Plate tectonics, flood basalts and the evolution of Earth's oceans

Terra Nova

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 419-439

  Korenaga, Jun ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASALT; COOLING; HEAT FLOW; MANTLE CONVECTION; MANTLE PLUME; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; OROGENY; PETROLOGY; PLATE MOTION; PLATE TECTONICS; PROTEROZOIC; SUBDUCTION;

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 56849101310     PISSN: 09544879     EISSN: 13653121     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00843.x     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Abbott, D. and Mooney, W., 1995. The structure and geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Support for the oceanic plateau model of continental growth. Rev. Geophys. Suppl., 33, 231-242.
2. Abe, Y., Ohtani, E., Okuchi, T., Righter, K. and Drake, M., 2000. Water in the early earth. In: The Origin of Earth and Moon (K. Righter and R.M. Canup, eds), pp. 413-433. University of Arizona, Tucson.
3. Albarède, F., 1998. The growth of continental crust. Tectonophysics, 296, 1-14.
4. Allegre, C.J., 1982. Genesis of Archaean komatiites in a wet ultramafic subducted plate. In: Komatiites (N.T. Arndt and E.G. Nisbet, eds), pp. 495-500. George Allen & Unwin, London.
5. Allegre, C.J., Hofmann, A. and O'Nions, K., 1996. The argon constraints on mantle structure. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3555-3557.
6. Anderson, D.L., 1998. The EDGES of the Mantle, in the Core-Mantle Boundary Region, pp. 255-271. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
7. Anderson, D.L., 2005. Large igneous provinces, delamination, and fertile mantle. Elements, 1, 271-275.
8. Araki, T., Enomoto, S., Furuno, K. et al., 2005. Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND. Nature, 436, 499-503.
9. Armstrong, R.L., 1981. Radiogenic isotopes: The case for crustal recycling on a near-steady-state no-continental-growth Earth. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 301, 443-472.
10. Arndt, N., 1999. Why was flood volcanism on submerged continental platforms so common in the Precambrian? Precambrian Res., 97, 155-164.
11. Badro, J., Rueff, J.-P., Vanko, G., Monaco, G., Figuet, G. and Guyot, F., 2004. Electronic transition in perovskite: Possible non-convecting layers in the lower mantle. Science, 305, 383-386.
12. Bennett, V.C., 2003. Compositional evolution of the mantle. In: Treatise on Geochemistry (H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds), Vol. 2, pp. 493-519. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
13. Bercovici, D., 2003. The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205, 107-121.
14. Bercovici, D., Ricard, Y. and Richards, M.A., 2000. The relation between mantle dynamics and plate tectonics: A primer. In: The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions (M.A. Richards, R.G. Gordon, R.D. van der Hilst, ed.), pp. 5-46. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
15. Bickle, M.J., 1986. Implications of melting for stabilisation of the lithosphere and heat loss in the Archean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80, 314-324.
16. Bleeker, W., 2003. The late Archean record: A puzzle in ca. 35 pieces. Lithos, 71, 99-134.
17. Boehler, R., 1996. Melting temperature of the Earth's mantle and core: Earth's thermal structure. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24, 15-40.
18. Buffett, B.A., 2002. Estimates of heat flow in the deep mantle based on the power requirements for the geodynamo. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, Doi 10.1029/2001GL014649.
19. Buffett, B.A., 2003. On the thermal state of Earth's core. Science, 299, 1675-1676.
20. Butler, S.L., Peltier, W.R. and Costin, S.O., 2005. Numerical models of the Earth's thermal history: Effects of inner-core solidification and core potassim. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 152, 22-42.
21. Campbell, I.H., 2003. Constraints on continental growth models from Nb/U ratios in the 3.5Ga Barberton and other Archaean basalt-komatiite suites. Am. J. Sci., 303, 319-351.
22. Campbell, I.H. and Griffiths, R.W., 1990. Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 79-93.
23. Campbell, I.H., Griffiths, R.W. and Hill, R.I., 1989. Melting in an Archean mantle plume: Heads it's basalts, tails it's komatiits. Nature, 339, 697-699.
24. Christensen, U.R., 1985. Thermal evolution models for the Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2995-3007.
25. Coffin, M.F. and Eldholm, O., 1994. Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys., 32, 1-36.
26. Collerson, K.D. and Kamber, B.S., 1999. Evolution of the continents and the atmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb systematics of the depleted mantle. Science, 283, 1519-1522.
27. 40 Ar constraints on recycling continental crust into the mantle. Science, 288, 845-847.
28. Condie, K.C., 1998. Episodic continental growth and supercontinents: A mantle avalanche connection? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163, 97-108.
29. Conrad, C.P. and Hager, B.H., 1999a. Effects of plate bending and fault strength at subduction zones on plate dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,551-17,571.
30. Conrad, C.P. and Hager, B.H., 1999b. The thermal evolution of an earth with strong subduction zones. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3041-3044.
31. Coogan, L.A. and Hinton, R.W., 2006. Do the trace element compositions of detrital zircons require Hadean continental crust? Geology, 34, 633-636.
32. Daly, S.F., 1980. Convection with decaying heat sources: Constant viscosity. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 61, 519-547.
33. Dauphas, N. and Marty, B., 2002. Inference on the nature and the mass of Earth's late veneer from noble metals and gases. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 5129. Doi 10.1029/2001JE001617.
34. Dauphas, N., Robert, F. and Marty, B., 2000. The late asteroidal and cometary bombardment of Earth as recorded in water deuterium to protium ratio. Icarus, 148, 508-512.
35. Davies, G.F., 1980. Thermal histories of convective Earth models and constraints on radiogenic heat production in the earth. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2517-2530.
36. Davies, G.F., 1992. On the emergence of plate tectonics. Geology, 20, 963-966.
37. Davies, G.F., 1993. Cooling the core and mantle by plume and plate flows. Geophys. J. Int., 115, 132-146.
38. Davies, G.F., 2006. Gravitational depltion of the early Earth's upper mantle and the viability of early plate tectonics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 376-382.
39. Davies, G.F., 2007. Mantle regulation of core cooling: A geodynamo without core radioactivity? Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 160, 215-229.
40. DePaolo, D.J., 1980. Crustal growth and mantle evolution: Inferences from models of element transport and Nd and Sr isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1185-1196.
41. Doin, M.-P., Fleitout, L. and Christensen, U., 1997. Mantle convection and stability of depleted and undepleted continental lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2772-2787.
42. Drake, M.J., 2005. Origin of water in the terrestrial planets. Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 40, 519-527.
43. Drake, M.J. and Righter, K., 2002. Determining the composition of the Earth. Nature, 416, 39-44.
44. Durrheim, R.J. and Mooney, W.D., 1991. Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology. Geology, 19, 606-609.
45. Ernst, R.E. and Buchan, K.L., 2003. Recognizing mantle plumes in the geological record. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 31, 469-523.
46. Evans, D.A.D., 2003. True polar wander and supercontinents. Tectonophysics, 362, 303-320.
47. Farnetani, C.G., 1997. Exess temperature of mantle plumes: The role of chemical stratification across D". Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1583-1586.
48. 4 using MgO as an internal pressure standard and its geophysical implications. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02305. Doi 10.1029/2003JB002652.
49. Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Presnell, D.C. and Anderson, D.L., 2005. Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
50. Fyfe, W.S., 1978. The evolution of the earth's crust: Modern plate tectonics to ancient hot spot tectonics? Chem. Geol., 23, 89-114.
51. Galer, S.J.G., 1991. Interrelationships between continental freeboard, tectonics and mantle temperature. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 105, 214-228.
52. Galer, S.J.G. and Mezger, K., 1998. Metamorphism, denudation and sea level in the Archean and cooling of the Earth. Precambrian Res., 92, 389-412.
53. Genda, H. and Ikoma, M., 2008. Origin of the ocean on the Earth: Early evolution of water D/H in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. Icarus, 194, 42-52.
54. Gessmann, C.K. and Wood, B.J., 2002. Potassium in the Earth's core? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 200, 63-78.
55. Grigne, C. and Labrosse, S., 2001. Effects of continents on Earth cooling: Thermal blanketing and depletion in radioactive elements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2707-2710.
56. Grigne, C., Labrosse, S. and Tackley, P.J., 2005. Convective heat transfer as a function of wavelength: Implications for the cooling of the Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03409. Doi 10.1029/2004JB003376.
57. Grimes, C.B., John, B.E., Kelemen, P.B., Mazdab, F.K., Wooden, J.L., Cheadle, M.J., Kanghøj, K. and Schwartz, J.J., 2007. Trace element chemistry of zircons from oceanic crust: A method for distinguishing detrital zircon provenance. Geology, 35, 643-646.
58. Grove, T.L. and Parman, S.W., 2004. Thermal evolution of the Earth as recorded by komatiites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219, 173-187.
59. Gurnis, M., 1989. A reassessment of the heat transport by variable viscosity convection with plates and lids. Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 179-182.
60. Gurnis, M., Hall, C. and Lavier, L., 2004. Evolving force balance during incipient subduction. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 5, Q07. Doi 10.1029/2003GC000681.
61. Halliday, A.N., 2003. The origin and earliest history of the earth. In: Treatise on Geochemistry (H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds), Vol. 1, pp. 509-557, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
62. Harrison, C.G.A., 1999. Constraints on ocean volume change since the Archean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1913-1916.
63. Harrison, T.M., Blichert-Toft, J., Müuller, W., Albarede, F., Holden, P. and Mojzsis, S.J., 2005. Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5Ga. Science, 310, 1947-1950.
64. Hartmann, W.K., Ryder, G., Dones, L. and Grinspoon, D., 2000. The time-dependent intense bombardment of the primordial Earth/Moon system. In: Orign of the Earth and Moon (R.M. Canup and K. Righter, eds), pp. 493-512. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
65. Hawkesworth, C.J. and Kemp, A.I.S., 2006. Evolution of the continental crust. Nature, 443, 811-817.
66. Herzberg, C., 2004. Partial melting below the Ontong Java Plateau. In: Origin and Evolution of the Ontong Java Plateau (G. Fitton, J. Mahoney, P. Wallace and A. Saunders, eds), pp. 179-184. Geological Society of London, London.
67. Herzberg, C., Asimow, P.D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., C.Lesher, M., Fitton, J.G., Cheadle, M.J. and Saunders, A.D., 2007. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: Constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 8, Q02. Doi 10.1029/2006GC001390.
68. 2 O in nominally anhydrous minerals in the upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 167-181.
69. Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D.L., 1996. Water in the oceanic mantle: Implications for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, 93-108.
70. Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D., 2003. Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: A view from the experimentalists. In: Inside the Subduction Factory (J. Eiler, ed.), pp. 83-105. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
71. Hoffman, P.F., 1997. Tectonic genealogy of North America. In: Earth Structure: An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics (B.A. van der Pluijm and S. Marshak, eds), pp. 459-464. McGraw-Hill, New York.
72. Honda, S., Yuen, D.A., Balachandar, S. and Reuteler, D., 1993. Three-dimensional instabilities of mantle convection with multiple phase transitions. Science, 259, 1308-1311.
73. Howard, L.N., 1966. Convection at high Rayleigh number. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Applied Mechanics (H. Gortler, ed.), pp. 1109-1115. Springer-Verlag, New York.
74. Hurley, P.M. and Rand, J.R., 1969. Pre-drift continental nuclei. Science, 164, 1229-1242.
75. Hynes, A., 2001. Freeboard revisited: Continental growth, crustal thickness change and Earth's thermal efficiency. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 185, 161-172.
76. Ito, G. and Mahoney, J.J., 2005. Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle: 2. implications for a chemically nonlayered mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230, 47-63.
77. Ito, E., Harris, D.M. and Anderson, A.T., 1983. Alteration of oceanic crust and geologic cycling of chlorine and water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1613-1624.
78. Jacob, D., Jagoutz, E., Lowry, D., Mattey, D. and Kudrjavtseva, G., 1994. Diamondiferous eclogites from Siberia: Remnants of Archean oceanic crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 5191-5207.
79. Jacobsen, S.B., 1988. Isotopic constraints on crustal growth and recyling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90, 315-329.
80. Jacobsen, S.B. and Wasserburg, G.J., 1979. The mean age of mantle and crustal reservoirs. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7411-7427.
81. Jarrard, R.D., 2003. Subduction fluxes of water, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and potassium. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 4, 8905. Doi 10.1029/2002GC000392.
82. Jaupart, C., Labrosse, S. and Mareschal, J.-C., 2007. Temperatures, heat and energy in the mantle of the Earth. In: Treatise on Geophysics (G. Schubert, ed.), Vol. 7, pp. 253-303. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
83. Jellinek, A.M. and Manga, M., 2002. The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity, spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes. Nature, 418, 760-763.
84. Jochum, K.P., Hofmann, A.W., Ito, E., Seufert, H.M. and White, W.M., 1983. K, U and Th in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and heat production, K/U and K/Rb in the mantle. Nature, 306, 431-436.
85. Jordan, T.H., 1988. Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. J. Petrol. Spec., 11-37.
86. Karato, S., 1986. Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle? Nature, 319, 309-310.
87. Karato, S., 1998. Seismic anisotropy in the deep mantle, boundary layers and the geometry of mantle convection. Pure Appl. Geophys., 151, 565-587.
88. Karato, S. and Wu, P., 1993. Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis. Science, 260, 771-778.
89. Kasting, J.F. and Holm, N.G., 1992. What determines the volume of the oceans? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 109, 507-515.
90. Kasting, J.F., Tazewell Howard, M., Wallmann, K., Veizer, J., Shields, G. and Jaffrés, J., 2006. Paleoclimates, ocean depth, and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 252, 82-93.
91. 4 determined by high P -T in situ X-ray deffractometry. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 136, 11-24.
92. Kellogg, L.H., Hager, B.H. and van der Hilst, R.D., 1999. Compositional stratification in the deep mantle. Science, 283, 1881-1884.
93. Kinny, P.D. and Nutman, A.P., 1996. Zirconology of the Meeberrie gneiss, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: An early Archaean migmatite. Precambrian Res., 78, 165-178.
94. Kinzler, R.J., 1997. Melting of mantle peridotite at pressures approaching the spinel to garnet transition: Application to mid-ocean ridge basalt petrogenesis. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 852-874.
95. Kitajima, K., Maruyama, S., Utsunomiya, S. and Liou, J.G., 2001. Seafloor hydrothermal alteration at an Archaean mid-ocean ridge. J. Metamor. Geol., 19, 583-599.
96. Komiya, T., Maruyama, S., Masuda, T., Nohda, S., Hayashi, M. and Okamotmo, K., 1999. Plate tectonics at 3.8-3.7Ga: Field evidence from the Isua accretionary complex, southern west Greenland. J. Geol., 107, 515-554.
97. Korenaga, J., 2003. Energetics of mantle convection and the fate of fossil heat. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1437. Doi 10.1029/2003GL016982.
98. Korenaga, J., 2004. Mantle mixing and continental breakup magmatism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 463-473.
99. Korenaga, J., 2005a. Firm mantle plumes and the nature of the core-mantle boundary region. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 232, 29-37.
100. Korenaga, J., 2005b. Why did not the Ontong Java Plateau form subaerially? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 385-399.
101. Korenaga, J., 2006. Archean geodynamics and the thermal evolution of Earth. In: Archean Geodynamics and Environments (K. Benn, J.-C. Mareschal and K. Condie, eds), pp. 7-32. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
102. Korenaga, J., 2007a. Eustasy, supercontinental insulation, and the temporal variability of terrestrial heat flux. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257, 350-358.
103. Korenaga, J., 2007b. Thermal cracking and the deep hydration of oceanic lithosphere: A key to the generation of plate tectonics? J. Geophys. Res., 112, B05408. Doi 10.1029/2006JB004502.
104. Korenaga, J., 2008a. Comment on "Intermittent plate tectonics?". Science, 320, 1291a.
105. Korenaga, J., 2008b. Urey ratio and the structure and evolution of Earth's mantle. Rev. Geophys., 46, RG2007. Doi 10.1029/2007RG000241.
106. Korenaga, J. and Jordan, T.H., 2002. On the state of sublithospheric upper mantle beneath a supercontient. Geophys. J. Int., 149, 179-189.
107. Korenaga, J. and Karato, S., 2008. A new analysis of experimental data on olivine rheology. J. Geophys. Res., 113, B02403. Doi 10.1029/2007JB005100.
108. Korenaga, J. and Kelemen, P.B., 1998. Melt migration through the oceanic lower crust: A constraint from melt percolation modeling with finite solid diffusion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 156, 1-11.
109. Korenaga, J. and Kelemen, P.B., 2000. Major element heterogeneity of the mantle source in the North Atlantic igneous province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 251-268.
110. Korenaga, T. and Korenaga, J., 2008. Subsidence of normal oceanic lithosphere, apparent thermal expansivity, and seafloor flattening. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 268, 44-51.
111. Korenaga, J., Kelemen, P.B. and Holbrook, W.S., 2002. Methods for resolving the origin of large igneous provinces from crustal seismology. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2178. Doi 10.1029/2001B001030.
112. Labrosse, S., 2002. Hotspots, mantle plumes and core heat loss. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199, 147-156.
113. Labrosse, S. and Jaupart, C., 2007. Thermal evolution of the Earth: secular changes and fluctuations of plate characteristics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 260, 465-481.
114. Labrosse, S., Poirier, J.-P. and Mouel, J.-L.L., 2001. The age of the inner core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 190, 111-123.
115. Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.M. and Plank, T., 1992. Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges. In: Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. (J. Phipps Morgan, D.K. Blackman and J.M. Sinton, eds), Vol. 71, pp. 183-280. AGU, Washington, DC.
116. 188 Os "core signal"in plume-derived lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 250, 306-317.
117. Lee, K.K.M., Steinle-Neumann, G. and Jeanloz, R., 2004. Ab-initio high-pressure alloying of iron and potassium: Implications for the Earth's core. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11603. Doi 10.1029/2004GL019839.
118. Lenardic, A. and Moresi, L.-N., 1999. Some thoughts on the stability of cratonic lithosphere: Effects of buoyancy and viscosity. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12,747-12,758.
119. Lin, S.-C. and van Keken, P.E., 2005. Multiple volcanic episodes of flood basalts caused by thermochemical mantle plumes. Nature, 436, 250-252.
120. Lin, J., Struzhkin, V., Jacobsen, S., Hu, M., Chow, P., Kung, J., Liu, H., Mao, H. and Hemley, R., 2005. Spin transition of iron in magnesiowüste in the Earth's lower mantle. Nature, 436, 377-380.
121. Lyubetskaya, T. and Korenaga, J., 2007a. Chemical composition of Earth's primitive mantle and its variance, 1, methods and results. J. Geophys. Res., 112, B03211. Doi 10.1029/2005JB004223.
122. Lyubetskaya, T. and Korenaga, J., 2007b. Chemical composition of Earth's primitive mantle and its variance, 2, implications for global geodynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 112, B03212. Doi 10.1029/2005JB004224.
123. Machetel, P. and Weber, P., 1991. Intermittent layered convection in a model with an endothermic phase change at 670km. Nature, 350, 55-57.
124. Marty, B. and Yokochi, R., 2006. Water in the early Earth. Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 62, 421-450.
125. McBirney, A.R., 1993. Igneous Petrology, 2nd edn. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, MA.
126. McDonough, W.F., 2003. Compositional model for the Earth's core. In: Treatise on Geochemistry (H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds), Vol. 2, pp. 547-568. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
127. McDonough, W.F., 2005. Ghosts from within. Nature, 436, 467-468.
128. McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.-s., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol., 120, 223-253.
129. McElhinny, M.W. and Senanayake, W.E., 1980. Paleomagnetic evidence for the existence of the geomagnetic field 3.5Ga ago. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3523-3528.
130. McKenzie, D. and Weiss, N., 1975. Speculations on the thermal and tectonic history of the Earth. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 42, 131-174.
131. McLennan, S.M. and Taylor, R.S., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. J. Geol., 90, 347-361.
132. McNamara, A.K. and van Keken, P.E., 2000. Cooling of the Earth: A parameterized convection study of whole versus layered models. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 1, 2000GC000045.
133. Meisel, T., Walker, R.J. and Morgan, J.W., 1996. The osmium isotopic composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle. Nature, 383, 517-520.
134. Meisel, T., Walker, R.J., Irving, A.J. and Lorand, J.-P., 2001. Osmium isotopic compositions of mantle xenoliths: A global perspective. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 1311-1323.
135. Mojzsis, S.J., Harrison, T.M. and Pidgeon, R.T., 2001. Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300Myr ago. Nature, 409, 178-181.
136. Morbidelli, A., Chambers, J., Lunine, J.I., Petit, J.M., Robert, F., Valsecchi, G.B. and Cyr, K.E., 2000. Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth. Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 35, 1309-1320.
137. Moresi, L. and Solomatov, V., 1998. Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: Thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus. Geophys. J. Int., 133, 669-682.
138. Morgan, W.J., 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature, 230, 42-43.
139. Morgan, J.W., 1986. Ultramafic xenoliths -clues to Earth's late accretional history. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2375-2387.
140. 3. Science, 304, 855-858.
141. Nimmo, F., Price, G.D., Brodholt, J. and Gubbins, D., 2004. The influence of potassium on core and geodynamo evolution. Geophys. J. Int., 156, 363-376.
142. Nisbet, E.G., Arndt, N.T., Bickle, M.J., Cameron, W.E., Chauvel, C., Cheadle, M., Hegner, E., Kyser, T.K., Martin, A., Renner, R. and Roedder, E., 1987. Uniquely fresh 2.7Ga komatiites from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Geology, 15, 1147-1150.
143. Nutman, A.P., 2006. Antiquity of the oceans and continents. Elements, 2, 223-227.
144. Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R.L. and Bennett, V.C., 2002. Evidence for 3650-3600Ma assembly of the northern end of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex, Greenland: Implication for early Archean tectonics. Tectonics, 21, 1005. Doi 10.1029/2000TC001203.
145. O'Hara, M.J., 1975. Is there an icelandic mantle plume? Nature, 253, 708-710.
146. O'Neill, C., Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Torsvik, T.H. and Lee, C.-T., 2007. Episodic Precambrian subduction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 262, 552-562.
147. O'Nions, R.K., Evensen, N.M. and Hamilton, P.J., 1979. Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6091-6101.
148. 3 in Earth's D"layer. Nature, 430, 445-448.
149. Ogawa, M., 2003. Plate-like regime of a numerically modeled thermal convection in a fluid with temperature-, pressure-, and stress-history-dependent viscosity. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2067. Doi 10.1029/2000JB000069.
150. Ohmoto, H., 1996. Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: the Kuroko perspective. Ore Geol. Rev., 10, 135-177.
151. Parman, S.W., 2007. Helium isotopic evidence for episodic mantle melting and crustal growth. Nature, 446, 900-903.
152. Parman, S.W., Dann, J.C., Grove, T.L. and de Wit, M.J., 1997. Emplacement conditions of komatiite magmas from the 3.49Ga Komati Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150, 303-323.
153. Parsons, B., 1982. Causes and consequences of the relation between area and age of the ocean floor. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 289-302.
154. Parsons, B. and McKenzie, D., 1978. Mantle convection and the thermal structure of the plates. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4485-4496.
155. Parsons, B. and Sclater, J.G., 1977. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. J. Geophys. Res., 82, 803-827.
156. Pearson, D.G., 1999. The age of continental roots. Lithos, 48, 171-194.
157. Phipps Morgan, J. and Chen, Y., 1993. The genesis of oceanic crust: Magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6283-6297.
158. Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J. and Johnson, J.R., 1993. Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set. Rev. Geophys., 31, 267-280.
159. Rama Murthy, V., van Westrenen, W. and Fei, Y., 2003. Experimental evidence that potassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetary cores. Nature, 423, 163-165.
160. Regenauer-Lieb, K., Yuen, D.A. and Branlund, J., 2001. The initiation of subduction: Criticality by addition of water? Science, 294, 578-580.
161. Reymer, A. and Schubert, G., 1984. Phanerozoic addition rates to the continental crust and crustal growth. Tectonics, 3, 63-77.
162. Richards, M.A., Duncan, R.A. and Courtillot, V.E., 1989. Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: Plume heads and tails. Science, 246, 103-107.
163. Richards, M.A., Yang, W.-S., Baumgardner, J.R. and Bunge, H.-P., 2001. Role of a low-viscosity zone in stabilizing plate tectonics: implications for comparative terrestrial planetology. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 2, 2000GC000115.
164. Richter, F.M., 1985. Models for the archean thermal regime. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 73, 350-360.
165. Ringwood, A.E. and Green, D.H., 1964. Experimental investigations bearing on the nature of the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Nature, 201, 566-567.
166. Rino, S., Komiya, T., Windley, B.F., Katayama, I., Motoki, A. and Hirata, T., 2004. Major episodic increases of continental crustal growth determined from zircon ages of river sands; implications for mantle overturns in the Early Precambrian. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 146, 369-394.
167. Robert, F., 2003. The D/H ratio in chondrites. Space Sci. Rev., 106, 87-101.
168. Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In: Treatise on Geochemistry (H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds), Vol. 3, pp. 1-64. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
169. Rüpke, L.H., Phipps Morgan, J., Hort, M. and Connolly, J.A.D., 2004. Serpentine and the subduction zone water cycle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 223, 17-34.
170. Ryder, G., 2002. Mass flux in the ancient Earth-Moon system and benign implications for the origin of life on Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 5022. Doi 10.1029/2001JE001583.
171. Saal, A.E., Hauri, E.H., Langmuir, C.H. and Perfit, M.R., 2002. Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle. Nature, 419, 451-455.
172. Salters, V.J.M. and Stracke, A., 2004. Composition of the depleted mantle. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 5, Q05004. Doi 10.1029/2003GC000597.
173. Sandiford, M., Van Kranendonk, M.J. and Bodorkos, S., 2004. Conductive incubation and the origin of dome-and-keel structure in Archean granite-greenstone terrains: A model based on the eastern Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Tectonics, 23, TC1009.
174. Schubert, G. and Reymer, A.P.S., 1985. Continental volume and freeboard through geological time. Nature, 316, 336-339.
175. Schubert, G., Stevenson, D. and Cassen, P., 1980. Whole planet cooling and the radiogenic heat source contents of the earth and moon. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2531-2538.
176. Shirey, S.B., Carlson, R.W., Richardson, S.H., Menzies, A., Gurney, J., Pearson, D.G., Harris, J.W. and Wiechert, U., 2001. Archean emplacement of eclogite components into the lithospheric mantle during formation of the Kaapvaal Craton. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2509-2512.
177. Shirey, S.B., Kamber, B.S., Whitehouse, M.J., Mueller, P.A. and Basu, A.R., 2008. A review of the isotopic evidence for mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archian: Implications for the onset plate tectonic subduction. In: When Did Plate Tectonics Start on Earth? (K.C. Condie and V. Pease, eds), pp. 1-29. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
178. Silver, P.G. and Behn, M.D., 2008. Intermittent plate tectonics? Science, 319, 85-88.
179. Sleep, N.H., 1984. Tapping of magmas from ubiquitous mantle heterogeneities: An alternative to mantle plumes? J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,029-10,041.
180. Sleep, N.H., 2000. Evolution of the mode of convection within terrestrial planets. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,563-17,578.
181. Sleep, N.H., 2007. Plate tectonics through time. In: Treatise on Geophysics (G. Schubert, ed.), Vol. 9, pp. 101-117. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
182. Sleep, N.H. and Windley, B.F., 1982. Archean plate tectonics: constraints and inferences. J. Geol., 90, 363-379.
183. Sleep, N.H. and Zahnle, K., 2001. Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1373-1399.
184. Sleep, N.H., Richards, M.A. and Hager, B.H., 1988. Onset of mantle plumes in the presence of preexisting convection. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7672-7689.
185. Smyth, J.R. and Jacobsen, S.D., 2006. Nominally anhydrous minerals and Earth's deep water cycle. In: Earth's Deep Water Cycle (S. Jacobsen and S. van der Lee), pp. 1-11. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
186. Solheim, L.P. and Peltier, W.R., 1994. Avalanche effects in phase transition modulated thermal convection. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6997-7018.
187. Solomatov, V.S., 1995. Scaling of temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity convection. Phys. Fluids, 7, 266-274.
188. Solomatov, V.S., 1996. Can hotter mantle have a larger viscosity? Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 937-940.
189. Solomatov, V.S., 2001. Grain size-dependent viscosity convection and the thermal evolution of the earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191, 203-212.
190. Solomatov, V., 2007. Magma oceans and primordial mantle differentiation. In: Treatise on Geophysics (G. Schubert, ed.), Vol. 9, pp. 91-119. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
191. Spohn, T. and Breuer, D., 1993. Mantle differentiation through continental growth and recycling and the thermal evolution of the Earth. In: Evolution of the Earth and Planets, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. (E. Takahashi, R. Jeanloz and R. Rudie, eds), pp. 55-71. AGU, Washington, DC.
192. Stacey, F.D., 1981. Cooling of the Earth -a constraint on paleotectonic hypotheses. In: Evolution of the Earth (R.J. O'Connell and W.S. Fyfe, eds), pp. 272-276. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
193. Stein, M. and Hofmann, A.W., 1994. Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature, 372, 63-68.
194. Stein, C.A. and Stein, S., 1992. A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age. Nature, 359, 123-129.
195. Stein, C., Schmalzl, J. and Hansen, U., 2004. The effect of rheological parameters on plate behavior in a self consistent model of mantle convection. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 142, 225-255.
196. Stevenson, D.J., 2003. Styles of mantle convection and their influence on planetary evolution. C. R. Geosci., 335, 99-111.
197. Stevenson, D.J., Spohn, T. and Schubert, G., 1983. Magnetism and thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets. Icarus, 54, 466-489.
198. Tackley, P.J., 2000. Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory. Science, 288, 2002-2007.
199. Tackley, P.J. and Stevenson, D., 1993. A mechanism for spontaneous self-perpetuating volcanism on the terrestorial planets. In: Flow and Creep in the Solar System: Observations, Modeling and Theory (D.B. Stone and S.K. Runcorn, eds), pp. 307-321. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
200. Tarduno, J.A., Cottrel, R.D., Watkeys, M.K. and Bauch, D., 2007. Geomagnetic field strength 3.2 billion years ago recorded by single silicate crystals. Nature, 446, 657-660.
201. Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Boston.
202. van Thienen, P., Vlaar, N.J. and van den Berg, A.P., 2004. Plate tectonics on the terrestrial planets. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 142, 61-74.
203. Tozer, D.C., 1985. Heat transfer and planetary evolution. Geophys. Surv., 7, 213-246.
204. Turcotte, D.L. and Schubert, G., 1982. Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems. John Wiley, New York.
205. Valley, J.W., Lackey, J.S., Clechenko, A.J.C.C.C., Spicuzza, M.J.,
206. Van Kranendonk, M.J., Smithies, R.H., Hickman, A.H. and Champion, D., 2007. Review: Secular tectonic evolution of Archean continental crust: interplay between horizontal and vertical processes in the formation of the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Terra Nova, 19, 1-38.
207. Walter, M.J., 1998. Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. J. Petrol., 39, 29-60.
208. Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1217-1232.
209. White, R.S. and McKenzie, D., 1995. Mantle plumes and flood basalts. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17,543-17,585.
210. Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H. and Graham, C.M., 2001. Evidence from detrial zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature, 409, 175-178.
211. Williams, Q., 1998. The temperature contrast across D". In: The Core-Mantle Boundary Region (M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle and B.A. Buffett, eds), pp. 73-81. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
212. Williams, D.R. and Pan, V., 1992. Internally heated mantle convection and the thermal and degassing history of the Earth. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8937-8950.
213. Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis. Springer, Netherlands.
214. Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Alt, J.C. et al., 2006. Drilling to gabbro in intact ocean crust. Science, 312, 1016-1020.
215. Wise, D.U., 1974. Continental margins, freeboard and the volumes of continents and oceans through time. In: Geology of Continental Margins (C.A. Burk and C.L. Drake, eds), pp. 45-58. Springer, New York.
216. Workman, R.K. and Hart, S.R., 2005. Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 231, 53-72.
217. Yaxley, G.M., 2000. Experimental study of the phase and melting relations of homogeneous basalt + peridotite mixtures and implications for the petrogenesis of flood basalts. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 139, 326-338.