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During partial melting of the mantle, incompatible elements partition preferentially into the melt [A. W. Hofmann, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 297 (1988)].
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note
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For relatively high melt fractions (for example, melt generation at midocean ridges), the bulk distribution coefficients for Th, U, and Nb are very similar. Hence, the ratios between these elements in melt products are similar to those in the source.
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6
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0022927921
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A. W. Hofmann, K. P. Jochum, M. Seufert, W. M. White, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 79, 33 (1986); K. P. Jochum, N. T. Arndt, A. W. Hofmann, ibid 107, 272 (1991).
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A. W. Hofmann, K. P. Jochum, M. Seufert, W. M. White, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 79, 33 (1986); K. P. Jochum, N. T. Arndt, A. W. Hofmann, ibid 107, 272 (1991).
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Jochum, K.P.1
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0344580478
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in press
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204Pb isotope data of other mantle-derived rocks. The standard deviations of most individual datasets are between ∼5 and 10%. This is significantly smaller than the total variation in the ratio over geological time. The means of individual datasets of the same age are in excellent agreement (Table 1). Because we compare relative changes of elemental ratios, our conclusions are not impaired by the slight differences in the bulk distribution coefficients of the three elements.
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Niu, Y.1
Collerson, K.D.2
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0028830453
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The mean Nd isotope mantle extraction age of continental crust is between 2.0 and 2.2 Ga [S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, Rev. Geophys. 33, 241 (1995); S. L. Goldstein, R. K. O'Nions, P. J. Hamilton, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 70, 221 (1984)].
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Taylor, S.R.1
McLennan, S.M.2
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The mean Nd isotope mantle extraction age of continental crust is between 2.0 and 2.2 Ga [S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, Rev. Geophys. 33, 241 (1995); S. L. Goldstein, R. K. O'Nions, P. J. Hamilton, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 70, 221 (1984)].
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Goldstein, S.L.1
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Hamilton, P.J.3
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I. J. Duncan, J. Geodyn. 2, 1 (1985); R. E. Zartman and S. Haines, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1327 (1988); M. T. McCulloch, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 115, 89 (1993).
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I. J. Duncan, J. Geodyn. 2, 1 (1985); R. E. Zartman and S. Haines, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1327 (1988); M. T. McCulloch, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 115, 89 (1993).
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Zartman, R.E.1
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I. J. Duncan, J. Geodyn. 2, 1 (1985); R. E. Zartman and S. Haines, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1327 (1988); M. T. McCulloch, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 115, 89 (1993).
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H. Staudigel, G. R. Davies, S. R. Hart, K. M. Marchant, B. M. Smith, Earth Planet. Sci. lett. 130, 169 (1995).
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0027387628
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Y. Asmerom and S. B. Jacobsen, ibid. 115, 245 (1993); P. S. Andersson, G. J. Wasserburg, J. H. Chen, D. A. Papanastassiou, J. Ingri, ibid. 130, 217 (1995); D. Mathieu, M. Bernat, D. Nahon, ibid. 136, 703 (1995).
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Y. Asmerom and S. B. Jacobsen, ibid. 115, 245 (1993); P. S. Andersson, G. J. Wasserburg, J. H. Chen, D. A. Papanastassiou, J. Ingri, ibid. 130, 217 (1995); D. Mathieu, M. Bernat, D. Nahon, ibid. 136, 703 (1995).
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Andersson, P.S.1
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Y. Asmerom and S. B. Jacobsen, ibid. 115, 245 (1993); P. S. Andersson, G. J. Wasserburg, J. H. Chen, D. A. Papanastassiou, J. Ingri, ibid. 130, 217 (1995); D. Mathieu, M. Bernat, D. Nahon, ibid. 136, 703 (1995).
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R. Stalder, S. F. Foley, G. P. Brey, I. Horn, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1781 (1998); J. M. Brenan, H. F. Shaw, D. L. Phinney, F. J. Ryerson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 327 (1994); J. Ayers, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 132, 390 (1998).
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Brenan, J.M.1
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0000854690
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R. Stalder, S. F. Foley, G. P. Brey, I. Horn, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1781 (1998); J. M. Brenan, H. F. Shaw, D. L. Phinney, F. J. Ryerson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 327 (1994); J. Ayers, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 132, 390 (1998).
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J. D. Kramers, T. F. Nägler, I. N. Tolstikhin, Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 78, 169 (1998); T. F. Nägler and J. D. Kramers, Precambrian Res. 91, 233 (1998).
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Kramers, J.D.2
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0031708931
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Averages of Angozero suite [I. S. Puchtel et al., Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 130, 134 (1998)] quoted in Table 1 omitted samples 89103 and 9112 because of aberrant Th/U ratios.
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(1998)
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.
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Puchtel, I.S.1
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28
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0031848672
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J. Gutzmer and N. J. Beukes, Geology 26, 263 (1998); A. E. Isley, J. Geol. 103, 169 (1995).
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Beukes, N.J.2
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29
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0028883024
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J. Gutzmer and N. J. Beukes, Geology 26, 263 (1998); A. E. Isley, J. Geol. 103, 169 (1995).
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Isley, A.E.1
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30
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0029475617
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-
Average of Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 28 and 29 is from D. G. Pyle, D. M. Christie, J. J. Mahoney, and R. A. Duncan [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 22261 (1995)]. The Th/U data is from old Western Indian Ocean [J. J. Mahoney et al., J. Petrol. 39, 1285 (1998)].
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J. Geophys. Res.
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Pyle, D.G.1
Christie, D.M.2
Mahoney, J.J.3
Duncan, R.A.4
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31
-
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0031696350
-
-
Average of Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 28 and 29 is from D. G. Pyle, D. M. Christie, J. J. Mahoney, and R. A. Duncan [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 22261 (1995)]. The Th/U data is from old Western Indian Ocean [J. J. Mahoney et al., J. Petrol. 39, 1285 (1998)].
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(1998)
J. Petrol.
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, pp. 1285
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Mahoney, J.J.1
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33
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0001418992
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J. D. Keppie and J. Dostal, ibid. 135, 171 (1998). Sample 191A was rejected due to high Th concentration.
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(1998)
Geol. Mag.
, vol.135
, pp. 171
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Keppie, J.D.1
Dostal, J.2
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36
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0028885421
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-
M. Zimmer, A. Kröner, K. P. Jochum, T. Reischmann, W. Todt, Chem. Geol. 123, 29 (1995). Basalt average was calculated without samples GG72, GG184, and GG172, for which U disturbance is inferred; gabbro average was calculated from samples GG77, GG82, GG87, and GG88 (only used for Nb/Th ratios).
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(1995)
Chem. Geol.
, vol.123
, pp. 29
-
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Zimmer, M.1
Kröner, A.2
Jochum, K.P.3
Reischmann, T.4
Todt, W.5
-
38
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0028603081
-
-
The Th/U ratio was calculated from Pb isotope systematics [N. T. Arndt and W. Todt, Chem. Geol. 118, 9 (1994)].
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(1994)
Chem. Geol.
, vol.118
, pp. 9
-
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Arndt, N.T.1
Todt, W.2
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41
-
-
0029537227
-
-
Averages of spinifex textured komatiites for Abitibi and Barberton are from Y. Lahaye et al. [Chem. Geol. 126, 43 (1995)].
-
(1995)
Chem. Geol.
, vol.126
, pp. 43
-
-
Lahaye, Y.1
-
42
-
-
0031394593
-
-
Average of komatiite, spinifex-komatiite, and komatiitic basalt is from J. Fan and R. Kerrich [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 4723 (1997)].
-
(1997)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.61
, pp. 4723
-
-
Fan, J.1
Kerrich, R.2
-
44
-
-
0001203721
-
-
Average of komatiites and basalts is from J. Dostal and W. U. Mueller [J. Geol. 105, 545 (1997)].
-
(1997)
J. Geol.
, vol.105
, pp. 545
-
-
Dostal, J.1
Mueller, W.U.2
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45
-
-
0030733571
-
-
J. A. Ayer and D. W. Davis, Precambrian Res. 81, 155 (1997). Only least-contaminated samples 84-610, 93-22, 89-110, 87-838, and 87-839 from lower Keewatin were used.
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(1997)
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, vol.81
, pp. 155
-
-
Ayer, J.A.1
Davis, D.W.2
-
46
-
-
0031872905
-
-
Average of all komatiites and basalts is from K. Y. Tomlinson et al. [ibid. 89, 59 (1998)]. Sample KYT376 was rejected due to high Th concentration (1.61 ppm).
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(1998)
Precambrian Res.
, vol.89
, pp. 59
-
-
Tomlinson, K.Y.1
-
48
-
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0029751647
-
-
Average of Archean-MORB basalts is from H. Ohta, S. Maruyama, E. Takahashi, Y. Watanabe, and Y. Kato [Lithos 37, 199 (1996)]. Samples CLG-10 and CLG-12.H were exduded.
-
(1996)
Lithos
, vol.37
, pp. 199
-
-
Ohta, H.1
Maruyama, S.2
Takahashi, E.3
Watanabe, Y.4
Kato, Y.5
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49
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0032563759
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B. S. Kamber and S. Moorbath, Chem. Geol. 150, 19 (1998). The Th/U ratio of depleted mantle is derived from least-radiogenic silicate Pb isotope ratios on Earth.
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(1998)
Chem. Geol.
, vol.150
, pp. 19
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Kamber, B.S.1
Moorbath, S.2
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51
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0345442563
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-
note
-
This work could not have been done without the high-quality datasets published by our colleagues. Research on crystal evolution by K.D.C. was supported by NSF and the Australian Research Council. B.S.K. is funded by Swiss National Science Foundation grant 8220-050352.
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