Food for thought... on the real success of 3R approches;Vor- und nachdenkliches... zum wahren erfolg des 3R prinzips

Altex

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 17-32

  Leist, Marcel ^a   Kadereit, Suzanne ^a   Schildknecht, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DRUG QUALITY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SAFETY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TOXICITY TESTING; ANIMAL; ANIMAL RIGHTS; ARTICLE; PUBLISHING; REPRODUCIBILITY; RESEARCH; SAFETY; STANDARD;

ANIMAL RIGHTS; ANIMAL TESTING ALTERNATIVES; ANIMALS; PUBLISHING; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESEARCH; SAFETY;

EID: 48949091622     PISSN: 09467785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. 3R Foundation (2004). http://3r-training.tierversuch.ch/en/module-3r/3r- bologna-declaration/the-3rs.html
2. Akyüz, N., Wiesmüller, L. (2003). Proof of principle: detection of genotoxicity by a fluorescence-based recombination test in mammalian cells. ALTEX 20(2), 77-84.
3. Bahramsoltani, M., Kaessmeyer, S., Plendl, J. (2006). A novel quantitative in vitro model of angiogenesis. ALTEX 23 Suppl., 265-269.
4. Biosecurity New Zealand (2007). http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/ publications/biosecurity-magazine/issue-75/shellfish
5. Bottini, A. A., Amcoff, P. and Hartung, T. (2007). Food for thought ... on globalisation of alternative methods. ALTEX 24, 255-261.
6. Combes, R. (2007). Developing, validating and using test batteries and tiered (hierarchical) testing schemes. ATLA 35, 375-378.
7. Correlate (2007). http://projects-2007. jrc.ec.europa.eu/show.gx?Object. object-id=PROJECTS0000000003008C51
8. Corrositex (2007). http://corrositex.mbresearchlabs.com/
9. DB-Alm, Invittox protocol number 101. http://ecvam-dbalm.jrc.ec.europa. eu/public-view-doc2.cfm?id= 6E7E72104B2DEFD6BE979B3B139176C67180BB0BC12CB10496CDA74B54630A05A3291B895581F634
10. Dewhurst, D. (2006). Computer-based alternatives in higher education - past, present and future. ALTEX 23(3), 197-201. (Pubitemid 44696391)
11. DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W., Grabowski, H. G. (2003). The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J. Health Econ. 22(2), 151-185. (Pubitemid 36279392)
12. Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation (DZF) (2007). http://www.doerenkamp.ch/en/ default.html?id=5
13. EPAA (2006). European Partnership to Promote Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/epaa/conf-2006- presentationvdgraaf-unilever.pdf
14. ESAC (2006). http://ecvam.jrc.it/publication/ESAC24-statement-UTC-step- down-approach-1.pdf
15. EU (2005). Fourth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab-animals/pdf/com- 2005-7-en.pdf
16. EU (2007). Fifth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab-animals/pdf/5th- stat-rep-lab-animals-en.pdf
17. Gruber, F. P., Dewhurst, D. G. (2004). Alternatives to animal experimentation in biomedical education. ALTEX 21 Suppl 1, 33-48. (Pubitemid 40074945)
18. Gruber, F. P., Hartung, T. (2004). Alternatives to animal experimentation in basic research. ALTEX 21 Suppl. 1, 3-31. (Pubitemid 40074944)
19. Guzelian, P. S., Victoroff, M. S., Halmes, N. C. et al. (2005). Evidence-based toxicology: a comprehensive framework for causation. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 24(4), 161-201.
20. Hartung, T. (2001). Three Rs potential in the development and quality control of pharmaceuticals. ALTEX 18 Suppl. 1, 3-13.
21. Hartung, T. (2007). Food for thought on validation. ALTEX 24, 67-73.
22. Hendriksen, C. F. (2006). Towards eliminating the use of animals for regulatory required vaccine quality control. ALTEX 23(3), 187-190. (Pubitemid 44696389)
23. Hoffmann, S., Hartung, T. (2006). Toward an evidence-based toxicology. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 25(9), 497-513. (Pubitemid 44409040)
24. Hoffmann, S., Peterbauer, A., Schindler, S. et al. (2005). International validation of novel pyrogen tests based on human monocytoid cells. J. Immunol. Methods 298, 161-173. (Pubitemid 40545102)
25. Jeram, S., Sintes, J. M., Halder, M. et al. (2005). A strategy to reduce the use of fish in acute ecotoxicity testing of new chemical substances notified in the European Union. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 42(2), 218-224. (Pubitemid 40826567)
26. Kreja, L., Schochat, T., Finking, G. (2003). Development of an in vitro model to study oxidative DNA damage in human coronary artery endothelial cells. ALTEX 20(2), 71-76.
27. Kröber, T. and Guerin, P. (2007). The Tick Blood Meal: From a Living Animal or from a Silicone Membrane? ALTEX (Special issue), 39-41.
28. Kuhlmann, I., Kurth, W. und Ruhdel, I. (1989). [Monoclonal antibodies: in vivo- and in vitro-production in laboratory scale with consideration of the legal aspects of animal protection]. ALTEX 6(2), 12-26.
29. Leist, M. (2006). What can a chair on alternatives to animal experimentation effectuate? ALTEX 23(3), 211-213. (Pubitemid 44696394)
30. Lotharius, J., Falsig, J., van Beek, J. et al. (2005). Progressive degeneration of human mesencephalic neuron-derived cells triggered by dopamine-dependent oxidative stress is dependent on the mixed lineage kinase pathway. J. Neurosci. 25, 6329-6342. (Pubitemid 40962528)
31. Lotti, M., Nicotera, P. (2002). Toxicology: a risky business. Nature 416, 481.
32. Maier, P. und Wick, H. (2007). Editorial. ALTEX 24 (Special issue), 1.
33. Mertens, C. and Rulicke, T. (2007). Welfare assessment and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice. ALTEX 24 (Special issue), 46-48.
34. Montag, T., Spreitzer, I., Löschner, B. et al. (2007). Safety testing of cell-based medicinal products: opportunities for the monocytes activation test for pyrogens. ALTEX 24(2), 81-89. (Pubitemid 46864622)
35. Nagel, R. (2002). DarT: The embryo test with the Zebrafish Danio rerio-a general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology. ALTEX 19 Suppl. 1, 38-48.
36. NRC (2007). Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, National Research Council: Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy (196). The national academies press; http://www.nap.edu/ catalog.php?record-id=11970
37. OECD (2002). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Test No. 429: Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/ content/ oecd/1607310x/2001/00000001/00000004/9742901e
38. OECD (2007). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Test No. 432: In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test. http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=1642044/cl= 21/nw=1/rpsv/ij/oecdjournals/1607310x/vln4/s33/p1
39. Pessina, A., Malerba, I., Gribaldo, L. (2005). Hematotoxicity testing by cell clonogenic assay in drug development and preclinical trials. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11(8), 1055-1065. (Pubitemid 40331306)
40. REACH (2006). REACH legislation under directive (EC) No 1907/2006, http://eurlex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:396:SOM:en:HTML
41. Rosskopf-Streicher, U., Volkers, P., Noeske, K., Werner, E. (2004). Quality assurance of C. perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccines-ELISA versus mouse neutralisation test. ALTEX 21 Suppl. 3, 65-69. (Pubitemid 38979459)
42. Russell, W. M. and Burch, R. L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (328). London: Methuen.
43. Sauer, U. G., Kolar, R., Rusche, B. (2006). The use of transgenic animals in biomedical research in Germany. Part 2: Ethical evaluation of the use of transgenic animals in biomedical research and perspectives for the changeover in research to research animal-free methods. ALTEX 23(1), 3-16.
44. Verbost, P. M., van der Valk, J., Hendriksen, C. F. (2007). Effects of the introduction of in vitro assays on the use of experimental animals in pharmacological research. ATLA 35(2), 223-228. (Pubitemid 46883162)
45. Wendel, A. (2002). Do we need a "Chair of alternative methods", and where? ALTEX 19(2), 64-68.