Strengths and weaknesses of simulated and real patients in the teaching of skills to medical students: A review

Simulation in Healthcare

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 161-169

  Bokken, Lonneke ^a   Rethans, Jan Joost ^b   Scherpbier, Albert J J A ^b   Van Der Vleuten, Cees P M ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Active or passive patient roles; Patient instructors; Real patients; Review; Simulated or standardized patients; Undergraduate medical education

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LEARNING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROLE PLAYING; SIMULATION; SKILL; TEACHER; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; TEACHING;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; HUMANS; PATIENT SIMULATION; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS; ROLE PLAYING; TEACHING;

EID: 58149381626     PISSN: 15592332     EISSN: 1559713X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e318182fc56     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Spencer J, Blackmore D, Heard S, et al. Patient-oriented learning: a review of the role of the patients in the education of medical students. Med Educ 2000;34:851-857.
2. Littlewood S, Ypinazar V, Margolis SA, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, Dornan T. Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: systematic review. BMJ 2005;331:387-391.
3. Dornan T, Littlewood S, Margolis SA, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, Ypinazar V. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education? A BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2006;28:3-18.
4. Dammers J, Spencer J, Thomas M. Using real patients in problembased learning: students' comments on the value of using real, as opposed to paper cases, in a problem-based learning module in general practice. Med Educ 2001;35:27-34.
5. Howe A, Dagley V, Hopayian K, Lillicrap M. Patient contact in the first year of basic medical training-feasible, educational, acceptable? Med Teach 2007;29:237-245.
6. Aspegren K. BEME Guide No. 2: Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine-a review with quality grading of articles. Med Teacher 1999;21:563-570.
7. Schmidt HG, Rikers RM. How expertise develops in medicine: knowledge encapsulation and illness script formation. Med Educ 2007; 41:1133-1139.
8. Janicik RW, Fletcher KE. Teaching at bedside: a new model. Med Teacher 2003;25:127-130.
9. Kroenke K, Omori DM, Landry FM, Lucey CR. Bedside teaching. South Med J 1997;90:1069-1074.
10. Fitzgerald FT. Bedside teaching. West J Med 1993;158:418-420.
11. Cooper D, Beswick W, Whelan G. Intensive bedside teaching of physical examination to medical undergraduates: evaluation including the effect of group size. Med Educ 1983;17:311-315.
12. Hill DA, Lord RS. Complementary value of traditional bedside teaching and structured clinical teaching in introductory surgical studies. Med Educ 1991;25:471-474.
13. Torre DM, Simpson D, Sebastian JL, Elnicki DM. Learning/feedback activities and high-quality teaching: perceptions of third-year medical students during an inpatient rotation. Acad Med 2005;80:950-954.
14. Nair BR, Coughlan JL, Hensley MJ. Student and patient perspectives on bedside teaching. Med Educ 1997;31:341-346.
15. Linfors EW, Neelon FA. The case for bedside rounds. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1230-1233.
16. Simons RJ, Baily RG, Zelis R, Zwillich CW. The physiologic and psychological effects of the bedside presentation. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1273-1275.
17. Lehmann LS, Brancati FL, Chen M, Roter D, Dobs AS. The effect of bedside case presentations on patients' perceptions of their medical care. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1150-1155.
18. Wang-Cheng RM, Barnas GP, Sigmann P, Riendl PA, Young MJ. Bedside case presentation: why patients like them but learners don't. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:284-287.
19. Howe A, Anderson J. Involving patients in medical education. BMJ 2003;327:326-328.
20. Hodgson H. Teaching and the patient. BMJ 1975;1:628.
21. McGraw RC, O'Conner HM. Standardized patients in the early acquisition of clinical skills. Med Educ 1999;33:572-578.
22. Anderson KK, Meyer TC. The use of instructor-patients to teach physical examination techniques. J Med Educ 1978;53:831-836.
23. Stillman PL, Swanson DB. Ensuring the clinical competence of medical school graduates through standardized patients. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1049-1052.
24. Waterbury JT. Refuting patients' obligations to clinical training: a critical analysis of the arguments for an obligation of patients tot participate in the clinical education of medical students. Med Educ 2001;35:286-294.
25. Farquhar D. Reducing reliance in hospitalized patients for undergraduate clinical skills teaching in internal medicine. Acad Med 2000;75:537.
26. LaCombe M. On bedside teaching. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:217-220.
27. Tremonti LP, Biddle WB. Teaching behaviors of residents and faculty members. J Med Educ 1982;57:854-859.
28. Wykurz G, Kelly D. Developing the role of patients as teachers: literature review. BMJ 2002;325:818-821.
29. Frazer NB, Miller RH. Training practical instructors (programmed patients) to teach basic physicial examination. J Med Educ 1977;52: 149-151.
30. Guttman HA, Paris J. Using nonpsychiatric patients to teach medical students about psychiatry. J Med Educ 1978;53:147-149.
31. Stillman PL, Ruggill JS, Rutala PJ, Sabers DL. Patient instructors as teachers and evaluators. J Med Educ 1980;55:186-193.
32. Gall EP, Meredith KE, Stillman PL, et al. The use of trained patient instructors for teaching and assessing rheumatologic care. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:557-563.
33. Lindsley HB, Welch KE, Bonaminio G. Using patients to teach functional assessment of patients with arthritis. Acad Med 1998;73: 583.
34. Hendry GD, Schrieber L, Bryce D. Patients teach students: partners in arthritis education. Med Educ 1999;33:674-677.
35. Plymale MA, Witzke DB, Sloan PA. Cancer survivors as standardized patients: an innovative program integrating cancer survivors into structures clinical reaching. J Cancer Educ 1999;14:67-71.
36. Coletta EM, Murphy JB. Using elderly disabled patients to teach history taking and physical examination. Acad Med 1993;68:901.
37. Kelly D, Wykurz G. Patients as teachers: a new perspective in medical education. Educ Health 1998;11:369-377.
38. Stacy R, Spencer J. Patients as teachers: a qualitative study of patients' views on their role in a community-based undergraduate project. Med Educ 1999;33:688-694.
39. Barrows HS, Abrahamson S. The programmed patients: a technique for appraising student performance in clinical neurology. J Med Educ 1964;39:802-805.
40. Stillman PL, Regan MD, Philbin M, Haley HL. Results of a survey on the use of standardized patients to teach and evaluate clinical skills. Acad Med 1990;65:288-292.
41. Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. Acad Med 1993;68:443-451.
42. Fortin AH, Haeseler FD, Angoff N, et al. Teaching pre-clinical medical students an integrated approach to medical interviewing: half-day workshops using actors. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:704-708.
43. Blake K, Gusella J, Greaven S, Wakefield S. The risks and benefits of being a young female adolescent standardised patient. Med Educ 2006; 40:26-35.
44. Davies M. The way ahead: teaching with simulated patients. Med Teacher 1989;11:315-320.
45. Simek-Downing L, Quirk ME, Letendre AJ. Simulated versus actual patients in teaching medical interviewing. Fam Med 1986;18:358-360.
46. Rethans JJ, Gorter S, Bokken L, Morrison L. Unannounced standardised patients in real practice: a systematic literature review. Med Educ 2007;41:537-549.
47. Bokken L, Van Dalen J, Rethans JJ. Performance-related stress symptoms in simulated patients. Med Educ 2004;38:1089-1094.
48. Bokken L, Van Dalen J, Rethans JJ. The impact of simulation on simulated patients: a focus group study. Med Educ 2006;40:781-786.
49. Fletcher KE, Stern DT, White C, Gruppen LD, Oh MS, Cimmino VM. The physical examination of patients with abdominal pain: the longterm effect of adding standardized patients and small-group feedback to a lecture presentation. Teach Learn Med 2004;16:171-174.
50. Livingstone RA, Moodie PF, Ostrow DN. A follow-up study of patient-instructors who teach the pelvic examination. J Med Educ 1980;55:715-717.
51. Kleinman DE, Hage ML, Hoole AJ, Kowlowitz V. Pelvic examination instruction and experience: a comparison of laywoman-trained and physician-trained students. Acad Med 1996;71:1239-1243.
52. Livingstone RA, Ostrow DN. Professional patient-instructors in the teaching of the pelvic examination. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;132:64-67.
53. Papadakis MA, Croughan-Minihane M, Fromm LJ, Wilkie HA, Ernster VL. A comparison of two methods to teach smoking-cessation techniques to medical students. Acad Med 1997;72:725-727.
54. Sachdeva AK, Wolfson PJ, Gabler Blair P, Gillum DR, Gracely EJ, Friedman M. Impact of a standardized patient intervention to teach breast and abdominal examination skills to third-year medical students at two institutions. Am J Surg 1997;173:320-325.
55. Beckmann CR, Sharf BF, Barzansky BM, Spellacy WN. Student response to gynecologic teaching associates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155:301-306.
56. Johnson GH, Brown TC, Stenchever MA, Gabert HA, Poulson AM, Warenski JC. Teaching pelvic examination to second-year medical students using programmed patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;121: 714-717.
57. Kretzschmar RM. Evolution of the gynecology teaching associate: an education specialist. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;131:367-372.
58. Wånggren K, Pettersson G, Csemiczky G, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Teaching medical students gynaecological examination using professional patients- evaluation of students' skills and feelings. Med Teacher 2005;27:130-135.
59. Plauche WC, Baugniet-Nebrija W. Students' and physicians' evaluations of gynecologic teaching associate program. J Med Educ 1985;60:870-875.
60. Wallis LA, Tardiff K, Deane K. Changes in students' attitudes following a pelvic teaching associate program. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1984;39:46-48.
61. Levenkron JC, Greenland P, Bowley N. Using patient instructors to teach behavioral counseling skills. J Med Educ 1987;62:665-672.
62. Davidson R, Duerson M, Rathe R, Pauly R, Watson RT. Using standardized patients as teachers: a concurrent controlled trial. Acad Med 2001;76:840-843.
63. Carter MB, Wesley G, Larson GM. Didactic lecture versus instructional standardized patients interaction in the surgical clerkship. Am J Surg 2005;189:243-248.
64. Carter MB, Wesley G, Larson GM. Lecture versus standardized patient interaction in the surgical clerkship: a randomized prospective crossover study. Am J Surg 2006;191:262-267.
65. Colletti L, Gruppen L, Barclay M, Stern D. Teaching students to break bad news. Am J Surg 2001;182:20-23.
66. Vannatta JB, Smith KR, Crandall S, Fischer PC, Williams K. Comparison of standardized patients and faculty in teaching medical interviewing. Acad Med 1996;71:1360-1362.
67. Holzman GB, Singleton D, Holmes TF, Maatsch JL. Initial pelvic examination instruction: the effectiveness of three contemporary approaches. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:124-129.
68. Levenkron JC, Greenland P, Bowley N. Teaching risk-factor counseling skills: a comparison of two instructional methods. Am J Prev Med 1990;6(2 suppl):29-34.
69. Nelson LH. Use of professional patients in teaching pelvic examinations. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:630-633.
70. Helfer RE, Black MA, Teitelbaum H. A comparison of pediatric interviewing skills using real and simulated mothers. Pediatrics 1975; 55:397-400.
71. Sanson-Fisher RW, Poole AD. Simulated patients and the assessment of medical students' interpersonal skills. Med Educ 1980;14:249-253.
72. Gilliland WR, Pangaro LN, Downing S, et al. Standardized versus real hospitalized patients to teach history-taking and physical examination skills. Teach Learn Med 2006;18:188-195.