Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: The Kuroko perspective

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 3-6 SPEC. ISS., 1996, Pages 135-177

  Ohmoto, Hiroshi ^a,b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KUROKO TYPE DEPOSIT; MINERALIZATION; VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDE;

EID: 0030479656     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0169-1368(95)00021-6     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Amann, H. Bäcker, H. and Blissenbach, E., 1973. Metalliferous muds of the marine environment. Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, Tex., Preprint (OTCPA4), 1(5): 345-353.
2. Annenhauser, C.R., 1981. The relationship of mineral deposits to early crustal evolution. Econ. Geol., 75th Anniv. Vol.: 42-64.
3. Anderson, P. and Guilbert, J.M., 1979. The Precambrian massive sulfides of Arizona - A district metallogenic epoch and province. In: Papers on Mineral Deposits of Western North America. Nev. Bur. Mines Geol., Rept. 33: 39-48.
4. 3He/heat ratios as an indicator of magmatic/tectonic activity. Nature, 346: 556-558.
5. Barton, P.B., Jr., 1978. Some ore textures involving sphalerite from the Furutobe mine, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Min. Geol., 28: 293-300.
6. Barton, P.B., Jr. and Bethke, P.M., 1987. Chalcopyrite decease in sphalerite: Pathology and epidemiology. Am. Mineral., 72: 451-467.
7. Beaty, D.W. and Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1982. Some petrologic and oxygen isotopic relationships in the Amulet mine, Noranda, Quebec, and their bearing on the origin of Archean massive sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol., 77: 95-108.
8. Bluth, G. and Ohmoto, H., 1986. Sulfur isotope geochemistry of hydrothermal vent sites from the East Pacific Rise at 13°N. Abstr. Progr., Geol. Soc. Am., Ann. Meet., San Antonio, Tex., 611 pp.
9. Burnham, C.W. and Ohmoto, H., 1980. Late-stage processes of felsic magmatism. Soc. Min. Geol. Jpn., Spec. Iss., 8: 1-11.Burnham
10. Cammeron, E.M. and Hattori, K., 1985. The Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario: A geochemical and isotopic study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 2041-2050.
11. Campbell, I.H., McDougall, T.J. and Turner, J.S., 1984. A note on fluid dynamic processes which can influence the deposition of massive sulfides. Econ.Geol., 79: 1905-1913.
12. Casadevall, T. and Ohmoto, H., 1977. Sunnyside mine, Eureka mining district, San Juan County, Colorado: Geochemistry of gold and base metal ore deposition in a volcanic environment. Econ. Geol., 72: 1285-1320.
13. Cathles, L.M., 1983. An analysis of the hydrothermal system responsible for massive sulfide deposits in the Hokuroku Basin of Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 439-487.
14. Cathles, L.M., 1993. A capless 350°C flow zone model to explain megaplumes, salinity variations, and high-temperature veins in ridge axis hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol., 88: 1977-1988.
15. 16O, and mineral chemistry. Econ. Geol., 78: 1144-1203.
16. Craig, H., Welham, J.A., Kim, K., Poreda, R. and Lupton, J.E., 1980. Geochemical studies of 21°N EPR hydrothermal fluids. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 61: 992.
17. Date, J., Watanabe, Y. and Saeki, Y., 1983. Zonal alteration around the Fukazawa Kuroko deposits, Akita Prefecture, Jpn. Econ. Geol., Mon. 5: 365-386.
18. Degens, E.T. and Ross, D.A. (Editors), 1969. Hot brines and recent heavy metal deposits in the Red Sea. Springer Verlag, New York, N.Y., 600 pp.
19. Divi, S.R., Thorpe, R.I. and Franklin, J.M., 1980. Use of discriminant analysis to evaluate compositional control of stratiform massive sulfide deposits in Canada. Can. Geol. Surv., Pap. 79-20: 23 pp.
20. Donnelly, M.E. and Hahn, G.A., 1981. A review of the Precambrian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in central Arizona and the relationship to their depositional environment. In: Relations to Tectonics to Ore Deposits in the Southern Cordillera. Ariz. Geol. Surv. Digest, XIV: 11-21.
21. Drummond, S.E., 1981. Boiling and mixing of hydrothermal fluids: chemical effects on mineral precipitation. Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa.
22. Edmond, J.M., Measures, C., Mangum, B., Sclater, F.R., Collier, R. and Hudson, A., 1979. On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 46: 19-30.
23. Eldridge, C.S., Barton, P.B., Jr. and Ohmoto, H., 1983. Mineral textures and their bearing on formation of the Kuroko orebodies. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 241-281.
24. Eldridge, C.S., 1984. A sulfur isotopic, ore textural, chemical, and experimental study on the formation of the Kuroko deposits, Hokuroku district, Japan. Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa.
25. Evans, W.C., White, L.D. and Rapp, J.B., 1988. Geochemistry of some gases in hydrothermal fluids from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridges. J. Geophys. Res., 93: 15305-15313.
26. Fehn, U., Doe, B.R. and Delevaux, M.H., 1983. The distribution of lead isotopes and the origin of Kuroko ore deposits in the Hokuroku district, Jpn. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 488-506.
27. Francheteau, J., Needham, H.D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T., Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P.J., Normark, W., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H., Cambon, P. and Hékinian., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East pacific Rise. Nature, 277: 523-528.
28. Franklin, J.M., Lydon, J.W. and Sangster, D.F., 1981. Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol., 75th Anniv. Vol.: 485-627.
29. Franklin, J.M. and Thorpe, R.I., 1982. Comparative metallogeny of the Superior, Slave and Churchill Provinces. In: R.W. Hutchinson, C.D. Spence and J.M. Franklin (Editors), Geol. Assoc. Can., Spec. Pap., 25: 3-90.
30. Geer, K.A., 1988. Geochemistry of the stratiform zinc-lead-barite mineralization at the Meggen mine, Federal Republic of Germany. Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University rk, Pa.
31. Goodfellow, W.D. and Franklin, J.M., 1993. Geology, mineralogy, and chemistry of sediment-hosted clastic massive sulfides in shallow cores, middle valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Econ. Geol., 88: 2037-2068.
32. Goodwin, A.M., 1977. Archean volcanism in Superior Province, Canadian Shield. Geol. Assoc. Canada. Spec. Pap., 16: 205-241.
33. Goldfarb, M.S., Converse, D.R., Holland, H.D. and Edmond, J.M., 1983. The genesis of hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise, 21°N. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 184-198.
34. Graham, U.M., Bluth, G. and Ohmoto, H., 1988. Sulfide-sulfate chimneys on the East Pacific Rise, 11° and 13°N latitudes. Part I: mineralogy and paragenesis. Can. Mineral., 26: 487-504.
35. Graham, U.M. and Ohmoto, H., 1994. Experimental study of fomation mechanisms of hydrothermal pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58: 2187-2202.
36. Green, G.R., Ohmoto, H., Date, J. and Takahashi, T., 1983. Whole-rock oxygen isotope distribution in the Fukazawa-Kosak area, Hokuroku district, Japan, and its potential application to mineral exploration. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 395-411.
37. Guber, A.L. and Green, G.R., 1983. Aspects of the sedimento-logic and structural development of the eastern Hokuroku district, Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 71-95.
38. Guber, A.L. and Merrill, S.M., III, 1983. Paleobathymetric significance of the foraminifera from the Hokuroku district. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 55-70.
39. Guilbert, J.M. and Park, C.F., Jr., 1986. The Geology of Ore Deposits. Freeman. New York, N.Y., 985 pp.
40. Gustafson, L.B. and Williams, N., 1981. Sediment-hosted stratiform deposits of copper, lead, and zinc. Econ. Geol., 75th Anniv. Vol.: 139-178.
41. Harley, D.N., 1979. A mineralized Ordovician resugent caldera complex in the Bathurst-New castle mining district, New Brunswick, Canada. Econ. Geol., 74: 786-796.
42. Hashiguchi, H., 1983. Penecontemporaneous deformation of Kuroko ore at the Kosaka mine, Akita, Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 167-183.
43. 2O anomalies in footwall acis lava for delimiting promising areas around the Kosaka and Fukazawa Kuroko deposits, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 387-394.
44. Hattori, K. and Sakai, H., 1979. D/H ratios, origins and evolution of the ore-forming fluids for the Neogene veins and Kuroko deposits of Japan. Econ. Geol., 74: 535-555.
45. Hattori, K. and Muehlenbachs, K., 1980. Marine hydrothermal alteration at a Kuroko ore deposit, Kosaka, Japan. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 74: 285-292.
46. 2S-bearing aqueous solutions at 250-350°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55: 2111-2126.
47. Haymon, R.M. and Kastner, M., 1981. Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: Preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 53: 363-381.
48. Heaton, T.H.E. and Spooner, S.M.F., 1977. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for seawater-hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Troodos, Cyprus. In: Volcanic Processes in Ore Genesis. Inst. Mining Metall. London, pp. 42-57.
49. Holland, H.D., 1978. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Wiley, New York, NY, 351 pp.
50. Holland, H.D. and Malinin, S.D., 1979. The solubility and occurrence of non-ore minerals. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, N.Y., pp. 461-508.
51. Horikoshi, E., 1969. Volcanic activity related to the formation of the Kuroko-type deposits in the Kosaka district, Japan. Mineral. Deposita, 4: 321-345.
52. 18O values from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol., 88: 1526-1541.
53. Hutchinson, R.W., 1973. Volcanogenic sulfide deposits and their metallogenic significance. Econ. Geol., 68: 1223-1246.
54. Ijima, A., 1974. Clay and zeolite zones surrounding Kuroko deposits in the Hokuroku district, northeast Japan. Soc. Min. Geol. Jpn., Spec. Issue 6: 267-290.
55. Ishihara, S. (Editor), 1974. Geology of the Kuroko Deposits. Soc. Min. Geol. Jpn., Spec. Issue 6, 437 pp.
56. Karhu, J. and Epstein, S., 1986. The implication of the oxygen isotope records in coexisting cherts and phosphates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50: 1745-1756.
57. Kennedy, B.M., 1988. Noble gasess in vent water from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52: 1929-1935.
58. Kumita, K., Hashimoto, E., Yamada, M. and Sasaki, M., 1983. The formational environment of the Shakanai ore deposit. Min. Geol., 32: 225-242 (in Japanese).
59. Lambe, R.N. and Rowe, R.G., 1987. Volcanic history, mineralization, and alteration of the Crandon massive sulfide deposit, Wisconsin. Econ. Geol., 82: 1204-1238.
60. Lawrence, J.R. and Gieske, J.M., 1981. Constraints on water transport and alteration in the oceanic crust from the isotopic composition of pre water. J. Geophys. Res., 86: 7924-7934.
61. Lenagh, T., 1985. Areal distribution and strontium contents of anhydrites peripheral to Kuroko massive sulfide deposits in Japan and their implications for hydrothermal fluid circulation. M. Sc. thesis, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa.
62. Li, B. and Manuel, O.K., 1994. A noble gas technique for the identification of mantle and crustal materials and its application to the Kuroko deposits. Geochem. J., 28: 47-69.
63. Lloyd, E.F., Glasby, G.P. and Glover, R.B., 1976. Atlantis II and Danakil Depression brines: a comparison. Geol. Jahrb., D17: 187-196.
64. Melivat, L., Pineau, F. and Javoy, M., 1987. Hydrothermal vent waters at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise: isotopic composition and gas concentration. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 84: 100-108.
65. Meyer, C., 1981. Ore forming processes in geologic history. Econ. Geol., 75th Anniv. Vol.: 6-41.
66. Miller, A.R., Desmore, C.D., Degens, E.T., Hathaway, J.C., Manheim, F.T., McFarlin, P.F., Pocklington, H. and Jokela, A., 1966. Hot brines and recent iron deposits in deeps of the Red Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 30: 341-359.
67. Mizukami, M. and Ohmoto, H., 1983. Controlling mechanisms for the major element chemistry of aqueous solutions in tuff-rich environments. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 559-569.
68. Morton, R.L., Walker, J.S., Hudak, G.J. and Franklin, J.M., 1991. The early development of an Archean submarine caldera complex with emphasis on the Mattabi ash-flow tuff and its relationship to the Mattabi massive sulfide deposit. Econ. Geol., 86: 1002-1011.
69. Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A. and Salem, B.B., 1983. Geologic and grade-tonnage information on volcanic-hosted copper-zinc-lead massive sulfide deposits. USGS Open File Rep., 83-89, 77 pp.
70. Mottl, M.J. and Holland, H.D., 1978. Chemical exchange during hydrothermal alteeration of basalty seawater. I. Experimental results for major and minor components of seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42: 1103-1117.
71. Muehlenbachs, K., 1980. The alteration and aging of the basaltic layer of the seafloor: Oxygen isotopic evidence from DSDP/IPOD legs 51, 52, and 53. Deep Sea Drilling Project, Initial Rep., Vol. 51, 52, 53, Part 2: 1159-1167.
72. 16O, and D/H evidence from the Iberian pyrite belt; Crandon, Wisconsin; and Blue Hill, Maine. Econ. Geol., 81: 53-552.
73. Murowchick, J.B. and Barnes, H.L., 1986. Marcasite precipitation from hydrothermal solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50: 2615-2629.
74. Ohashi, R., 1919. On the origin of the Kuroko of the Kosaka mine. Geol. Soc. Tokyo J., 26: 107-132 (in Japanese).
75. Ohmoto, H., 1978. Submarine calderas: A key to the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits? Min. Geol., 28: 215-217.
76. Ohmoto, H., 1983. Geologic setting of the Kuroko deposits, Japan: Part I. geologic history of the Green Tuff Region. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 9-23.
77. Ohmoto, H., 1985. Thermodynamic and kinetic evaluation of the causes of metal-ratio regularities in low temperature hydrothermal deposits. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr., 17, 614 pp.
78. Ohmoto, H., 1986a. Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. In: J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor, Jr. and J.R. O'Neil (Editors), Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy Vol. 16, Mineral. Soc. Am., pp. 491-560.
79. Ohmoto, H., 1986b. Systematics of metal ratios and sulfur isotopic ratios in low-temperature basemetal deposits. Terra Cognita, 6: 134-135.
80. Ohmoto, H., 1992. Biogeochemistry of sulfur and the mechanisms of sulfide-sulfate mineralization in Archean oceans. In: Schidlowski et al. (Editors), Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources. Springer, Berlin, pp. 378-397.
81. Ohmoto, H. and Felder, R.P., 1987. Bacterial activity in warmer, sulphate-bearing, Archaean oceans. Nature, 328: 244-246.
82. Ohmoto, H. and Goldhaber, M., 1996 Applications of sulfur and carbon isotopes in ore deposit research. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York, N.Y. (in review).
83. Ohmoto, H. and Lasaga, A.C., 1982. Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46: 1727-1745.
84. Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R.O., 1974. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in the Kuroko deposits, Japan. Econ. Geol., 69: 947-953.
85. Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R.O., 1979. Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, N.Y., pp. 509-567.
86. Ohmoto, H. and Skinner, B.J. (Editors), 1983. The Kuroko and related volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5, 604 pp.
87. Ohmoto, H. and Takahashi, T., 1983. Geologic setting of the Kuroko Deposits, Japan. Part III. Submarine calderas and Kuroko genesis. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 39-54.
88. Ohmoto, H., Kajiwara, Y. and Date, J., 1970. The Kuroko ores in Japan: products of seawater? Annu. Meet., Geol. Soc. Am., Milwaukee, Wisc., Abstr. Progr., 640 pp.
89. Ohmoto, H., Mizukami, M. Drummond, S.E., Eldridge, C.S., Pisutha-Arnond, V. and Lenagh, T.C., 1983. Chemical processes of Kuroko formation. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 570-604.
90. Ohmoto, H., Kaiser, C.J. and Geer, K.A., 1991. Systematics of sulphur isotopes in recent marine sediments and ancient sediment-hosted basemetal deposits. In: H.M. Herbert (Editor), Stable Isotopes and Fluid Processes in Mineralisation. Geol. Soc. Aust., Spec. Publ., 13.
91. Ohmoto, H., Kakegawa, T. and Lowe, D.R., 1993. 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: Sulfur isotope evidence. Science, 262: 555-557.
92. Pavelka, A., 1984. Trends in metal ratios as a function of ore type and stratigraphic position in the Kuroko deposits, Japan. M. Sc. thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., 160 pp.
93. Pisutha-Arnond, V. and Ohmoto, H., 1983. Thermal history, and chemical and isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Kuroko massive sulfide deposits in the Hokuroku district of Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 523-558.
94. Pottorf, R.J. and Barnes, H.L., 1983. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and ore genesis of hydrothermal sediments fom the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 198-223.
95. Rimstidt, J.D. and Barnes, H.L., 1980. The kinetics of silica-water reactions. Geochim. Comochim. Acta, 44: 1683-1699.
96. Ripley, E.M. and Ohmoto, H., 1977. Mineralogic, sulfur isotope, and fluid inclusion studies of the stratabound copper deposits of the Raul mine, Peru. Econ. Geol., 72: 1017-1041.
97. Rona, P.A., 1988. Hydrothermal mineralization at ocean ridges. Can. Mineral., 26: 431-466.
98. Rona, P.A. and Scott, S.D., 1993. A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives. Preface. Econ. Geol., 88: 1933-1976.
99. Rose, A.W., Barnes, H.L., Burnhamn C.W. and Ohmoto, H., 1977. Report on workshop on Research Frontiers in Exploration for Non-Renewable Resources. A report to the Division of Advanced Energy and Resources Research and Technology. Natl. Sci. Found., Washongton, D.C., 164 pp.
100. Samieyani, A. and Ohmoto, H., 1996. The 3.5 Ga Kuroko-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit at the Big Stubby Prospect, Western Australia (in prep.).
101. Sangster, D.F., 1968. Relative sulfur isotope abundances of ancient seas and strata-bound sulfide deposits. Geol. Assoc. Can., Proc., 19: 79-86.
102. Sangster, D.F. and Scott, S.D., 1976. Precambrian strata-bound, massive Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide ores of North America. In: K.H. Wolf (Editor), Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ag Deposits. Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, Vol. 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 129-222.
103. Sato, T., 1972. Behaviors of ore-forming solutions in seawater. Min. Geol., 22: 31-42.
104. Sato, T., 1973. A chloride complex model for Kuroko mineralization. Geochem. J., 7: 245-270.
105. Schoonen, M.A. and Barnes, H.L., 1991. Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solutions: II Via FeS precursors below 100°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 55: 1505-1514.
106. Scott, S.D., 1978. Structural control of the Kuroko deposits of the Hokuroku district, Japan. Min. Geol., 28: 301-312.
107. Seccombe, P.K., 1977. Sulphur isotope and trace metal composition of stratiform sulphides as an ore guide in the Canadian Shiled. J. Geophys. Explor., 8: 117-137.
108. Shanks, W.C., III, and Bischoff, J.L., 1980. Geochemistry, sulfur isotope composition, and accumulation rates of the Red Sea geothermal deposits. Econ. Geol., 75: 445-459.
109. 39 Ar laser dating of single crystals of fuchsite. Econ. Geol., 88: 1636-1642.
110. Solomon, M., 1976. "Volcanic" massive sulphide deposits and their host rocks - a review and an explanation. In K.H. Wolf (Editor). Regional Studies and Specific Deposits. Handbook of Strata-bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 21-50.
111. Solomon, M. and Walshe, J.L., 1979. The formation of massive sulfide deposits on the seafloor. Econ. Geol., 74: 797-813.
112. Solomon, M., Walshe, J.L. and Eastoe, C.J., 1987. Experiments on convection and their relevance to the genesis of massive sulfide deposits. Aust. J. Earth Sci., 34: 311-323.
113. Spooner, E.T.C. and Fyfe, W.S., 1973. Sub-sea floor metamorphism, heat and mas transfer. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 42: 287-304.
114. Styrt, M.M., Brackmann, A.J., Holland, H.D., Clark, B.C., Pisutha-Arnond, V., Eldridge, C.S. and Ohmoto, H., 1981. The mineralogy and isotopic composition of sulfur in hydrothermal sulfide/sulfate deposuts on the East Pacific Rise, 21°N latitude. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 53: 282-290.p
115. Tanimura, S., Date, J., Takahashi, T. and Ohmoto, H., 1983. Geologic setting of the Kuroko deposits, Japan. Part II. Stratigraphy and structure of the Hokuroku district. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 24-38.
116. Tsutsumi, T. and Ohmoto, H., 1983. A preliminary oxygen isotope study of tetsusekiei ores associated with Kuroko deposits in the Hokuorku district, Japan. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 433-438.
117. Urabe, T., 1987. Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Min. Geol., 37: 159-176.
118. Urabe, T., Scott, S.D. and Hattori, K., 1983. A comparison of footwall-rock alteration and geothermal systems beneath some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol., Monogr. 5: 345-364.
119. Utada, M., Tokoyo, T. and Aoki, H., 1981. The distribution of alteration zones in the central area of the Hokuroku district, northeastern Japan. Min. Geol., 31: 13-25.
120. Von Damm, K.L., 1990. Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 18: 173-204.
121. Walker, R.R., Matulich, A., Amos, A.C., Watkins, J.J. and Mannard, G.W., 1975. The geology of the Kidd Creek mine. Econ. Geol., 70: 80-89.
122. Wedepohl, K.H. (Editor), 1969. Hand Book of Geochemistry Vol. I, II/2 and II/5. Springer, Berlin.
123. Zierenberg, R.A. and Shanks, W.C., III., 1988. Isotopic studies of epigenetic features in metalliferous sediment, Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Econ. Geol., 26: 737-753.