메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 213-231

Non-animal methodologies within biomedical research and toxicity testing

Author keywords

3Rs; Alternative; Animal experimentation; Animal model; Biomedical research; Toxicity testing

Indexed keywords

HYDROXYAPATITE; TGN 1412; DRUG;

EID: 58949084341     PISSN: 09467785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14573/altex.2008.3.213     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (41)

References (163)
  • 1
    • 0037192320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicology and genetic toxicology in the new era of " toxicogenomics": Impact of "omics" technologies
    • Aardema, M. and MacGregor, J. T. (2002). Toxicology and genetic toxicology in the new era of "toxicogenomics": impact of "omics" technologies. Mutat. Res. 499, 13-25.
    • (2002) Mutat. Res. , vol.499 , pp. 13-25
    • Aardema, M.1    MacGregor, J.T.2
  • 2
    • 0141836211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proof of principle: Detection of genotoxicity by a fluorescence-based recombination test in mammalian cells
    • Akyüz, N. and Wiesmüller, L. (2003). Proof of principle: detection of genotoxicity by a fluorescence-based recombination test in mammalian cells. ALTEX 20(2), 77-84.
    • (2003) ALTEX , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 77-84
    • Akyüz, N.1    Wiesmüller, L.2
  • 3
    • 0020954911 scopus 로고
    • The morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by chemicals reportedly nonmutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium
    • Amacher, D. E. and Zelljadt, I. (1983). The morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by chemicals reportedly nonmutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. Carcinogenesis 4, 291-295.
    • (1983) Carcinogenesis , vol.4 , pp. 291-295
    • Amacher, D.E.1    Zelljadt, I.2
  • 4
    • 0026170520 scopus 로고
    • Physiological modelling of organic compounds
    • Andersen, M. E. (1991). Physiological modelling of organic compounds. Ann. Occup.Hyg. 35, 309-321.
    • (1991) Ann. Occup.Hyg. , vol.35 , pp. 309-321
    • Andersen, M.E.1
  • 6
    • 0000973407 scopus 로고
    • Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S. NTP
    • Erratum in Mutation Research 1994, 317, 175
    • Ashby, J. and Tennant, R. W. (1991). Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S. NTP. Mutation Research 257, 229-306. Erratum in Mutation Research 1994, 317, 175.
    • (1991) Mutation Research , vol.257 , pp. 229-306
    • Ashby, J.1    Tennant, R.W.2
  • 7
    • 0003303963 scopus 로고
    • Report and recommendations of the CAAT/ERGATT workshop on the validation of toxicity test procedures
    • Balls, M., Blaauboer, B., Brusick, D. et al. (1990). Report and recommendations of the CAAT/ERGATT workshop on the validation of toxicity test procedures. ATLA 18, 313-337.
    • (1990) ATLA , vol.18 , pp. 313-337
    • Balls, M.1    Blaauboer, B.2    Brusick, D.3
  • 8
    • 0028364672 scopus 로고
    • Replacement of animal procedures: Alternatives in research, education and testing
    • Balls, M. (1994). Replacement of animal procedures: alternatives in research, education and testing. ATLA 28, 193-211. (Pubitemid 24228565)
    • (1994) Laboratory Animals , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 193-211
    • Balls, M.1
  • 9
    • 3042615997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are animal tests inherently valid?
    • Balls, M. (2004). Are animal tests inherently valid? ATLA 32 Suppl. 1B, 755-758.
    • (2004) ATLA , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1B , pp. 755-758
    • Balls, M.1
  • 10
    • 31444450102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation via weight-of-evidence approaches
    • Balls, M. and Combes, R. (2006). Validation via weight-of-evidence approaches. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 332-335.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 332-335
    • Balls, M.1    Combes, R.2
  • 11
    • 0021802893 scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex
    • Barker, A. T., Jalinous, R. and Freeston, I. L. (1985). Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet 1, 1106-1107. (Pubitemid 15075547)
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8437 , pp. 1106-1107
    • Barker, A.T.1    Jalinous, R.2    Freeston, I.L.3
  • 12
    • 0242509805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-Activity Relationships for the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Simple and α-β Unsaturated Aldehydes
    • DOI 10.1002/em.10190
    • Benigni, R., Passerini, L. and Rodomonte, A. (2003). Structure-activity relationships for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of simple and alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42, 136-143. (Pubitemid 37429751)
    • (2003) Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 136-143
    • Benigni, R.1    Passerini, L.2    Rodomonte, A.3
  • 13
    • 0035992120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring of tobacco smoke carcinogenicity by dosimetry of DNA adducts and genotyping and phenotyping of biotransformational enzymes: A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    • DOI 10.1080/13547500110120000
    • Besaratinia, A., Kleinjans, J. C. and Van Schooten, F. J. (2002). Biomonitoring of tobacco smoke carcinogenicity by dosimetry of DNA adducts and genotyping and phenotyping of biotransformational enzymes: a review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Biomarkers 7, 209-229. (Pubitemid 34678837)
    • (2002) Biomarkers , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 209-229
    • Besarati Nia, A.1    Kleinjans, J.C.S.2    Van Schooten, F.J.3
  • 14
    • 33744922424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGN1412: Time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals
    • Bhogal, N. and Combes, R. (2006). TGN1412: time to change the paradigm for the testing of new pharmaceuticals. ATLA 34, 225-239. (Pubitemid 43844405)
    • (2006) ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 225-239
    • Bhogal, N.1    Combes, R.2
  • 15
    • 41149127045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating acute toxicity based on in vitro cytotoxicity: Role of biokinetic modelling
    • Blaauboer, B. J., Hermens, J. and van Eijkeren, J. (2006). Estimating acute toxicity based on in vitro cytotoxicity: role of biokinetic modelling. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 250-253.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 250-253
    • Blaauboer, B.J.1    Hermens, J.2    Van Eijkeren, J.3
  • 16
    • 0035015009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of an in vitro reporter gene assay for developmental cardiac toxicity
    • Bremer, S., Worth, A. P., Paparella, M. et al. (2001). Establishment of an in vitro reporter gene assay for developmental cardiac toxicity. Toxicol. In Vitro 15, 215-223.
    • (2001) Toxicol. in Vitro , vol.15 , pp. 215-223
    • Bremer, S.1    Worth, A.P.2    Paparella, M.3
  • 17
    • 34249879680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of new concepts for assessing reproductive toxicity applicable to large scale toxicological programmes
    • DOI 10.2174/138161207782110462
    • Bremer, S., Pellizzer, C., Hoffmann, S. et al. (2007). The development of new concepts for assessing reproductive toxicity applicable to large scale toxicological programmes. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13(29), 3047-3058. (Pubitemid 350130970)
    • (2007) Current Pharmaceutical Design , vol.13 , Issue.29 , pp. 3047-3058
    • Bremer, S.1    Pellizzer, C.2    Hoffmann, S.3    Seidle, T.4    Hartung, T.5
  • 18
    • 0030694787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for replacing animals in biomedical research
    • DOI 10.1016/S1357-4310(97)01110-6, PII S1357431097011106
    • Broadhead, C. and Bottrill, K. (1997). Strategies for replacing animals in biomedical research. Mol. Med. Today 3(11), 483-487. (Pubitemid 27505481)
    • (1997) Molecular Medicine Today , vol.3 , Issue.11 , pp. 483-487
    • Broadhead, C.L.1    Bottrill, K.2
  • 19
    • 0023074371 scopus 로고
    • Teratogenicity testing in vitro: Status of validation studies
    • Brown, N. A. (1987). Teratogenicity testing in vitro: status of validation studies. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 11, 105-114. (Pubitemid 17091550)
    • (1987) Archives of Toxicology , vol.60 , Issue.SUPPL. 11 , pp. 105-114
    • Brown, N.A.1
  • 20
    • 0029188523 scopus 로고
    • Screening chemicals for reproductive toxicity: The current alternatives
    • Brown, N. A., Spielmann, H., Bechter, R. et al. (1995). Screening chemicals for reproductive toxicity: the current alternatives. ATLA 23, 868-882.
    • (1995) ATLA , vol.23 , pp. 868-882
    • Brown, N.A.1    Spielmann, H.2    Bechter, R.3
  • 21
    • 0017754687 scopus 로고
    • In vitro mutagenesis assays as predictors of chemical carcinogenesis in mammals
    • Brusick, D. J. (1977). In vitro mutagenesis assays as predictors of chemical carcinogenesis in mammals. Clin. Toxicol. 10, 79-109.
    • (1977) Clin. Toxicol. , vol.10 , pp. 79-109
    • Brusick, D.J.1
  • 22
    • 2942738976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in improving the embryonic stem cell test (EST): An overview
    • Buesen, R., Visan, A., Genschow, E. et al. (2004). Trends in improving the embryonic stem cell test (EST): an overview. ALTEX 21(1), 15-22. (Pubitemid 38979464)
    • (2004) Altex , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-22
    • Buesen, R.1    Visan, A.2    Genschow, E.3    Slawik, B.4    Spielmann, H.5    Seiler, A.6
  • 24
    • 33644827201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Rockville, MD, US: CDER
    • CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration (2006). Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers: Exploratory IND Studies. Rockville, MD, US: CDER.
    • (2006) Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers: Exploratory IND Studies
  • 25
    • 21644477459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro models in endocrine disrupter screening
    • Charles, G. D. (2004). In vitro models in endocrine disrupter screening. ILAR J. 45(4), 494-501.
    • (2004) ILAR J. , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 494-501
    • Charles, G.D.1
  • 26
    • 39349118236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming environmental health protection
    • Collins F. S., Gray, G. M. and Bucher, J. R. (2008). Transforming environmental health protection. Science 319, 906-907.
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 906-907
    • Collins, F.S.1    Gray, G.M.2    Bucher, J.R.3
  • 27
    • 0142026010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments
    • DOI 10.1897/01-261
    • Comber, M. H., Walker, J. D., Watts, C. and Hermens, J. (2003). Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting potential ecological hazard of organic chemicals for use in regulatory risk assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 1822-1828. (Pubitemid 37337307)
    • (2003) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.22 , Issue.8 , pp. 1822-1828
    • Comber, M.H.I.1    Walker, J.D.2    Watts, C.3    Hermens, J.4
  • 29
    • 0033931746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of structure-activity relationships and markers of cell toxicity to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens
    • Combes, R. D. (2000). The use of structure-activity relationships and markers of cell toxicity to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens. Toxicol. In Vitro 14, 387.
    • (2000) Toxicol. in Vitro , vol.14 , pp. 387
    • Combes, R.D.1
  • 30
    • 0037406978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early microdose drug studies in human volunteers can minimise animal testing: Proceedings of a workshop organised by Volunteers in Research and Testing
    • DOI 10.1016/S0928-0987(03)00040-X
    • Combes, R. D., Berridge, T., Connelly, J. et al. (2003). Early microdose drug studies in human volunteers can minimise animal testing - proceedings of a workshop organised by Volunteers in Research and Testing. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 19, 1-11. (Pubitemid 36506932)
    • (2003) European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Combes, R.D.1    Berridge, T.2    Connelly, J.3    Eve, M.D.4    Garner, R.C.5    Toon, S.6    Wilcox, P.7
  • 31
    • 3042569619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Third FRAME Toxicity Committee: Working toward greater implementation of alternatives in toxicity testing
    • Combes, R. D., Balls, M., Bansil, L. et al. (2004). The Third FRAME Toxicity Committee: Working toward greater implementation of alternatives in toxicity testing. ATLA 32 Suppl. 1B, 635-642.
    • (2004) ATLA , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 1B , pp. 635-642
    • Combes, R.D.1    Balls, M.2    Bansil, L.3
  • 32
    • 36048966876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing, validating and using test batteries and tiered (hierarchical) testing schemes
    • Combes, R. (2007). Developing, validating and using test batteries and tiered (hierarchical) testing schemes. ATLA 35, 375-378. (Pubitemid 350271753)
    • (2007) ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 375-378
    • Combes, R.1
  • 33
    • 34250000327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposed integrated decision-tree testing strategies for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in relation to the EU REACH legislation
    • Combes, R., Grindon, C., Cronin, M. T. et al. (2007). Proposed integrated decision-tree testing strategies for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in relation to the EU REACH legislation. ATLA 35(2), 267-287. (Pubitemid 46883166)
    • (2007) ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-287
    • Combes, R.1    Grindon, C.2    Cronin, M.T.D.3    Roberts, D.W.4    Garrod, J.5
  • 34
    • 0025455209 scopus 로고
    • Medical surveillance and biomonitoring for occupational cancer endpoints
    • Cone, J. E. and Rosenberg, J. (1990). Medical surveillance and biomonitoring for occupational cancer endpoints. Occup. Med. 5, 563-581.
    • (1990) Occup. Med. , vol.5 , pp. 563-581
    • Cone, J.E.1    Rosenberg, J.2
  • 35
    • 0023731783 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics, biochemical mechanism and mutation accumulation: A comprehensive model of chemical carcinogenesis
    • Conolly, R. B., Reitz, R. H., Clewell, H. J. 3rd and Andersen, M. E. (1988). Pharmacokinetics, biochemical mechanism and mutation accumulation: a comprehensive model of chemical carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Lett. 43, 189-200.
    • (1988) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.43 , pp. 189-200
    • Conolly, R.B.1    Reitz, R.H.2    Clewell III, H.J.3    Andersen, M.E.4
  • 36
    • 66849091591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non-mammalian system to study bacterial infections
    • Cosson, P. (2007). A non-mammalian system to study bacterial infections. ALTEX 24 Sp. Issue, 78-79.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 78-79
    • Cosson, P.1
  • 38
    • 0028674392 scopus 로고
    • Xenobiotic-metabolizing human cells as tools for pharmacological and toxicological research
    • Crespi, C. (1995). Xenobiotic-metabolizing human cells as tools for pharmacological and toxicological research. Adv. Drug Res. 26, 180-235.
    • (1995) Adv. Drug Res. , vol.26 , pp. 180-235
    • Crespi, C.1
  • 39
    • 0142088809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative structure-activity relationships for human health effects: Commonalities with other endpoints
    • DOI 10.1897/01-274
    • Cronin, M. T., Dearden, J. C., Walker, J. D. and Worth, A. P. (2003). Quantitative structure-activity relationships for human health effects: commonalities with other endpoints. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 1829-1843. (Pubitemid 37337308)
    • (2003) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.22 , Issue.8 , pp. 1829-1843
    • Cronin, M.T.D.1    Dearden, J.C.2    Walker, J.D.3    Worth, A.P.4
  • 40
    • 0343072811 scopus 로고
    • Considerations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's testing approach for mutagenicity
    • Dearfield, K. L., Auletta, A. E., Cimino, M. C. and Moore, M. M. (1991). Considerations in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's testing approach for mutagenicity. Mutat. Res. 258, 259-283.
    • (1991) Mutat. Res. , vol.258 , pp. 259-283
    • Dearfield, K.L.1    Auletta, A.E.2    Cimino, M.C.3    Moore, M.M.4
  • 41
    • 0003500730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Health (DH) (UK): Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment London, UK: DH
    • Department of Health (DH) (UK): Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (2000). Guidance on a Strategy for Testing of Chemicals for Mutagenicity. London, UK: DH.
    • (2000) Guidance on a Strategy for Testing of Chemicals for Mutagenicity
  • 42
    • 0037374498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The price of innovation: New estimates of drug development costs
    • DOI 10.1016/S0167-6296(02)00126-1
    • DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W. and Grabowski, H. G. (2003). The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J. Health Econ. 22(2), 151-185. (Pubitemid 36279392)
    • (2003) Journal of Health Economics , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-185
    • Dimasi, J.A.1    Hansen, R.W.2    Grabowski, H.G.3
  • 44
    • 0344753383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECETOC (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals) Brussels, Belgium: ECETOC
    • ECETOC (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals) (1997). Aneuploidy: ECETOC Monograph No. 27. Brussels, Belgium: ECETOC.
    • (1997) Aneuploidy: ECETOC Monograph No. 27
  • 45
    • 66849091592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) Helsinki, Finland: ECHA
    • ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2008). Guidance on Registration. Version 1.2. Helsinki, Finland: ECHA.
    • (2008) Guidance on Registration. Version 1.2
  • 46
    • 0030863355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternatives to animal experimentation in parasitology
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00027-7, PII S0304401797000277
    • Eckert, J. (1997). Alternatives to animal experimentation in parasitology. Vet. Parasitol. 71(2-3), 99-120. (Pubitemid 27323753)
    • (1997) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.71 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 99-120
    • Eckert, J.1
  • 47
    • 66849129199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Research Centre, European Commission Directorate General (undated). accessed 31. Aug. 2008
    • ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods), Joint Research Centre, European Commission Directorate General (undated). Validated methods. http://ecvam.jrc.it/, accessed 31. Aug. 2008.
    • Validated Methods
  • 50
    • 66849093527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated 20 Mar. accessed 9 Jun. 2008
    • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (US). (Updated 20 Mar. 2008). High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge. http://www.epa.gov/HPV/, accessed 9 Jun. 2008.
    • (2008) High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge
  • 52
    • 0032808416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concise review: Gene expression applied to toxicology
    • DOI 10.1093/toxsci/50.1.1
    • Farr, S. and Dunn, R. T. (1999). Concise review: gene expression applied to toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 50, 1-9. (Pubitemid 29344505)
    • (1999) Toxicological Sciences , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Farr, S.1    Dunn II, R.T.2
  • 53
    • 0033830552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocrine disrupter screening program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    • Fenner-Crisp, P. A., Maciorowski, A. F. and Timm, G. E. (2000). The endocrine disrupter screening program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ecotoxicology 9(1-2), 85-91.
    • (2000) Ecotoxicology , vol.9 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 85-91
    • Fenner-Crisp, P.A.1    Maciorowski, A.F.2    Timm, G.E.3
  • 54
    • 66449091911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing cost and testing capacity according to REACH requirements - Results of a survey of independent and corporate GLP laboratories in the EU and Switzerland
    • Fleischer, M. (2007). Testing cost and testing capacity according to REACH requirements - results of a survey of independent and corporate GLP laboratories in the EU and Switzerland. J. Business Chem. 4, 96-114.
    • (2007) J. Business Chem. , vol.4 , pp. 96-114
    • Fleischer, M.1
  • 55
    • 15944409567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dental implants as orthodontic anchorage
    • DOI 10.1093/ejo/cjh066
    • Gallas, M. M., Abeleira, M. T., Fernandez, J. R. and Burguera, M. (2005). Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dental implants as orthodontic anchorage. Eur. J. Orthod. 27, 12-16. (Pubitemid 41219066)
    • (2005) European Journal of Orthodontics , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-16
    • Gallas, M.M.1    Abeleira, M.T.2    Fernandez, J.R.3    Burguera, M.4
  • 58
    • 34249694908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a basic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for simulating the first-time-in-animal study
    • Germani, M., Crivori, P., Rocchetti, M. et al. (2007). Evaluation of a basic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for simulating the first-time-in-animal study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 31(3-4), 190-201.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.31 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 190-201
    • Germani, M.1    Crivori, P.2    Rocchetti, M.3
  • 59
    • 12344304313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and prevalidation of a list of structure-activity relationship rules to be used in expert systems for prediction of the skin-sensitising properties of chemicals
    • Gerner, I., Barratt, M. D., Zinke, S. et al. (2004). Development and prevalidation of a list of structure-activity relationship rules to be used in expert systems for prediction of the skin-sensitising properties of chemicals. ATLA 32(5), 487-509. (Pubitemid 40128844)
    • (2004) ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals , vol.32 , Issue.5 , pp. 487-509
    • Gerner, I.1    Barratt, M.D.2    Zinke, S.3    Schlegel, K.4    Schlede, E.5
  • 60
    • 0033173147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB): Results of animal bioassays published in the general literature in 1993 to 1994 and by the National Toxicology Program in 1995 to 1996
    • Gold, L. S., Manley, N. B., Slone, T. H. and Rohrbach, L. (1999). Supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB): results of animal bioassays published in the general literature in 1993 to 1994 and by the National Toxicology Program in 1995 to 1996. Environ. Health Perspect. 107 Suppl. 4, 527-600.
    • (1999) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.107 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 527-600
    • Gold, L.S.1    Manley, N.B.2    Slone, T.H.3    Rohrbach, L.4
  • 61
    • 0034747867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A perspective on current and future uses of alternative models for carcinogenicity testing
    • DOI 10.1080/019262301753178582
    • Goodman, J. I. (2001). A perspective on current and future uses of alternative models for carcinogenicity testing. Toxicol. Pathol. 29 Suppl. 1, 173-176. (Pubitemid 33026805)
    • (2001) Toxicologic Pathology , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 173-176
    • Goodman, J.I.1
  • 62
    • 0034998439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TestSmart-HPV program - Development of an integrated approach for testing high production volume chemicals
    • DOI 10.1006/rtph.2000.1435
    • Green, S., Goldberg, A. M. and Zurlo, J. (2001). The TestSmart-HPV program: development of an integrated approach for testing high production volume chemicals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol 33(2), 105-109. (Pubitemid 32466675)
    • (2001) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 105-109
    • Green, S.1    Goldberg, A.M.2    Zurlo, J.3
  • 64
    • 11344266964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternatives to animal experimentation in basic research
    • Gruber, F. P. and Hartung, T. (2004). Alternatives to animal experimentation in basic research. ALTEX 21 Suppl. 1, 3-31. (Pubitemid 40074944)
    • (2004) Altex , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-31
    • Gruber, F.P.1    Hartung, T.2
  • 65
    • 33645050104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P450s and other enzymes in drug metabolism and toxicity
    • Guengerich, F. P. (2006). Cytochrome P450s and other enzymes in drug metabolism and toxicity. AAPS J. 8(1), E101-E111.
    • (2006) AAPS J. , vol.8 , Issue.1
    • Guengerich, F.P.1
  • 66
    • 35448948325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for thought... on cell culture
    • Hartung, T. (2007). Food for thought ... on cell culture. ALTEX 24(3), 143-147.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 143-147
    • Hartung, T.1
  • 67
    • 48949104862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for thought... on animal tests
    • Hartung, T. (2008a). Food for thought ... on animal tests. ALTEX 25(1), 3-9.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-9
    • Hartung, T.1
  • 68
    • 47049106013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoughts on limitations of animal models
    • in press
    • Hartung, T. (2008b). Thoughts on limitations of animal models. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., (in press).
    • (2008) Parkinsonism Relat. Disord.
    • Hartung, T.1
  • 69
    • 59849129394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for thought...on the evolution of toxicology and the phasing out of animal testing
    • Hartung, T. and Leist, M. (2008). Food for thought...on the evolution of toxicology and the phasing out of animal testing. ALTEX 25(2), 91-96.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-96
    • Hartung, T.1    Leist, M.2
  • 71
    • 66849106372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refinement and reduction in animal experimentation: Options for new imaging techniques
    • Heindl, C., Hess, A. and Brune, K. (2008). Refinement and reduction in animal experimentation: options for new imaging techniques. ALTEX 25(2), 121-125.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-125
    • Heindl, C.1    Hess, A.2    Brune, K.3
  • 72
    • 33750709352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards eliminating the use of animals for regulatory required vaccine quality control
    • Hendriksen, C. F. (2006). Towards eliminating the use of animals for regulatory required vaccine quality control. ALTEX 23(3), 187-190 (Pubitemid 44696389)
    • (2006) Altex , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-190
    • Hendriksen, C.F.M.1
  • 73
    • 1542390616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternatives to animal testing: Research, trends, validation, regulatory acceptance
    • Huggins, J. (2003). Alternatives to animal testing: research, trends, validation, regulatory acceptance. ALTEX 20 Suppl. 1, 3-61.
    • (2003) ALTEX , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-61
    • Huggins, J.1
  • 74
    • 3242777028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of a new cell culture perfusion apparatus for in vitro chronic toxicity testing part 2: Toxicological evaluation
    • Jennings, P., Koppelstaetter, C., Pfaller, W. et al. (2004). Assessment of a new cell culture perfusion apparatus for in vitro chronic toxicity testing. Part 2: Toxicological evaluation. ALTEX 21(2), 61-66. (Pubitemid 38979272)
    • (2004) Altex , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 61-66
    • Jennings, P.1    Koppelstaetter, C.2    Pfaller, W.3    Morin, J.-P.4    Hartung, T.5    Ryan, M.P.6
  • 75
    • 21544473568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens: I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity
    • DOI 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.02.004, PII S1383571805000835
    • Kirkland, D., Aardema, M., Henderson, L. and Muller, L. (2005). Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity. Mutat. Res. 584, 1-256. (Pubitemid 40922793)
    • (2005) Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis , vol.584 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 1-256
    • Kirkland, D.1    Aardema, M.2    Henderson, L.3    Muller, L.4
  • 76
    • 35349025783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility
    • Knight, A. (2007). Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility. ATLA 35(6), 641-659.
    • (2007) ATLA , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 641-659
    • Knight, A.1
  • 77
    • 66849095592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 127 million non-human vertebrates used worldwide for scientific purposes in 2005
    • in press
    • Knight, A. (2008). 127 million non-human vertebrates used worldwide for scientific purposes in 2005. ATLA 36, in press.
    • (2008) ATLA , vol.36
    • Knight, A.1
  • 83
    • 66849138233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the regulatory requirements for the consideration of alternatives
    • Kulpa-Eddy, J. A. (2006). Overview of the regulatory requirements for the consideration of alternatives. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 200-202.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 200-202
    • Kulpa-Eddy, J.A.1
  • 84
    • 0022289740 scopus 로고
    • Chemical transformation in C3H10T1/2 CC118 mouse embryo fibroblasts: Historical background, assessment of transformation assay and evolution and optimization of the transformation assay protocol
    • T. Kakunaga and H. Yamasaki (eds.), Lyon, France: Intnl. Agency for Res. on Cancer
    • Landolph, R. A. (1985). Chemical transformation in C3H10T1/2 CC118 mouse embryo fibroblasts: historical background, assessment of transformation assay and evolution and optimization of the transformation assay protocol. In T. Kakunaga and H. Yamasaki (eds.), Transformation assay of established cell lines: Mechanisms and Application, IRAC Scientific Publications No.67 (185-203). Lyon, France: Intnl. Agency for Res. on Cancer.
    • (1985) Transformation Assay of Established Cell Lines: Mechanisms and Application, IRAC Scientific Publications No.67 , pp. 185-203
    • Landolph, R.A.1
  • 85
    • 0034029621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volunteer studies replacing animal experiments in brain research: Report and recommendations of a volunteers in research and testing workshop
    • Langley, G., Harding, G., Hawkins, P. et al. (2000). Volunteer studies replacing animal experiments in brain research: report and recommendations of a volunteers in research and testing workshop. ATLA 28, 315-331.
    • (2000) ATLA , vol.28 , pp. 315-331
    • Langley, G.1    Harding, G.2    Hawkins, P.3
  • 86
    • 34548722771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacing animal experiments: Choices, chances and challenges
    • DOI 10.1002/bies.20628
    • Langley, G., Evans, T., Holgate, S. T. and Jones, A. (2007). Replacing animal experiments: choices, chances and challenges. BioEssays 29(9), 918-926. (Pubitemid 47424901)
    • (2007) BioEssays , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 918-926
    • Langley, G.1    Evans, T.2    Holgate, S.T.3    Jones, A.4
  • 87
    • 66849109069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic activation for in vitro systems
    • Langsch, A. and Nau, H. (2006). Metabolic activation for in vitro systems. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 353-357.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 353-357
    • Langsch, A.1    Nau, H.2
  • 88
    • 66849138232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The animal welfare information center: Helping the community meet the information requirement of the 3Rs
    • Larson, J. A. (2006). The animal welfare information center: helping the community meet the information requirement of the 3Rs. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 192-196.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 192-196
    • Larson, J.A.1
  • 89
    • 35648955151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges and opportunities with modelling and simulation in drug discovery and drug development
    • DOI 10.1080/00498250701534885, PII 783595169, Modelling and Simulation Approaches to in vitro-in vivo, Extrapolation of ADME Properties in Drug Development, Editor: Gordon Gibson, Guest Editor: Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
    • Lavé, T., Parrott, N., Grimm, H. P. et al. (2007). Challenges and opportunities with modelling and simulation in drug discovery and drug development. Xenobiotica 37(10-11), 1295-1310. (Pubitemid 350035528)
    • (2007) Xenobiotica , vol.37 , Issue.10-11 , pp. 1295-1310
    • Lave, T.1    Parrott, N.2    Grimm, H.P.3    Fleury, A.4    Reddy, M.5
  • 90
    • 0032522873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta- Analysis of prospective studies
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.279.15.1200
    • Lazarou, J. and Pomeranz, B. (1998). Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 279, 1200-1205. (Pubitemid 28193431)
    • (1998) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.279 , Issue.15 , pp. 1200-1205
    • Lazarou, J.1    Pomeranz, B.H.2    Corey, P.N.3
  • 91
    • 66849097648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vitro model of central nervous system infection and regeneration: Neuronal stem cells as targets of brain damage and regenerative therapies in bacterial meningitis
    • Leib, S. L. (2007). An in vitro model of central nervous system infection and regeneration: neuronal stem cells as targets of brain damage and regenerative therapies in bacterial meningitis. ALTEX 24 Sp. Issue, 90-92.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 90-92
    • Leib, S.L.1
  • 92
    • 48949091622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for thought... on the real success of 3R approches
    • Leist, M., Kadereit, S. and Schildknecht, S. (2008a). Food for thought ... on the real success of 3R approches. ALTEX 25(1), 17-24.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-24
    • Leist, M.1    Kadereit, S.2    Schildknecht, S.3
  • 93
    • 59849124092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dawning of a new age of toxicology
    • Leist, M., Hartung, T. and Nicotera, P. (2008b). The dawning of a new age of toxicology. ALTEX 25(2), 103-114.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-114
    • Leist, M.1    Hartung, T.2    Nicotera, P.3
  • 94
    • 66849083896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell culture tool and method
    • U.S. Patent 20050101010
    • Li, A. P. (2005). Cell culture tool and method. U.S. Patent 20050101010.
    • (2005)
    • Li, A.P.1
  • 95
    • 48949102327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human hepatocytes as an effective alternative experimental system for the evaluation of human drug properties: General concepts and assay procedures
    • Li, A. P. (2008a). Human hepatocytes as an effective alternative experimental system for the evaluation of human drug properties: general concepts and assay procedures. ALTEX 25(1), 33-42.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-42
    • Li, A.P.1
  • 96
    • 48949105651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro evaluation of human xenobiotic toxicity: Scientific concepts and the novel integrated discrete multiple cell coculture (IdMOC) technology
    • Li, A. P. (2008b). In vitro evaluation of human xenobiotic toxicity: scientific concepts and the novel integrated discrete multiple cell coculture (IdMOC) technology. ALTEX 25(1), 43-49.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-49
    • Li, A.P.1
  • 98
    • 43549114744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods to safety studies in experimental animals: Role in the risk assessment of chemicals under the new European Chemicals Legislation (REACH)
    • Lilienblum, W., Dekant, W., Foth, H. et al. (2008). Alternative methods to safety studies in experimental animals: role in the risk assessment of chemicals under the new European Chemicals Legislation (REACH). Arch. Toxicol. 82(4), 211-236.
    • (2008) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 211-236
    • Lilienblum, W.1    Dekant, W.2    Foth, H.3
  • 99
    • 0034659898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays
    • DOI 10.1038/35015701
    • Lockhart, D. J. and Winzeler, E. A. (2000). Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays. Nature 405, 827-836. (Pubitemid 30407861)
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , Issue.6788 , pp. 827-836
    • Lockhart, D.J.1    Winzeler, E.A.2
  • 101
    • 66849121705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A perspective on stem cells as a tool for in vitro testing
    • Luttun, A. and Verfaillie, C. M. (2006). A perspective on stem cells as a tool for in vitro testing. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 388-392.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 388-392
    • Luttun, A.1    Verfaillie, C.M.2
  • 102
    • 16644390021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finite element modelling and simulations in dentistry: A bibliography 1990-2003
    • Mackerle, J. (2004). Finite element modelling and simulations in dentistry: a bibliography 1990-2003. Comp. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 7, 277-303.
    • (2004) Comp. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. , vol.7 , pp. 277-303
    • Mackerle, J.1
  • 104
    • 0032458218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new highly specific method for predicting the carcinogenic potential of pharmaceuticals in rodents using enhanced MCASE QSAR-ES software
    • DOI 10.1006/rtph.1998.1259
    • Matthews, E. J. and Contrera, J. F. (1998). A new highly specific method for predicting the carcinogenic potential of pharmaceuticals in rodents using enhanced MCASE QSAR-ES software. Regul. Toxicol. and Pharmacol. 28, 242-264. (Pubitemid 29096166)
    • (1998) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 242-264
    • Matthews, E.J.1    Contrera, J.F.2
  • 105
    • 41849108479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical progress depends on animal models - Doesn't it?
    • Matthews, R. A. (2008). Medical progress depends on animal models - doesn't it? J. R. Soc. Med. 101, 95-98.
    • (2008) J. R. Soc. Med. , vol.101 , pp. 95-98
    • Matthews, R.A.1
  • 106
    • 0034752076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay: Review of the methods and results
    • DOI 10.1080/019262301753178546
    • Mauthe, R. J., Gibson, D. P., Bunch, R. T. and Custer, L. (2001). The Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transformation assay: review of the methods and results. Toxicol. Pathol. 29 Suppl. 1, 138-146. (Pubitemid 33026801)
    • (2001) Toxicologic Pathology , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 138-146
    • Mauthe, R.J.1    Gibson, D.P.2    Bunch, R.T.3    Custer, L.4
  • 107
    • 0029929355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vital staining of cardiac myocytes during embryonic stem cell cardiogenesis in vitro
    • Metzger, J. M., Lin, W. I. and Samuelson, L. C. (1996). Vital staining of cardiac myocytes during embryonic stem cell cardiogenesis in vitro. Circ. Res. 78, 547-552. (Pubitemid 26106869)
    • (1996) Circulation Research , vol.78 , Issue.4 , pp. 547-552
    • Metzger, J.M.1    Lin, W.-I.2    Samuelson, L.C.3
  • 108
    • 33744913920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency accessed 9 Jun. 2008
    • MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (2006). Investigator's Brochure: TGN1412 humanized agonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/es-foi/documents/foidisclosure/ con2023525.pdf, accessed 9 Jun. 2008.
    • (2006) Investigator's Brochure: TGN1412 Humanized Agonistic Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibody
  • 109
    • 0010444980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro genotoxicity and cell transformation assessment
    • J.V. Castell and M.J. Gómez-Lechón (eds.), London, UK: Academic Press
    • Mitchell, I. de G. and Combes, R. D. (1997). In vitro genotoxicity and cell transformation assessment. In J.V. Castell and M.J. Gómez- Lechón (eds.), In Vitro Methods in Pharmaceutical Research (318-352). London, UK: Academic Press.
    • (1997) In Vitro Methods in Pharmaceutical Research , pp. 318-352
    • Mitchell, I.D.G.1    Combes, R.D.2
  • 110
    • 48949102852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vitro model for the comparative evaluation of bone seeking pharmaceuticals
    • Mitterhauser, M. and Toegel, S. (2008). An in vitro model for the comparative evaluation of bone seeking pharmaceuticals. ALTEX 25(1), 51-55.
    • (2008) ALTEX , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-55
    • Mitterhauser, M.1    Toegel, S.2
  • 111
    • 0031970720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of pharmaceuticals. Opportunities arising from the International Conference on Harmonisation
    • Monro, A. M. and MacDonald, J. S. (1998). Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of pharmaceuticals. Opportunities arising from the International Conference on Harmonisation. Drug Safety 18, 309-319.
    • (1998) Drug Safety , vol.18 , pp. 309-319
    • Monro, A.M.1    MacDonald, J.S.2
  • 112
    • 34249870859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety testing of cell-based medicinal products: Opportunities for the monocyte activation test for pyrogens
    • Montag, T., Spreitzer, I., Löschner, B. et al. (2007). Safety testing of cell-based medicinal products: opportunities for the monocyte activation test for pyrogens. ALTEX 24(2), 81-89.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 81-89
    • Montag, T.1    Spreitzer, I.2    Löschner, B.3
  • 113
    • 17544399998 scopus 로고
    • Advances in refinement in animal experimentation over the past 25 years
    • Morton, D. B. (1995). Advances in refinement in animal experimentation over the past 25 years. ATLA 23, 812-822.
    • (1995) ATLA , vol.23 , pp. 812-822
    • Morton, D.B.1
  • 114
    • 0040435974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANZCCART Facts Sheet. the importance of non-statistical design in refining animal experimentation
    • Glen Osmond, SA, Australia: ANZCCART
    • Morton, D. B. (1998). ANZCCART Facts Sheet. The importance of non-statistical design in refining animal experimentation. ANZCCART News 11(2), 12. Glen Osmond, SA, Australia: ANZCCART.
    • (1998) ANZCCART News , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 12
    • Morton, D.B.1
  • 115
    • 35448966183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of in vitro toxicology studies in risk assessment
    • Murthy, B. (2007). Relevance of in vitro toxicology studies in risk assessment. ALTEX 24(3), 174-177.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 174-177
    • Murthy, B.1
  • 116
    • 3142664585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensionless parameters for the design of optical traps and laser guidance systems
    • Nahmias, Y. K., Gao, B. Z. and Odde, D. J. (2004). Dimensionless parameters for the design of optical traps and laser guidance systems. Appl. Opt. 43, 3999-4006.
    • (2004) Appl. Opt. , vol.43 , pp. 3999-4006
    • Nahmias, Y.K.1    Gao, B.Z.2    Odde, D.J.3
  • 119
    • 85052722223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NRC (National Research Council) (US) Washington, DC, US: National Academies Press
    • NRC (National Research Council) (US) (2007). Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Washington, DC, US: National Academies Press.
    • (2007) Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
  • 120
    • 59149099408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NTP (National Toxicology Program) (US) NC, US: NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
    • NTP (National Toxicology Program) (US) (2004). A National Toxicology Program for the 21st Century: A Roadmap for the Future. NC, US: NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
    • (2004) A National Toxicology Program for the 21st Century: A Roadmap for the Future
  • 121
    • 0012950586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to regulatory acceptance
    • L. F. M. van Zutphen and M. Balls (eds.), Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
    • O'Connor, A. M. (1997). Barriers to regulatory acceptance. In L. F. M. van Zutphen and M. Balls (eds.), Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics (1173-1176). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
    • (1997) Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics , pp. 1173-1176
    • O'Connor, A.M.1
  • 122
    • 0034606960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser-guided direct writing of living cells
    • DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(20000205)67:3<312::AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-F
    • Odde, D. J. and Renn, M. J. (2000). Laser-guided direct writing of living cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67, 312-318. (Pubitemid 30051328)
    • (2000) Biotechnology and Bioengineering , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 312-318
    • Odde, D.J.1    Renn, M.J.2
  • 123
    • 0036800937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of quantitative image analysis in the assessment of in vitro embryotoxicity endpoints based on a novel embryonic stem cell clone with endoderm-related GFP expression
    • DOI 10.1016/S0887-2333(02)00052-8, PII S0887233302000528
    • Paparella, M., Kolossov, E., Fleischmann, B. K. et al. (2002). The use of quantitative image analysis in the assessment of in vitro embryotoxicity endpoints based on a novel embryonic stem cell clone with endoderm-related GFP expression. Toxicol. In Vitro 16(5), 589-597. (Pubitemid 35223142)
    • (2002) Toxicology in Vitro , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 589-597
    • Paparella, M.1    Kolossov, E.2    Fleischmann, B.K.3    Hescheler, J.4    Bremer, S.5
  • 124
    • 0003106926 scopus 로고
    • In vitro cytogenetics and aneuploidy
    • D.H. Phillips and S. Venitt (eds.), Oxford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers
    • Parry, E. M. and Parry, J. M. (1995). In vitro cytogenetics and aneuploidy. In D.H. Phillips and S. Venitt (eds.), Environmental Mutagenesis (121-139). Oxford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers.
    • (1995) Environmental Mutagenesis , pp. 121-139
    • Parry, E.M.1    Parry, J.M.2
  • 125
    • 1642409267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of teratogenic effects in vitro by analysing a selected gene expression pattern
    • DOI 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.09.007, PII S088723330300170X
    • Pellizzer, C., Adler, S., Corvi, R. et al. (2004a). Monitoring of teratogenic effects in vitro by analysing a selected gene expression pattern. Toxicol. In Vitro 18(3), 325-335. (Pubitemid 38376366)
    • (2004) Toxicology in Vitro , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 325-335
    • Pellizzer, C.1    Adler, S.2    Corvi, R.3    Hartung, T.4    Bremer, S.5
  • 127
    • 22144457070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental toxicity testing from animal towards embryonic stem cells
    • Pellizzer, C., Bremer, S. and Hartung, T. (2005). Developmental toxicity testing from animal towards embryonic stem cells. ALTEX 22(2), 47-57. (Pubitemid 40974877)
    • (2005) Altex , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 47-57
    • Pellizzer, C.1    Bremer, S.2    Hartung, T.3
  • 128
    • 66849109075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting drug hypersensitivity by in vitro tests
    • Pichler, W. J. (2007). Predicting drug hypersensitivity by in vitro tests. ALTEX 24 Sp. Issue, 49-52.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 49-52
    • Pichler, W.J.1
  • 129
    • 0017395256 scopus 로고
    • Morphological transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for identifying diverse carcinogens
    • Pienta, R. J., Poiley, J. A. and Lebherz, W. B. 3rd (1977). Morphological transformation of early passage golden Syrian hamster embryo cells derived from cryopreserved primary cultures as a reliable in vitro bioassay for identifying diverse carcinogens. Int. J. Cancer 19, 642-655.
    • (1977) Int. J. Cancer , vol.19 , pp. 642-655
    • Pienta, R.J.1    Poiley, J.A.2    Lebherz III, W.B.3
  • 130
    • 54049154340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "MAP" for improving drug testing: Mandatory Alternatives Petition urges FDA to require use of replacements to animal testing
    • Pippin, J. J. (2008). "MAP" for improving drug testing: Mandatory Alternatives Petition urges FDA to require use of replacements to animal testing. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, 28(5).
    • (2008) Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News , vol.28 , Issue.5
    • Pippin, J.J.1
  • 131
    • 0029039351 scopus 로고
    • Mast cells in neuroimmune function: Neurotoxicological and neuropharmacological perspectives
    • Purcell, W. M. and Atterwill, C. K. (1995). Mast cells in neuroimmune function: neurotoxicological and neuropharmacological perspectives. Neurochem. Res. 20, 521-532.
    • (1995) Neurochem. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 521-532
    • Purcell, W.M.1    Atterwill, C.K.2
  • 132
    • 0015732254 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative and qualitative studies on chemical transformation of cloned C3H mouse embryo cells sensitive to post-confluence inhibition of cell division
    • Reznikoff, T., Bertram, J. S., Brankow, D. W. and Heidelberger, C. (1973). Quantitative and qualitative studies on chemical transformation of cloned C3H mouse embryo cells sensitive to post-confluence inhibition of cell division. Cancer Res. 33, 3239-3249.
    • (1973) Cancer Res. , vol.33 , pp. 3239-3249
    • Reznikoff, T.1    Bertram, J.S.2    Brankow, D.W.3    Heidelberger, C.4
  • 133
    • 41949094635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A European pharmaceutical company initiative challenging the regulatory requirement for acute toxicity studies in pharmaceutical drug development
    • Robinson, S., Delongeas, J.-L., Donald, E. et al. (2008). A European pharmaceutical company initiative challenging the regulatory requirement for acute toxicity studies in pharmaceutical drug development. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 50, 345-352.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.50 , pp. 345-352
    • Robinson, S.1    Delongeas, J.-L.2    Donald, E.3
  • 134
    • 0029295198 scopus 로고
    • The third R: Refinement
    • Rowan, A. N. (1995). The third R: refinement. ATLA 23, 332-346.
    • (1995) ATLA , vol.23 , pp. 332-346
    • Rowan, A.N.1
  • 136
    • 38849127845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies to reduce animal testing in US EPA's HPV programme
    • Sandusky, C. B., Even, M., Stoick, K. and Sandler, J. (2006). Strategies to reduce animal testing in US EPA's HPV programme. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 150-152.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 150-152
    • Sandusky, C.B.1    Even, M.2    Stoick, K.3    Sandler, J.4
  • 137
    • 33750033234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International validation of pyrogen tests based on cryopreserved human primary blood cells
    • Schindler, S., Spreitzer, I., Löschner, B. et al. (2006a). International validation of pyrogen tests based on cryopreserved human primary blood cells. J. Immunol. Methods 316(1-2), 42-51.
    • (2006) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.316 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 42-51
    • Schindler, S.1    Spreitzer, I.2    Löschner, B.3
  • 138
    • 34548397678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogen testing of lipidic parenterals with a novel in vitro test: Application of the IPT based on cryopreserved human whole blood
    • Schindler, S., Rosenberg, U., Schlote, D. et al. (2006b). Pyrogen testing of lipidic parenterals with a novel in vitro test: application of the IPT based on cryopreserved human whole blood. Pharmeur. Sci. Notes 1, 1-7.
    • (2006) Pharmeur. Sci. Notes , vol.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Schindler, S.1    Rosenberg, U.2    Schlote, D.3
  • 139
    • 66849104124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fever in the test tube: Towards a human(e) pyrogen test
    • Schindler, S., Fennrich, S., Crameri, R. et al. (2007). Fever in the test tube: towards a human(e) pyrogen test. ALTEX 24 Sp. Issue, 60-62.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 60-62
    • Schindler, S.1    Fennrich, S.2    Crameri, R.3
  • 140
    • 34147172388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal cell culture from human embryonic stem cells as in vitro model for neuroprotection
    • Schrattenholz, A. and Klemm, M. (2007). Neuronal cell culture from human embryonic stem cells as in vitro model for neuroprotection. ALTEX 24(1), 9-15. (Pubitemid 46563940)
    • (2007) Altex , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-15
    • Schrattenholz, A.1    Klemm, M.2
  • 141
    • 0023869857 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of proximal facial nerve conduction by transcranial magnetic stimulation
    • Schriefer, T. N., Mills, K. R., Murray, N. M. and Hess, C. W. (1988). Evaluation of proximal facial nerve conduction by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 51, 60-66.
    • (1988) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. , vol.51 , pp. 60-66
    • Schriefer, T.N.1    Mills, K.R.2    Murray, N.M.3    Hess, C.W.4
  • 142
    • 44649084910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of reproductive and developmental toxicology under REACH
    • Scialli, A. R. (2008). The challenge of reproductive and developmental toxicology under REACH. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 51(2), 244-250.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 244-250
    • Scialli, A.R.1
  • 143
    • 0036043939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the embryonic stem cell test (EST) by establishing molecular endpoints of tissue specific development using murine embryonic stem cells (D3 cells)
    • Seiler, A., Visan, A., Pohl, I. et al. (2002). Improving the embryonic stem cell test (EST) by establishing molecular endpoints of tissue specific development using murine embryonic stem cells (D3 cells). ALTEX 19 Suppl. 1, 55-63.
    • (2002) ALTEX , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 55-63
    • Seiler, A.1    Visan, A.2    Pohl, I.3
  • 144
    • 1542618024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of an in vitro stem cell assay for developmental toxicity: The use of molecular endpoints in the embryonic stem cell test
    • DOI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.015, PII S0890623803001655
    • Seiler, A., Visan, A., Buesen, R. et al. (2004). Improvement of an in vitro stem cell assay for developmental toxicity: the use of molecular endpoints in the embryonic stem cell test. Reprod. Toxicol. 18(2), 231-240. (Pubitemid 38333047)
    • (2004) Reproductive Toxicology , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-240
    • Seiler, A.1    Visan, A.2    Buesen, R.3    Genschow, E.4    Spielmann, H.5
  • 145
    • 31644432055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The merits of in vitro versus in vivo modeling in investigation of the immune system
    • DOI 10.1016/j.etap.2005.07.002, PII S1382668905001158
    • Silliman, C. C. and Wang, M. (2006). The merits of in vitro versus in vivo modelling in investigation of the immune system. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21(2), 123-134. (Pubitemid 43168174)
    • (2006) Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.21 , Issue.2 SPEC. ISS , pp. 123-134
    • Silliman, C.C.1    Wang, M.2
  • 146
    • 0037969698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal pain and distress in vaccine testing in the United States
    • Stephens, M. L., Alvino, G. M. and Branson, J. B. (2002). Animal pain and distress in vaccine testing in the United States. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 111, 213-216.
    • (2002) Dev. Biol. (Basel) , vol.111 , pp. 213-216
    • Stephens, M.L.1    Alvino, G.M.2    Branson, J.B.3
  • 147
    • 21644450896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selecting appropriate animal models and experimental designs for endocrine disrupter research and testing studies
    • Stokes, W. S. (2004). Selecting appropriate animal models and experimental designs for endocrine disrupter research and testing studies. ILAR J. 45(4), 387-393.
    • (2004) ILAR J. , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 387-393
    • Stokes, W.S.1
  • 148
    • 49449100456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates for worldwide laboratory animal use in 2005
    • Taylor, K., Gordon, N., Langley, G. and Higgins, W. (2008). Estimates for worldwide laboratory animal use in 2005. ATLA 36, 327-342.
    • (2008) ATLA , vol.36 , pp. 327-342
    • Taylor, K.1    Gordon, N.2    Langley, G.3    Higgins, W.4
  • 149
    • 0025266201 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of the outcome of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays currently being conducted on 44 chemicals by the National Toxicology Program
    • Tennant, R. W., Spalding, J., Stasiewicz, S. and Ashby, J. (1990). Prediction of the outcome of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays currently being conducted on 44 chemicals by the National Toxicology Program. Mutagenesis 5, 3-14. (Pubitemid 20102062)
    • (1990) Mutagenesis , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-14
    • Tennant, R.W.1    Spalding, J.2    Stasiewicz, S.3    Ashby, J.4
  • 150
    • 0029085520 scopus 로고
    • Improvement in the efficiency of the in vitro transformation assay method using BALB/3T3 A31-1-1 cells
    • Tsuchiya, T. and Umeda, M. (1995). Improvement in the efficiency of the in vitro transformation assay method using BALB/3T3 A31-1-1 cells. Carcinogenesis 16, 1887-1894.
    • (1995) Carcinogenesis , vol.16 , pp. 1887-1894
    • Tsuchiya, T.1    Umeda, M.2
  • 152
    • 34147140071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a standardised and validated long-term human hepatocyte culture system for repetitive analyses of drugs: Repeated administrations of acetaminophen reduces albumin and urea secretion
    • Ullrich, A., Berg, C., Hengstler, J. G. and Runge, D. (2007). Use of a standardised and validated long-term human hepatocyte culture system for repetitive analyses of drugs: repeated administrations of acetaminophen reduces albumin and urea secretion. ALTEX 24(1), 35-40. (Pubitemid 46563942)
    • (2007) Altex , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-40
    • Ullrich, A.1    Berg, C.2    Hengstler, J.G.3    Runge, D.4
  • 153
    • 66849083892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA-APHIS-AC, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Care Riverdale, MD, US: USDA-APHIS-AC
    • USDA-APHIS-AC, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Care (2000). Animal Care Survey: USDA Employee Survey on the Effectiveness of IACUC Regulations. Riverdale, MD, US: USDA-APHIS-AC.
    • (2000) Animal Care Survey: USDA Employee Survey on the Effectiveness of IACUC Regulations
  • 155
    • 27144507066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual test kits for predicting harmful effects triggered by drugs and chemicals mediated by specific proteins
    • Vedani, A., Dobler, M. and Lill, M. A. (2005). Virtual test kits for predicting harmful effects triggered by drugs and chemicals mediated by specific proteins. ALTEX 22(3), 123-134. (Pubitemid 41508720)
    • (2005) Altex , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 123-134
    • Vedani, A.1    Dobler, M.2    Lill, M.A.3
  • 156
    • 66849118876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the toxic potential of drugs and chemicals in silico
    • Vedani, A., Lill, M. A. and Dobler, M. (2007a). Predicting the toxic potential of drugs and chemicals in silico. ALTEX 24 Sp. Issue, 63-66.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 63-66
    • Vedani, A.1    Lill, M.A.2    Dobler, M.3
  • 157
    • 35448974122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VirtualToxLab - In silico prediction of the toxic potential of drugs and environmental chemicals: Evaluation status and internet access protocol
    • Vedani, A., Dobler, M., Spreafico, M. et al. (2007b). VirtualToxLab - in silico prediction of the toxic potential of drugs and environmental chemicals: evaluation status and internet access protocol. ALTEX 24(3), 153-161.
    • (2007) ALTEX , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 153-161
    • Vedani, A.1    Dobler, M.2    Spreafico, M.3
  • 158
    • 66849097649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles for QSAR in risk assessment
    • Veith, G. D. (2006). Roles for QSAR in risk assessment. ALTEX 23 Sp. Issue, 369-372.
    • (2006) ALTEX , vol.23 , Issue.SP. ISSUE , pp. 369-372
    • Veith, G.D.1
  • 159
    • 0006908748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetically engineered cell lines: Characterisation and applications in toxicity testing. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 26
    • Weibel, F., Andersson, T., Casciano, D. et al. (1997). Genetically engineered cell lines: characterisation and applications in toxicity testing. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 26. ATLA 25, 625-639.
    • (1997) ATLA , vol.25 , pp. 625-639
    • Weibel, F.1    Andersson, T.2    Casciano, D.3
  • 160
    • 34147106115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The embryonic stem cell test for the early selection of pharmaceutical compounds
    • Whitlow, S., Bürgin, H. and Clemann, N. (2007). The Embryonic Stem Cell Test for the early selection of pharmaceutical compounds. ALTEX 24(1), 3-7. (Pubitemid 46563939)
    • (2007) Altex , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-7
    • Whitlow, S.1    Burgin, H.2    Clemann, N.3
  • 161
    • 35548954739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving early drug discovery through ADME modelling: An overview
    • Wishart, D. S. (2007). Improving early drug discovery through ADME modelling: an overview. Drugs R. D. 8(6), 349-362. (Pubitemid 350014787)
    • (2007) Drugs in R and D , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 349-362
    • Wishart, D.S.1
  • 162
    • 0036311882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: Current status and future prospects
    • Worth, A. P. and Balls, M. (eds.) A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM Working Group on Chemicals
    • Worth, A. P. and Balls, M. (eds.) (2002). Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM Working Group on Chemicals. ATLA 30 Suppl. 1, 1-125.
    • (2002) ATLA , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 1-125
  • 163
    • 1842614196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by reducing incubation time of the target cells
    • DOI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.05.002, PII S0027510704000235
    • Zhang, H., Borman, H. D. and Myhr, B. C. (2004). Enhancement of the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells by reducing incubation time of the target cells. Mutat. Res. 548, 1-7. (Pubitemid 38446875)
    • (2004) Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis , vol.548 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 1-7
    • Zhang, H.1    Borman, H.D.2    Myhr, B.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.