A. Jetton, T. L., White, S. H., Parsons, J. L., Cotropia, K. K., Liu, H. C., et al. (1994). Young children's creative solutions to realistic and fanciful story problems. Journal of Creative Behavior, 28, 89-106.
3. Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 76(5), 77-78.
4. *Amelang, M., Herboth, G., & Oefner, I. (1991). A prototype strategy for the construction of creativity scale. European Journal of Personality, 5, 261-285.
5. *Anastasi, A., & Schaefer, C. E. (1971). Note on the concepts of creativity and intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 5, 113-116.
6. *Averill, J. R. (1999). Individual differences in emotional creativity: Structure and correlates. Journal of Personality, 67, 331-371.
7. *Baer, J. (1998). Gender differences in the effects of extrinsic motivation on creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 32, 18-31.
8. *Baer, J. (2003). The impact of the core knowledge curriculum on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 297-300.
9. Basadur, M. (1995). Optimal ideation-evaluation ratios. Creativity Research Journal, 8, 63-75.
10. Basadur, M., Graen, G. B., & Green, S. G. (1982). Training in creative problem solving: Effects on ideation and problem finding and solving in an industrial research organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 41-70.
11. *Baughman, W. A., & Mumford, M. D. (1995). Process-analytic models of creative capacities: Operations having influence the combinationand-reorganization process. Creativity Research Journal, 8, 37-62.
12. *Blumen-Pardo, S. (2002). Effects of a teacher training workshop on creativity, cognition, and school achievement in gifted and non-gifted second-grade students in Lima, Peru. High Ability Studies, 13, 47-58.
13. *Brophy, D. R. (2001). Comparing the attributes, activities, and performance of divergent, convergent, and combination thinkers. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 439-455.
14. *Campos, A., Lopez, A., Gonzalez, M. A., & Perez-Fabello, M. J. (2000). Aspects of creativity affected by imaging capacity. North American Journal of Psychology, 2, 313-323.
15. *Carlozzi, A. F., Bull, K. S., Eells, G. T., & Hurlburt, J. D. (1995). Empathy as related to creativity, dogmatism, and expressiveness. Journal of Psychology, 129, 365-373.
16. *Carson, D. K., Bittner, M. T., Cameron, B. R., Brown, D. M., & Meyer, S. S., (1994). Creative thinking as a predictor of school-aged children's stress responses and coping abilities. Creativity Research Journal, 7, 145-158.
17. *Charles, R. E., & Runco, M. A. (2001). Developmental trends in the evaluative and divergent thinking of children. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 417-437.
18. *Cheung, P. C., Lau, S., Chan, D. W., & Wu, W. Y. H. (2004). Creative potential of school children in Hong Kong: Norms of the Wallach-Kogan creativity tests and their implications. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 69-78.
19. *Christiaans, H. H. C. M. (2002). Creativity as a design criterion. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 41-54.
20. *Clark, K., & James, K. (1999). Justice and positive and negative creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 311-320.
21. Cohen, P. A. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
22. *Conti, R., Coon, H., & Amabile, T. M. (1996). Evidence to support the componential model of creativity: Secondary analyses of three studies. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 385-389.
23. Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (Eds.). (1994). The handbook of research synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
24. *Couturier, L. C., Mansfield, R. S., & Gallagher, J. M. (1981). Relationships between humor, formal operational ability, and creativity in eighth graders. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 139, 221-226.
25. *Cox, A. J., & Leon, J. L. (1999). Negative schizotypal traits in the relation of creativity to psychopathology. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 25-36.
26. *Daugherty, M., Logan, J., Turner, M., & Compton, D. (2003). Associations among preservice teachers' psychological traits and classroom performance ratings. Teacher Educator, 38, 151-168.
27. *Dauw, D. C. (1968). Creativity research on actuaries. Journal of Creative Behavior, 2, 274-280.
28. *Davis, G. A., & Belcher, T. (1971). How shall creativity be measured? Torrance Tests, RAT, Alpha Biographical, and IQ. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 5, 153-161.
29. *Delias, M. (1971, February). Effects of creativity training, defensiveness, and intelligence on divergent thinking. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Convention, New York, NY.
30. *Diakidoy, I. N., & Constantinou, C. P. (2001). Creativity in physics: Response fluency and task specificity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 401-410.
31. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the fivefactor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
32. *Doherty, W. J., & Corsini, D. A. (1976). Creativity, intelligence, and moral development in college women. Journal of Creative Behavior, 10, 276-284.
33. *Dollinger, S. J., Urban, K. K., & James, T. A. (2004). Creativity and openness: Further validation of two creative product measures. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 35-47.
34. *Domino, G. (1994). Assessment of creativity with the ACL: An empirical comparison of four scales. Creativity Research Journal, 7, 21-33.
35. Domino, G., & Giuliani, I. (1997). Creativity in three samples of photographers; A validation of the adjective check list creativity scale. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 193-200.
36. Domino, G., Schmuck, J., & Schneider, M. (2002). An empirical assessment of the GAM theory of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 331-339.
37. *Domino, G., Short, J., Evans, A., & Romano, P. (2002). Creativity and ego defense mechanisms: Some exploratory empirical evidence. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 17-25.
38. Eysenck, H. J., & Furnham, A. (1993), Personality and the Barron-Welch Art Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 837-838.
39. *Feist, G. J. (1997). Quantity, quality, and depth of research as influences on scientific eminence: Is quantity most important. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 325-335.
40. Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290-309.
41. *Finton, M. J. (1995). An application of computational theory to the prediction of creativity in college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Michigan State University, Michigan.
42. *Fu, V. R., Canaday, H., & Fu, D. T. (1982). Creativity and leadership in preschoolers. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 141, 291-292.
43. *Gaynor, J. L. R., & Runco, M. A. (1992). Family size, birth-order, age-interval. and the creativity of children. Journal of Creative Behavior, 26, 108-118.
44. *Gerrard, L. E., Poteat, M., & Ironsmith, M. (1996). Promoting children's creativity: Effects of competition, self-esteem, and immunization. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 339-346.
45. Götz, K. O., & Götz, K. (1979). Personality characteristics of successful artists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49, 919-924.
46. Guilford, J. P. (1971). Some misconceptions regarding measurement of creative talents. Journal of Creative Behavior, 5, 77-87.
47. *Guncer, B., & Oral, G. (1993). Relationship between creativity and nonconformity to school discipline as perceived by teachers of Turkish elementary school children, by controlling for their grade and sex. journal of Instructional Psychology, 20, 208-214.
48. *Gustafson, R. (1991). Effect of alcohol on quantity of creative production using the Purdue tests. Psychological Reports, 69, 83-90.
49. *Gustafson, R., & Norlander, T. (1995). Effects of creative and non-creative work on the tendency to drink alcohol during the restitution phase of the creative process. Journal of Creative Behavior, 29, 25-35.
50. *Han, K. (2000). Varieties of creativity: Investigating the domainspecificity of creativity in young children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska.
51. *Haylock, D. W. (1987). Mathematical creativity in school children. Journal of Creativity Behavior, 21, 48-59.
52. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for metaanalysis. Orlando: Academic Press.
53. *Hennessey, B. A., & Zbikowski, S. M. (1993). Immunizing children against the negative effects of reward: A further examination of intrinsic motivation training techniques. Creativity Research Journal, 6, 297-307.
54. Hinton, B. L. (1970), Personality variables and creative potential. Journal of Creative Behavior, 4, 210-27.
55. *Howard-Jones, P. A., Taylor, J. R., & Sutton, L. (2002). The effect of play on the creativity of young children during subsequent activity. Early Child Development and Care, 172, 323-328.
56. *Howieson, N. (1981), A longitudinal study of creativity-1965-75. Journal of Creative Behavior, 15, 117-134.
57. *Hu, W., & Adey, P. (2002). A scientific creativity test for secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 24, 389-403.
58. *Jackson, L. M., & Gorassini, D. R. (1989). Artifact in the hypnosiscreativity relationship. Journal of General Psychology, 116, 333-344.
59. *James, K., & Asums, C. (2001). Personality, cognitive skills, and creativity in different life domains. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 149-159.
60. *Jönsson, P., & Carlsson, I. (2000). Androgyny and creativity: A study of the relationship between a balanced sex-role and creative functioning. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 269-274.
61. *Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185-195.
62. *Kasof, J. (1997). Creativity and breadth of attention. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 303-315.
63. *Kershner, J. R., & Ledger, G. (1985). Effect of sex, intelligence, and style of thinking on creativity: A comparison of gifted and average IQ children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1033-1040.
64. *Khaleefa, O. H., Erodos, G., & Ashria, I. H. (1996). Gender and creativity in an Afro-Arab Islamic culture: The case of Sudan. Journal of Creative Behavior, 30, 52-60.
65. *Khatena, J., & Dickerson, E. C. (1973). Training sixth grade children to think creatively with words. Psychological Reports, 32, 841-842.
66. *Kiehn, M. (2003). Development of music creativity among elementary school students. Journal of Research in Music Education, 151, 278-288.
67. *Kline, P., & Cooper, C. (1986). Psychoticism and creativity. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 147, 183-188.
68. *Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children's behavior; The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52, 233-248.
69. *Kogan, N., & Pankove, E. (1974). Long-term predictive validity of divergent-thinking tests: Some negative evidence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 802-810.
70. *Krampen, G. (1997). Promotion of creativity (divergent productions) and convergent productions by systematic-relaxation exercises: Empirical evidence from five experimental studies with children, young adults, and elderly. European Journal of Personality, 11, 83-99.
71. *Kuo, Y. (1967). Creative thinking: Delinquent vs. nondeliquent boys. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 411-418.
72. *Kurtzberg, T. R. (1998). Creative thinking, cognitive aptitude, and integrative joint gain: A study of negotiator creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 283-293.
73. *Larey, T. S., & Paulus, P. B. (1999). Group preference and convergent tendencies in small groups; A content analysis of group brainstorming performance. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 175-184.
74. *Lopez, E. C., Esquivel, G. B., & Houtz, J. C. (1993). The creative skills of culturally and linguistically diverse gifted students. Creativity Research Journal, 6, 401-412.
75. Ma, H. H. (2006). A synthetic analysis of the effectiveness of single components and packages in creativity training programs. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 435-446.
76. Mansfield, R. S., Busse, T. V., & Kreplka, E. J. (1978). The effectiveness of creativity training. Review of Educational Research, 48, 517-536.
77. *Martinsen, & Oslash;. (1993). Insight problems revisited: The influence of cognitive styles and experience on creative problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 6, 435-447.
78. *McCormack, A. J. (1975), Nonverbal administration protocols for figural tasks of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior, 9, 88-96.
79. *McCoy, J. M., & Evans, G. W. (2002). The potential role of the physical environment in fostering creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 409-426.
80. Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
81. *Mednick, M. T., & Andrew, F. M. (1967). Creative thinking and level of intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 428-431.
82. *-IQ, age, or skill? Journal of Experimental Education, 47, 4-8.
83. *Miga, E., Burger, K., Hetland, L., & Winner, E. (2000), Does studying the arts engender creative thinking? Evidence for near but not far transfer. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 34, 91-106.
84. *Mobley, M. I., Doares, L. M., & Mumford, M. D. (1992). Process analytic models of creative capacities: Evidence for the combination and reorganization process. Creativity Research Journal, 5, 125-155.
85. *Moneta, G. B. (2002). Trait intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, academic performance, and creativity in Hong Kong college students. Journal of College Student Development, 43, 664-683,
86. *Mouchiroud, C., & Lubart, T. (2002). Social creativity: A crosssectional study of 6- to 11-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 60-69.
87. *Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Maher, M. A., Costanza, D. P., & Supinski, E. P. (1997). Process-based measures of creative problem solving skills: IV. Category combination. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 59-71.
88. *Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Supinski, E. P., & Maher, M. A. (1996). Process-based measures of creative problem solving skills; II. Information encoding. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 77-88.
89. *Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Threlfall, K. V., Supinski, E. P., & Costanza, D. P. (1996). Process-based measures of creative problem solving skills: I. Problem construction. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 63-76.
90. *Mumford, M. D., Suspinski, E. P., Baughman, W. A., Costanza, D. P., & Threlfall, K. V. (1997). Process-based measures of creative problem solving skills: V. Overall prediction. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 73-85.
91. *Mumford, M. D., Supinski, E. P., Threlfall, K. V., & Baughman, W. A. (1996). Process-based measures of creative problem solving skills: III. Category selection. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 395-406.
92. Niaz, M., & Nunez, G. S. D. (1991). The relationship of mobilityfixity to creativity formal reasoning and intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 205-217.
93. *Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Cultural influences on artistic creativity and its evaluation. Journal of Psychology, 36, 225-241,
94. *Norlander, T., Erixon, A., & Archer, T. (2000). Psychological and rogyny and creativity: Dynamics of gender-role and personality trait. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 423-436.
95. *Ononye, G. C., Blinn-Pike, L. M., & Smith, D. E. (1993). Creativity and future time perspective: Exploring fantasy and realistic measures. Creativity Research Journal, 6, 449-456.
96. *Parnes, S. J., & Treffmger, D. J. (1973). Development of new criteria for the evaluation of creative studies programs. New York: State University of New York, Albany, Research Foundation. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED082142).
97. Pavlik, L. (2000). Structured imagination and the writing of creative stories. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Fordham, NY.
98. *Pearlman, C. (1983). Teachers as an informational resource in identifying and rating student creativity. Education, 103, 215-222.
99. *Pickard, E. (1990). Toward a theory of creative potential. Journal of Creative Behavior, 24, 1-9.
100. *Raina, M. K. (1969). A study of sex differences in creativity in India. Journal of Creative Behavior, 3, 111-114.
101. *Reiter-Palmon, R., Mumford, M. D., Boes, J. O., & Runco, M. A. (1997). Problem construction and creativity: The role of ability, cue consistency, and active processing. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 9-23.
102. *Reuter, M., Panksepp, J., Schnabel, N., Kellerhoff, N., Kempel, P., & Hennig, J. (2005). Personality and biological markers of creativity. European Journal of Personality, 19, 83-95.
103. *Richards, R. L. (1976). A comparison of selected Guilford and Wallach-Kogan Creative Thinking Tests in conjunction with measures of intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 10, 151-164.
104. *Richardson, A. G. (1988). Classroom learning environment and creativity: Some Caribbean findings. Psychological Reports, 62, 939-942.
105. Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305-310.
106. Rose, L. H., & Lin, H.-T. (1984), A meta-analysis of long-term creativity training programs. Journal of Creativity Behavior, 18, 11-22.
107. *Rostan, S. M. (1994). Problem finding, problem solving, and cognitive controls: An empirical investigation of critically acclaimed productivity. Creativity Research Journal. 7, 97-110.
108. *Rostan, S. M. (1997). A study of young artists: The development of artistic talent and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 175-192.
109. *Rostan, S. M., Pariser, D., & Gruber, H. E. (2002). A cross-cultural study of the development of artistic talent, creativity, and giftedness. High Ability Studies, 13, 125-155.
110. *Rudowicz, E., Lok, D., & Kitto, J. (1995). Use of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in an exploratory study of creativity in Hong Kong primary school children: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 417-430.
111. *Ruokonen, I., & Vikat, M. (2005). The creativity of gifted children in Estonia and Finland from a musical and environmental perspective. Trames. 9, 49-68.
112. *Runco, M. A. (1984). Teachers' judgments of creativity and social validation of divergent thinking tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59, 711-717.
113. *Runco, M. A. (1986). Flexibility and originality in children's divergent thinking. Journal of Psychology, 120, 345-352.
114. *Runco, M. A. (1987). Birth-order and divergent thinking. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 148. 119-125.
115. *Ruscio, A. M., & Amabile, T. M. (1999). Effects of instructional style on problem solving creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 251-266.
116. Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (1993). Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity. Child Study Journal, 23, 91-113.
117. Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2002). Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 427-438.
118. Runco, M. A., Nemiro, J., & Walberg, H. J. (1998). Personal explicit theories of creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 32, 1-17.
119. *Runco, M. A., & Okuda, S. M. (1991), The instructional enhancement of the flexibility and originality scores of divergent thinking tests. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 435-441.
120. *Ruscio, J., Whitney, D. M., & Amabile, T. M. (1998), Looking inside the fishbowl of creativity: Verbal and behavioral predictors of creative performance. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 243-263.
121. *Russ, C. F. (2004). A comparative study of creativity and cognitive problem solving strategies of high-IQ and average students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 179-190.
122. *Russ, S. W., Robins, A. L., & Christiano, B. A. (1999), Pretend play: Longitudinal prediction of creativity and affect in fantasy in children. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 129-139.
123. Saracho, O. N. (1992). Preschool children's cognitive style and play and implications for creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 5, 35-47.
124. *Sawyers, J. K., Moran, III, J. D., Fu, V. R., & Horm-Wingerd, D. M. (1992). Correlates of metaphoric comprehension in young children. Creativity Research Journal, 5, 27-33.
125. Schuldberg, D. (2001). Six subclinical spectrum traits in normal creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 5-16.
126. Scope, E. E. (1998). Meta-analysis of research on creativity: The effects of instructional variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, New York.
127. Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004a). The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 361-388,
128. Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004b). Types of creativity training: Approaches and their effectiveness. Journal of Creative Behavior, 38, 149-179.
129. *Shalley, C. E., & Oldham, G. R. (1997). Competition and creative performance: Effects of competitor presence and visibility. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 337-345.
130. *Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). Transformational leadership and dimensions of creativity: Motivating idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 111-121.
131. Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.
132. Swanson, H. L., & Hoskyn, M. (1998). Experimental intervention research on students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 68, 277-321.
133. Torrance, E. P. (1996a). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Directions manual and scoring guide (Figural test booklets A & B). Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.
134. Torrance, E. P. (1996b). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Directions manual and scoring guide (Verbal test booklets A). Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.
135. Torrance, E. P. (1966c). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms-technical manual (Research Ed.). Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.
136. Torrance, E. P. (1970). Achieving socialization without sacrificing creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 4, 183-189.
137. *Torrance, E. P. (1972). Predictive validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Journal of Creative Behavior, 6. 236-252.
138. *Torrance, E. P., & Aliotti, N. C. (1969). Sex differences in levels of performance and test-retest reliability on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking ability. Journal of Creative Behavior, 3, 52-57.
139. *Thomas, N. G., & Berk, L. E. (1981). Effects of school environments on the development of young children's creativity. Child Development, 52, 1153-1162.
140. *Trevlas, E., Matsouka, O., & Zachopoulou, E. (2003). Relationship between playfulness and motor creativity in preschool children. Early Child Development and Care, 173, 535-543,
141. *Udell, G. G., Baker, K. G., & Albaum, G. S. (1976). Creativity-Necessary, but not sufficient. Journal of Creative Behavior, 10, 92-103.
142. *Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., & Kwiatkowski, J. (2003). Creativity and inductive reasoning: The relationship between divergent thinking and performance on Wason's 2-4-6 task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 641-655.
143. Vaughan, M. (1971). Music as model and metaphor in the cultivation and measurement of creative behavior in child. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Georgia.
144. Wade, S. (1968). Differences between intelligence and creativity: Some speculation on the role of environment. Journal of Creative Behavior, 2, 97-101.
145. Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children: A study of the creativity-intelligence distinction. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
146. *Wallinga, C. R., & Crase, S. J. (1982). Creativity in husbands and wives. Journal of Creative Behavior, 16, 277-283.
147. *Ward, W. C. (1975). Convergent and divergent measurement of creativity in children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35, 87-95.
148. *Weinstein, S., & Graves, R. E. (2001). Creativity, schizotypy, and laterality. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 6, 131-146.
149. Westcott, M. R. (1962). Influence, Guesswork, and Creativity (Cooperative Research Project No. 684). Washington, DC: U.S. office of Education.
150. Westcott, M. R. (1968). Toward a contemporary psychology of intuition. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
151. *White, K. (1968). Anxiety, extroversion-introversion, and divergent thinking ability. Journal of Creative Behavior, 2, 119-127.
152. *Wolfradt, U., & Pretz, J. E. (2001). Individual differences in creativity: Personality, story writing, and hobbies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 297-310.
153. Wortman, P. M., & Bryant, F. B. (1985). School desegregation and black achievement. Sociological Methods & Research, 13, 289-324.