Insect Immune Recognition and Suppression

Insect Immunology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 271,ix-294,ix

  Schmidt, Otto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57749111127     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012373976-6.50013-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. S. Acton, A. Rigotti, K.T. Landschulz, S. Xu, H.H. Hobbs and M. Krieger (1996) Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 271 518-520.
2. S. Asgari and O. Schmidt (2002) A coiled-coil region of an insect immune suppressor protein is involved in binding and uptake by hemocytes. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32 497-504.
3. S. Asgari, M. Hellers and O. Schmidt (1996) Host haemocyte inactivation by an insect parasitoid: Transient expression of a polydnavirus gene. J. Gen. Virol. 77 2653-2662.
4. S. Asgari, O. Schmidt and U. Theopold (1997) A polydnavirus-encoded protein of an endoparasitoid wasp is an immune suppressor. J. Gen. Virol. 78 3061-3070.
5. S. Asgari, U. Theopold, C. Wellby and O. Schmidt (1998) A protein with protective properties against the cellular defense reactions in insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 3690-3695.
6. S. Asgari, G. Zhang and O. Schmidt (2003) Polydnavirus particle proteins with similarities to molecular chaperons, heat shock protein 70 and calreticulin. J. Gen. Virol. 84 1165-1171.
7. M. Ashida and P.T. Brey (1995) Role of the integument in insect defense—Pro-phenol oxidase cascade in the cuticular matrix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 10698-10702.
8. M. Beck and M.R. Strand (2003) RNA interference silences Microplitis demolitor bracovirus genes and implicates glc 1.8 in disruption of adhesion in infected host cells. Virology 314 521-535.
9. N.E. Beckage (1998) Modulation of immune responses to parasitoids by polydnaviruses. Parasitol. 116 S57-S64.
10. A. Bergner, T. Muta, S. Iwanaga, H.G. Beisel, R. Delotto and W. Bode (1997) Horseshoe crab coagulogen is an invertebrate protein with a nerve growth factor-like domain. Biol. Chem. 378 283-287.
11. B. Beutler (2003) Not ‘molecular patterns’ but molecules. Immunity 19 155-156.
12. B. Beutler (2004) Innate immunity: An overview. Mol. Immunol. 40 845-859.
13. G. Bidla, M. Lindgren, U. Theopold and M.S. Dushay (2005) Hemolymph coagulation and phenoloxidase in Drosophila larvae. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 29 669-679.
14. M. Brehelin, J.A. Hoffmann, G. Matz and A. Porte (1975) Encapsulation of implanted foreign bodies by hemocytes in Locusta migratoria and Melolontha melolontha. Cell Tissue Res. 160 283-289.
15. M. Brivio, M. Mastore and M. Moro (2004) The role of Steinernema feltiac body-surface lipids in host-parasite immunological interactions. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 135 111-121.
16. L.E. Canavoso, Z.E. Jouni, K.J. Karnas, J.E. Pennington and M.A. Wells (2001) Fat metabolism in insects. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21 23-46.
17. Y. Carton, A.J. Nappi and M. Poirie (2005) Genetics of anti-parasite resistance in invertebrates. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 29 9-32.
18. V.N. Castro, H.G. Boman and S. Hammarstroem (1987) Isolation and characterisation of a group of isolectins with galactose-/N-acetylgalactosamine specificity from hemolymph of the giant moth Hyalophora cecropia. Insect Biochem. 17 513-523.
19. G.K. Christophides (2002) Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. Science 298 159-165.
20. G.K. Christophides, D. Vlachou and F.C. Kafatos (2004) Comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Immunol. Rev. 198 127-148.
21. V. Clement-Collin, A. Leroy, C. Monteihet and L.P. Aggerbeck (1999) Mimicking lipid-binding-induced conformational changes in the human apolipoprotein E N-terminal receptor binding domain-Effects of low pH and propanol. Eur. J. Biochem. 264 358-368.
22. L.W. Cui and B.A. Webb (1996) Isolation and characterization of a member of the cysteine-rich gene family from Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 77 797-809.
23. D.L. Dahlman, R.L. Rana, E.J. Schepers, T. Schepers, F.A. DiLuna and B.A. Webb (2003) A teratocyte gene from a parasitic wasp that is associated with inhibition of insect growth and development inhibits host protein synthesis. Insect Mol. Biol. 12 527-534.
24. J.L. Dangl and J.M. McDowell (2006) Two modes of pathogen recognition by plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 8575-8576.
25. N.P. Dantuma, M. Potters, M.P.J. De Winther, C.P. Tensen, F.P. Kooiman, J. Bogerd and D.J. Van der Horst (1999) An insect homolog of the vertebrate very low density lipoprotein receptor mediates endocytosis of lipophorins. J. Lip. Res. 40 973-978.
26. P. Dean, U. Potter, E.H. Richards, J.P. Edwards, A.K. Charnley and S.E. Reynolds (2004) Hyperphagocytic haemocytes in Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol. 50 1027-1036.
27. P. Dean, E.H. Richards, J.P. Edwards, S.E. Reynolds and K. Charnley (2004) Microbial infection causes the appearance of hemocytes with extreme spreading ability in monolayers of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 28 689-700.
28. Y. Delotto and R. Delotto (1998) Proteolytic processing of the Drosophila Spaetzle protein by Easter generates a dimeric NGF-like molecule with ventralising activity. Mech. Dev. 72 141-148.
29. H.S.D. Dib, B.A. Webb and M.D. Summers (1993) Structure and evolutionary implications of a ‘cysteine-rich’ Campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 3765-3769.
30. Y. Dong, H.E. Taylor and G. Dimopoulos (2006) AgDscam, a hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-containing receptor of the Anopheles gambiae innate immune system. PLoS Biol. 4 e229.
31. S. Dupas, Y. Carton and M. Poirie (2003) Genetic dimension of the coevolution of virulence-resistance in Drosophila-parasitoid wasp relationships. Heredity 90 84-89.
32. B. Duvic and M. Brehelin (1998) Two major proteins from locust plasma are involved in coagulation and are specifically precipitated by laminarin, a beta-1,3-glucan. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28 959-967.
33. C.T. Esmon (2004) Interactions between the innate immune and blood coagulation systems. Trends Immunol. 25 536-542.
34. E. Espagne, C. Dupuy, E. Huguet, L. Cattolico, B. Provost, N. Martins, M. Poirie, G. Periquet and J.M. Drezen (2004) Genome sequence of a polydnavirus: Insights into symbiotic virus evolution. Science 306 286-289.
35. S. Etienne-Manneville and A. Hall (2002) Rho GTPases in cell biology (review). Nature 420 629-635.
36. B.A. Federici and Y. Bigot (2003) Origin and evolution of polydnaviruses by symbiogenesis of insect DNA viruses in endoparasitic wasps. J. Insect Physiol. 49 419-432.
37. S. Firrao (1994) Cybernetic interpretation of cell immunological defence mechanism. Cybernetica 37 125-134.
38. R. Glatz, O. Schmidt and S. Asgari (2003) Characterization of a novel protein with homology to C-type lectins expressed by the Cotesia rubecula bracovirus in larvae of the lepidopteran host, Pieris rapae. J. Biol. Chem. 278 19743-19750.
39. R. Glatz, H.L.S. Roberts, D. Li, M. Sarjan, U.H. Theopold, S. Asgari and O. Schmidt (2004) Lectin-induced haemocyte inactivation in insects. J. Insect Physiol. 50 955-963.
40. P. Goetz (1986) Encapsulation in arthropods. M. Brehelin (Eds) Immunity in Invertebrates Berlin: Springer Verlag 153-170.
41. E.R. Haine, J. Rolff and M.T. Siva-Jothy (2007) Functional consequences of blood clotting in insects. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 31 456-464.
42. M. Hall, R. Wang, R. van Antwerpen, L. Sottrup-Jensen and K. Soderhall (1999) The crayfish plasma clotting protein: A vitellogenin-related protein responsible for clot formation in crustacean blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1965-1970.
43. S.H. Harwood, A.J. Grosovsky, E.A. Cowles, J.W. Davis and N.E. Beckage (1994) An abundantly expressed hemolymph glycoprotein isolated from newly parasitized Manduca sexta larvae is a polydnavirus gene product. Virology 205 381-392.
44. S.H. Harwood, J.S. McElfresh, A. Nguyen, C.A. Conlan and N.E. Beckage (1998) Production of early expressed parasitism-specific proteins in alternate sphingid hosts of the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 71 271-279.
45. M. Hellers, M. Beck, U. Theopold, M. Kamei and O. Schmidt (1996) Multiple alleles encoding a virus-like particle protein in the ichneumonid endoparasitoid Venturia canescens. Insect Mol. Biol. 5 239-249.
46. A.G. Hise, K. Daehnel, I. Gillette-Ferguson, E. Cho, H.F. McGarry, M.J. Taylor, D.T. Golenbock, K.A. Fitzgerald, J.W. Kazura and E. Pearlman (2007) Innate immune responses to endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus are dependent on TLR2, TLR6, MyD88, and Mal, but not TLR4, TRIF, or TRAM. J. Immunol. 178 1068-1076.
47. M.E. Huigens, R.F. Luck, R.H.G. Klaassen, M.F.P.M. Maas, M.J.T.N. Timmermans and R. Stouthamer (2000) Infectious parthenogenesis. Nature 405 178-179.
48. C.A. Janeway (Ed.) (1989) Approaching the Asymptode? Evolution and Revolution in Immunology Plainview: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
49. C.A. Janeway and R. Medzhitov (2002) Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20 197-216.
50. J.D.G. Jones and J.L. Dangl (2006) The plant immune system. Nature 444 323-329.
51. M.R. Kanost, H. Jiang and X.-Q. Yu (2004) Innate immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta. Immunol. Rev. 198 97-105.
52. A. Kasza, H.H. Petersen, C.W. Heegaard, K. Oka, A. Christensen, A. Dubin, L. Chan and P.A. Andreasen (1997) Specificity of serine proteinase serpin complex binding to very-low-density lipoprotein receptor and alpha(2)-macroglobulin receptor low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 248 270-281.
53. W. Kinuthia, D. Li, O. Schmidt and U. Theopold (1999) Is the surface of endoparasitic wasp eggs and larvae covered by a limited coagulation reaction? J. Insect. Physiol. 45 501-506.
54. J. Klein (1999) Self-nonself discrimination, histoincompatibility, and the concept of immunology. Immunogenetics 50 116-123.
55. A.M. Korayem, M. Fabbri, K. Takahashi, C. Scherfer, M. Lindgren, O. Schmidt, R. Ueda, M.S. Dushay and U. Theopold (2004) A Drosophila salivary gland mucin is also expressed in immune tissues: Evidence for a function in coagulation and the entrapment of bacteria. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33 1297-1304.
56. A.M. Korayem, T. Hauling, C. Lesch, M. Fabbri, M. Lindgren, O. Loseva, O. Schmidt, M.S. Dushay and U. Theopold (2007) Evidence for an immune function of lepidopteran silk proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 352 317-322.
57. E. Kotani, M. Yamakawa, S. Iwamoto, M. Tashiro, H. Mori, M. Sumida, F. Matsubara, K. Taniai, K. Kadono-Okuda, Y. Kato, et al. (1995) Cloning and expression of the gene of hemocytin, an insect humoral lectin which is homologous with the mammalian von Willebrand factor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1260 245-258.
58. A.R. Kraaijeveld and H.C.J. Godfray (1999) Geographic patterns in the evolution of resistance and virulence in Drosophila and its parasitoids. Am. Nat. 153 S61-S74.
59. A.R. Kraaijeveld, J.J.M. Van Alphen and H.C.J. Godfray (1998) The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence. Parasitology 116 S29-S45.
60. M.M. Krem and E.D. Cera (2002) Evolution of enzyme cascades from embryonic development to blood coagulation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 27 67-74.
61. M.D. Lavine and M.R. Strand (2001) Surface characteristics of foreign targets that elicit an encapsulation response by the moth Pseudoplusia includens. J. Insect Physiol. 47 965-974.
62. M.D. Lavine and M.R. Strand (2002) Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32 1295-1309.
63. N.T. Le, S. Asgari, K. Amaya, F.F. Tan and N.E. Beckage (2003) Persistence and expression of Cotesia congregata polydnavirus in host larvae of the tobacco hornworm. Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol. 49 533-543.
64. B. Lemaitre, E. Nicolas, L. Michaut, J.M. Reichhart and J.A. Hoffmann (1996) The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spaetzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86 973-983.
65. B. Li and S.M. Paskewitz (2006) A role for lysozyme in melanization of Sephadex beads in Anopheles gambide. J. Insect Physiol. 52 936-942.
66. D. Li, C. Scherfer, A.M. Korayem, Z. Zhao, O. Schmidt and U. Theopold (2002) Insect hemolymph clotting: Evidence for interaction between the coagulation system and the prophenoloxidase activating cascade. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32 919-928.
67. J. Li (1994) Egg chorion tanning in Aedes aegypti mosquito. Compart. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 109 835-843.
68. E.M. Lord and S.D. Russell (2002) The mechanisms of pollination and fertilization in plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 18 81-105.
69. S. Luckhart and B.A. Webb (1996) Interaction of a wasp ovarian protein and polydnavirus in host immune suppression. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 20 1-21.
70. G. Ma, D. Hay, D. Li, S. Asgari and O. Schmidt (2006) Recognition and inactivation of LPS by lipophorin particles. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 30 619-626.
71. T. Marquardt, R. Shirasaki, S. Ghosh, S.E. Andrews, N. Carter, T. Hunter and S.L. Pfaff (2005) Coexpressed EphA receptors and Ephrin-A ligands mediate opposing actions on growth cone navigation from distinct membrane domains. Cell 121 127-139.
72. M. Meister (2004) Blood cells of Drosophila: Cell lineages and role in host defence. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16 10-15.
73. P. Mellroth, J. Karlsson, J. Hakansson, N. Schultz, W.E. Goldman and H. Steiner (2005) Ligand-induced dimerization of Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition proteins in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 6455-6460.
74. J.E. Murphy-Ullrich (2001) The de-adhesive activity of matricellular proteins: is intermediate cell adhesion an adaptive state? J. Clin. Invest. 107 785-790.
75. E. Mylonakis and A. Aballay (2005) Worms and flies as genetically tractable animal models to study host-pathogen interactions. Infect. Immum. 73 3833-3841.
76. A.J. Nappi and B.M. Christensen (2005) Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: Applications to insect innate immunity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35 443-459.
77. A.J. Nappi, F. Frey and Y. Carton (2005) Drosophila serpin 27A is a likely target for immune suppression of the blood cell-mediated melanotic encapsulation response. J. Insect Physiol. 51 197-205.
78. J.B. Nardi, B. Pilas, C.M. Bee, S. Zhuang, K. Garsha and M.R. Kanost (2006) Neuroglianpositive plasmatocytes of Manduca sexta and the initiation of hemocyte attachment to foreign surfaces. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 30 447-462.
79. M. Niere, M. Dettloff, T. Maier, M. Ziegler and A. Wiesner (2001) Insect immune activation by apolipophorin III is correlated with the lipid-binding properties of this protein. Biochem. 40 11502-11508.
80. D. Panakova, H. Sprong, E. Marois, C. Thiele and S. Eaton (2005) Lipoprotein particles are required for Hedgehog and Wingless signalling. Nature 435 58-65.
81. N.M. Parkinson, C. Conyers, J. Keen, A. MacNicoll, I. Smith, N. Audsley and R. Weaver (2004) Towards a comprehensive view of the primary structure of venom proteins from the parasitoid wasp Pimpla hypochondriaca. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34 565-571.
82. L.L. Pech and M.R. Strand (2000) Plasmatocytes from the moth Pseudoplusia includens induce apoptosis of granular cells. J. Insect Physiol. 46 1565-1573.
83. F. Pennacchio and M.R. Strand (2006) Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51 233-258.
84. M.M. Rahman, G. Ma, H.L.S. Roberts and O. Schmidt (2006) Cell-free immune reactions in insects. J. Insect Physiol. 52 754-762.
85. C. Ribeiro, B. Duvic, P. Oliveira, A. Givaudan, F. Palha, N. Simoes and M. Brehelin (1999) Insect immunity—Effects of factors produced by a nematobacterial complex on immunocompetent cells. J. Insect Physiol. 45 677-685.
86. R.M. Rizki and T.M. Rizki (1990) Microtubule inhibitors block the morphological changes induced in Drosophila blood cells by a parasitoid wasp factor. Experientia 46 311-315.
87. R.M. Rizki and T.M. Rizki (1991) Effects of lamellolysin from a parasitoid wasp on Drosophila blood cells in vitro. J. Exp. Zool. 257 236-244.
88. R.M. Rizki, T.M. Rizki and C.A. Andrews (1975) Drosophila cell fusion induced by wheat germ agglutinin. J. Cell Sci. 18 113-142.
89. T.M. Rizki and R.M. Rizki (1983) Basement membrane polarizes lectin binding sites of Drosophila larval fat body cells. Nature 303 340-342.
90. T.M. Rizki and R.M. Rizki (1992) Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila larvae parasitized by Leptopilina. Dev. Compart. Immunol. 16 103-110.
91. S.L. Rogers, U. Wiedemann, N. Stuurman and R.D. Vale (2003) Molecular requirements for actin-based lamella formation in Drosophila S2 cells. J. Cell Biol. 162 1079-1088.
92. G. Salt (1970) The Cellular Defence Reactions of Insects Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
93. O. Schmidt and A. Schreiber (2006) Integration of cell adhesion reactions—A balance of forces? J. Theoret. Biol. 238 608-615.
94. O. Schmidt and I. Schuchmann-Feddersen (1989) Role of virus-like particles in parasitoid-host interaction of insects. J.R. Harris (Eds) Subcellular Biochemistry New York: Plenum Press 91-119.
95. O. Schmidt and U. Theopold (2004) An extracellular driving force of endocytosis and cell-shape changes (hypothesis). Bioessays 26 1344-1350.
96. O. Schmidt, U. Theopold and M. Strand (2001) Innate immunity and its evasion and suppression by hymenopteran endoparasitoids. Bioessays 23 344-351.
97. O. Schmidt, D. Li, M. Beck, W. Kinuthia, J. Bellati and H.L.S. Roberts (2005) Phenoloxidaselike activites and the function of virus-like particles in ovaries of the parthenogenetic parasitoid Venturia canescens. J. Insect Physiol. 51 117-125.
98. Schmidt, O., Söderhäll, K., Theopold, U., and Faye, I. (invited review). The role of adhesion in arthropod immune recognition Annu Rev. Entomol. 54.
99. K. Soderhall and L. Cerenius (1998) Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10 23-28.
100. K. Stasiak, S. Renault, B.A. Federici and Y. Bigot (2005) Characteristics of pathogenic and mutualistic relationships of ascoviruses in field populations of parasitoid wasps. J. Insect Physiol. 51 103-115.
101. M.R. Strand and L.L. Pech (1995) Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitoid host relationships. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40 31-56.
102. M.R. Strand and L.L. Pech (1995) Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus induces apoptosis of a specific haemocyte morphotype in Pseudoplusia, includens. J. Gen. Virol. 76 283-291.
103. M.R. Strand, R.A. Witherell and D. Trudeau (1997) Two Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus mRNAs expressed in hemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens contain a, common cysteine-rich domain. J. Virol. 71 2146-2156.
104. M.D. Summers and S.D. Dib-Hajj (1995) Polydnavirus facilitated endoparasitoid protection against host immune defenses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 29-36.
105. J.A. Swanson and S.C. Baer (1995) Phagocytosis by zippers and triggers. Trends Cell Biol. 5 89-93.
106. U. Theopold and O. Schmidt (1997) Helix pomatia lectin and annexin V, molecular markers for hemolymph coagulation. J. Insect Physiol. 43 667-674.
107. U. Theopold, C. Dorian and O. Schmidt (2001) Changes in glycosylation during Drosophila development. The influence of ecdysone on hemomucin isoforms. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 31 189-197.
108. U. Theopold, D. Li, M. Fabbri, C. Scherfer and O. Schmidt (2002) The coagulation of insect hemolymph. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 59 363-372.
109. U. Theopold, O. Schmidt, K. Soderhall and M.S. Dushay (2004) Coagulation in arthropods: Defence, wound closure and healing. Trends Immunol. 25 289-294.
110. D.J. Van der Horst (2003) Insect adipokinetic hormones: Release and integration of flight energy metabolism. Compart. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 136 217-226.
111. D. Van Hoof, K.W. Rodenburg and D.J. Van der Horst (2005) Intracellular fate of LDL receptor family members depends on the cooperation between their ligand-binding and EGF domains. J. Cell Sci. 118 1309-1320.
112. A. Vilcinskas, V. Matha and P. Goetz (1997) Inhibition of phagocytic activity of plasmatocytes isolated from Galleria mellonella by entomogenous fungi and their secondary metabolites. J. Insect Physiol. 43 475-483.
113. A. Vilcinskas, V. Matha and P. Goetz (1997) Inhibition of phagocytic activity of plasmatocytes isolated from Galleria mellonella by entomogenous fungi and their secondary metabolites. J. Insect Physiol. 43 475-483.
114. S.B. Vinson (1990) How parasitoids deal with the immune system of their hosts: An overview. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 13(Special Issue), 3-27.
115. F.L. Watson (2005) Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 309 1874-1878.
116. B.A. Webb and L.W. Cui (1998) Relationships between polydnavirus genomes and viral gene expression. J. Insect Physiol. 44 785-793.
117. B.A. Webb and S. Luckhart (1994) Evidence for an early immunosuppressive role for related Campoletis sonorensis venom and ovarian proteins in Heliothis virescens. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 26 147-163.
118. J.B. Whitfield and S. Asgari (2003) Virus or not? Phylogenetics of polydnaviruses and their wasp carriers. J. Insect Physiol. 49 397-405.
119. M.M.A. Whitten, I.F. Tew, B.L. Lee and N.A. Ratcliffe (2004) A novel role for an insect apolipoprotein (apolipophorin III) in eta⋍1,3-glucan pattern recognition and cellular encapsulation reactions. J. Immunol. 172 2177-2185.
120. S.Z. Xu, M. Laccotripe, X.W. Huang, A. Rigotti, V.I. Zannis and M. Krieger (1997) Apolipoproteins of HDL can directly mediate binding to the scavenger receptor SR-BI, an HDL receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake. J. Lip. Res. 38 1289-1298.
121. X.-Q. Yu. and M.R. Kanost (2002) Binding of hemolin to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid: An immunoglobulin superfamily member from insects as a pattern-recognition receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 1827-1834.
122. E. Zchori-Fein, Y. Gottlieb, S.E. Kelly, J.K. Brown, J.M. Wilson, T.L. Karr and M.S. Hunter (2001) A newly discovered bacterium associated with parthenogenesis and a change in host selection behavior in parasitoid wasps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 12555-12560.