Predictors of Change in Postmerger Identification During a Merger Process: A Longitudinal Study

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1095-1112

  Gleibs, Ilka H ^a   Mummendey, Amélie ^b   Noack, Peter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^b FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

fairness; in group typicality; multilevel model for change; organizational and social identification; organizational merger

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; ORGANIZATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIALIZATION; STUDENT;

ADULT; CULTURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION; ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIALIZATION; STUDENTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 56349141960     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1095     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Aiken L.S., and West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions (1991), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
2. Amiot C.E., Terry D.J., and Callan V.J. Status, fairness, and social identification during an intergroup merger: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Social Psychology 46 (2007) 557-577
3. Amiot C.E., Terry D., Jimmieson N.L., and Callan V.J. A longitudinal investigation of stress and coping processes during an organizational merger: Implications for job satisfaction and organizational identification. Journal of Management 32 (2006) 552-574
4. Arrow H., Poole M.S., Henry K.B., Wheelan S., and Moreland R.L. Time, change, and development. The temporal perspective on groups. Small Group Research 35 (2004) 73-105
5. Ashforth B.E., and Mael F. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review 14 (1989) 20-39
6. Bartels J., Douwes R., de Jong M., and Pruyn A. Organizational identification during a merger: Determinants of employees' expected identification with the new organization. British Journal of Management 17 (2006) 49-67
7. Becker L.R., Beukes L.D., Botha A., Botha A.C., Botha J.J., Botha M., et al. The impact of university incorporation on college lectures. Higher Education 48 (2004) 153-172
8. Boen F., Vanbeselaere N., Brebels L., Huybens W., and Millet K. Post-merger identification as a function of pre-merger identification, relative representation and pre-merger status. European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007) 380-389
9. Boen F., Vanbeselaere N., and Cool M. Group status as a determinant of organizational identification after a take-over: A social identity perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 9 (2006) 547-560
10. Boen F., Vanbeselaere N., Hollants K., and Feys J. Predictors of pupils' and teachers' identification with a merged school. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35 (2005) 2577-2605
11. Boldry J.G., and Gaertner L. Separating status from power as an antecedent of intergroup perception. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 9 (2006) 377-400
12. Bollen K., and Curran P. Autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) models: A synthesis of two traditions. Sociological Methods & Research 32 (2004) 336-383
13. Branscombe N.R., Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. The context and content of social identity threat. In: Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. (Eds). Social identity: Context, commitment, content (1999), Blackwell, Oxford, England 35-58
14. Brewer M.B. Superordinate goals versus superordinate identity as the bases of intergroup cooperation. In: Capozzo D., and Brown R. (Eds). Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research (2000), Sage, London 117-132
15. Buono A.F., and Bowditch J.L. The human side of mergers and acquisitions: Managing collisions between people, cultures, and organizations (1989), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
16. Cartwright S. Mergers and acquisitions: An update and appraisal. In: Hodgkinson G.P., and Ford J.K. (Eds). International review of industrial and organizational psychology (2005), Wiley, Chichester, England 1-38
17. Cartwright S., and Cooper C.L. The human effects of mergers and acquisitions. In: Cooper C.L., and Rousseau D.M. (Eds). Trends in organizational behaviour (1994), Wiley, New York 47-61
18. Cartwright S., and Cooper C.L. Organizational marriage: "Hard" versus "soft" issues?. Personnel Review 24 (1995) 32-42
19. Cartwright S., and Schoenberg R. Thirty years of mergers and acquisitions research: Recent advances and future opportunities. British Journal of Management 17 (2006) 1-5
20. Chreim S. Influencing organizational identification during a merger: A communication-based perspective. Human Relations 55 (2002) 1117-1137
21. Citera M., and Rentsch J.R. Is there justice in organizational acquisitions? The role of distributive and procedural fairness in corporate acquisitions. In: Cropanzano R. (Ed). Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management (1993), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 211-230
22. Citera M., and Stuhlmacher A.F. A policy-modeling approach to examining fairness judgments in organizational acquisitions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 14 (2001) 309-327
23. Colquitt J., Conlon D., Wesson M., Porter C., and Ng K. Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001) 425-445
24. Condor S. Social identity and time. In: Robinson W.P. (Ed). Social groups and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel (1996), Butterworth, Oxford, England 285-315
25. Cudek R., and Harring J.R. Analysis of nonlinear patterns of change with random coefficient models. Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007) 615-637
26. Curran P.J., Bauer D.J., and Willoughby M.T. Testing and probing interactions in hierarchical linear growth models. In: Bergman C.S., and Boker S.E. (Eds). The Notre Dame series on quantitative methodology. Volume 1: Methodological issues in aging research (2006), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 99-129
27. Doosje B., Ellemers N., and Spears R. Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31 (1995) 410-436
28. Eisenbeiss, K., & Otten, S. (2005). A dynamic perspective on social identification: Predictors and consequences of identification during group formation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
29. Ellemers N. The influence of socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European review of social psychology (1993), Wiley, Chichester, England 27-57
30. Ernst & Young. Handel wider besseren Wissens. Warum viele Transaktionen scheitern, ohne es zu müssen [Act although you know better: Why many transactions fail, although they do not have to] (2006, September). http://www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/Germany/Publikationen__Studien_-_2006 Retrieved December 12, 2006, from the Ernst & Young Web site: http://www.ey.com/GLOBAL/content.nsf/Germany/Publikationen__Studien_-_2006
31. Ethier K.A., and Deaux K. Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 243-251
32. Garcia-Marques L., Santos A.S., and Mackie D.M. Stereotypes: Static abstractions or dynamic knowledge structures?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (2006) 814-831
33. Giessner S.R. Eine Intergruppenperspektive auf Unternehmensfusionen [A intergroup perspective on corporate mergers]. In: Straehle J. (Ed). Interkulturelle mergers & acquisitions: Eine interdisziplinäre perspektive (2003), Verlag Wissenschaft & Praxis, Sternenfels, Germany 168-194
34. Giessner S.R., Viki G.T., Otten S., Terry D.J., and Täuber S. The challenge of merging: Merger patterns, premerger status, and merger support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006) 339-352
35. Gleibs, I. H., Noack, P., & Mummendey, A. (2008). We are still better than them: A longitudinal field study of ingroup favourtism during a merger. Manuscript submitted for publication.
36. Harman G., and Harman K. Institutional merger in higher education: Lessons from international experience. Tertiary Education and Management 9 (2003) 29-44
37. Harman K., and Meek L.V. Introduction to special issue: Merger revisited: International perspectives on mergers in higher education. Higher Education 44 (2002) 1-4
38. Haslam S.A. Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach (2001), Sage, London
39. Haslam S.A., Postmes T., and Ellemers N. More than a metaphor: Organizational identity makes organizational life possible. British Journal of Management 14 (2003) 357-369
40. Haslam S., Powell C., and Turner J. Social identity, self-categorization, and work motivation: Rethinking the contribution of the group to positive and sustainable organisational outcomes. Applied Psychology: An International Review 49 (2000) 319-339
41. Haunschild P.R., Moreland R.L., and Murrell A.J. Sources of resistance to mergers between groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (1994) 1150-1178
42. Helms S., and Key C.H. Are students more than costumers in the classroom?. Quality Progress 27 (1994) 97-99
43. Hoffman K.D., and Kretovics M.A. Students as partial employees: A metaphor for student-institution interaction. Innovative Higher Education 29 (2004) 103-120
44. Hogan E., and Overmyer-Day L. The psychology of mergers and acquisitions. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 9 (1994) 248-281
45. Hogg M.A., and Reid S. Social identity, leadership, and power. In: Lee-Chai A., and Bargh J.A. (Eds). The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives on the causes of corruption (2001), Psychology Press, London 159-180
46. Hogg M.A., and Terry D.J. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review 25 (2000) 121-140
47. Hornsey M.J., van Leeuwen E., and van Santen W. Dragging down and dragging up: How relative group status affects responses to common fate. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practices 7 (2003) 275-288
48. Hox J.J. Multilevel analysis. techniques and application (2002), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
49. Hox J.J., and Stoel R.D. Multilevel and SEM approaches to growth curve modelling. In: Everitt B.S., and Howell D.C. (Eds). Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (2005), Wiley, Chichester, England 1296-1305
50. Jetten J., O'Brien A., and Trindall N. Changing identity: Predicting adjustment to organizational restructure as a function of subgroup and superordinate identification. British Journal of Social Psychology 41 (2002) 281-298
51. Kashima E., Kashima Y., and Hardie E. Self-typicality and group identification: Evidence for their separateness. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 3 (2000) 97-110
52. Klendauer R., Frey D., and Greitemeyer T. Ein psychologisches Rahmenkonzept zur Analyse von Fusions-und Akquisitionsprozessen [A psychological framework for the analysis of merger & acquisition processes]. Psychologische Rundschau 57 (2006) 87-96
53. Levine M. Times, theories and practices in social psychology. Theory and Psychology 13 (2003) 53-72
54. Lipponen J., Olkkonen M.-E., and Moilanen M. Perceived procedural justice and employees' responses to an organizational merger. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 13 (2004) 391-413
55. Mael F., and Ashforth B.E. Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13 (1992) 103-123
56. Malekzadeh A.R., and Nahavandi A. Making mergers work by managing cultures. Journal of Business Strategy 11 (1990) 55-57
57. McGrath J.E., and Tschau F. Temporal matters in social psychology. Examining the role of time in the lives of groups and individuals (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
58. Melewar T., and Harrold J. The role of corporate identity in mergers and acquisition activity. Journal of General Management 26 (2000) 17-31
59. Meyer C.B. Allocation processes in mergers and acquisitions: An organizational justice perspective. British Journal of Management 12 (2001) 47-66
60. Mills M., Bettis P., Miller J.W., and Nolan R. Experience of academic unit reorganization: Organizational identity and identification with organizational change. Review of Higher Education 28 (2005) 597-619
61. Mummendey A., and Wenzel M. Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3 (1999) 158-174
62. Nesselroade J.R., and Baltes P.B. Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development (1979), Academic Press, New York
63. Nezlek J.B. Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 771-785
64. Ouwerkerk J.W., Ellemers N., and de Gilder D. Group commitment and individual effort in experimental and organizational contexts. In: Ellemers N., Spears R., and Doosje B. (Eds). Social identity: Context, commitment, content (1999), Blackwell Science, Oxford, England 184-204
65. Pan B.A., Rowe M.L., Singer J.D., and Snow C.E. Maternal correlates of growth in toddlers' vocabulary production in low-income families. Child Development 76 (2005) 763-782
66. Platow M.J., Wenzel M., and Nolan M. The importance of social identity and self-categorization processes for creating and responding to fairness. In: Haslam S.A., van Knippenberg D., Platow M.J., and Ellemers N. (Eds). Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice (2003), Psychology Press, New York 261-276
67. Plewis I. Explanatory models for relating growth processes. Multivariate Behavioral Research 36 (2001) 207-225
68. Pratt M.G. To be or not to be? Central questions in organizational identification. In: Whetten D.A., and Godfrey P.C. (Eds). Identity in organizations: Building theory through conversations (1998), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 171-201
69. Raudenbush S.W., and Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2002), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
70. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S., and Congdon R. Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling (Version 6) [Computer software] (2004), Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL
71. Reicher S. The context of social identity: Domination, resistance, and change. Political Psychology 25 (2004) 921-945
72. Reid S.A., and Hogg M.A. Uncertainty reduction, self-enhancement, and ingroup identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (2005) 804-817
73. Rousseau D.M. Why workers still identify with organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 19 (1998) 217-233
74. Schnabel, K. (1998). HLM workshop. Unpublished manuscript.
75. Schwartzman R. Are students customers? The metaphorical mismatch between management and education. Education 116 (1995) 215-222
76. Seo M.G., and Hill N.S. Understanding the human side of merger and acquisition: An integrative framework. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 41 (2005) 422-443
77. Singer J.D., and Willet J.B. Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modelling change and event occurrence (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
78. Sirvanci M. Are students the true customers of higher education. Quality Progress 29 (1996) 99-102
79. Snijders T. Analysis of longitudinal data using the hierarchical linear model. Quality and Quantity 30 (1996) 405-426
80. Tajfel H. Experimental studies of intergroup behaviour. In: Jeevew M. (Ed). Survey of psychology, No. 3 (1980), Allen & Unwin, London
81. Tajfel H. Instrumentality, identity and social comparison. In: Tajfel H. (Ed). Social identity and intergroup relations (1982), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 483-506
82. Tajfel H., and Turner J.C. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In: Worchel S., and Austin W.G. (Eds). Psychology of intergroup relations (1986), Nelson-Hall, Chicago 7-24
83. Terry D.J., and Callan V.J. In-group bias in response to an organizational merger. Group Dynamics 2 (1998) 67-81
84. Terry D.J., Callan V.J., and Sartori G. Employee adjustment to an organizational merger: Stress, coping and intergroup differences. Stress Medicine 12 (1996) 105-122
85. Terry D.J., Carey C.J., and Callan V.J. Employee adjustment to an organizational merger: An intergroup perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 267-280
86. Terry D.J., and O'Brien A.T. Status, legitimacy, and ingroup bias in the context of an organizational merger. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 4 (2001) 271-289
87. Tischendorf, K. (2006). Problematische Intergruppen-Beziehungen nach Schulfusionen: Die Rolle relativer Eigengruppen-Prototypikalität in Abhängigkeit der Bewertung der fusionierten Gruppe [Problematic intergroup relations after a school merger: The role of ingroup prototypicality depending on the valence of the superordinate category]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
88. Turner J.C., Hogg M.A., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., and Wetherell M.S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (1987), Blackwell, Oxford, England
89. Tyler T.R., and Blader S.L. The group engagement model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Review 7 (2003) 349-361
90. Tyler T.R., and De Cremer D. Process-based leadership: Fair procedure and reactions to organizational change. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 529-545
91. van Dick R., Ullrich J., and Tissington P.A. Working under a black cloud: How to sustain organizational identification after a merger. British Journal of Management 17 (2006) 69-79
92. van Knippenberg D., van Knippenberg B., Monden L., and de Lima F. Organizational identification after a merger: A social identity perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology 41 (2002) 233-252
93. van Knippenberg D., and van Leeuwen E. Organizational identity after a merger: Sense of continuity as a key to postmerger identification. In: Hogg M.A., and Terry D.J. (Eds). Social identity processes in organizational contexts (2001), Psychology Press, New York 249-265
94. van Knippenberg D., and van Schie E.C.M. Foci and correlates of organizational identification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 73 (2000) 137-147
95. van Leeuwen, E. (2001). Preserving identity when group combine: A study of group-based reactions to mergers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kurt Lewin Instituut, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands.
96. van Leeuwen E., van Knippenberg D., and Ellemers N. Continuing and changing group identities: The effects of merging on social identification and ingroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 679-690
97. van Oudenhoven J.P., and de Boer T. Complimentarity and similarity of partners in international mergers. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17 (1995) 343-356
98. Vossen, I. (2006). Crushing the glass ceiling: Relative group prototypicality and female strategies in discriminating organizational settings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
99. Waldzus S., Mummendey A., Wenzel M., and Weber U. Towards tolerance: Representations of superordinate categories and perceived ingroup prototypicality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 (2003) 31-47
100. Waldzus S., Mummendey A., Wenzel M., and Boettcher F. Of bikers, teachers and Germans: Groups' diverging views about their prototypicality. British Journal of Social Psychology 43 (2004) 385-400
101. Wenzel M., Mummendey A., Weber U., and Waldzus S. The ingroup as pars pro toto: Projection from the ingroup onto the inclusive category as a precursor to social discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 461-473
102. West S.G., Biesanz J.C., and Kwok O.M. Within-subject and longitudinal experiments: Design and analysis issues. In: Sansone C., Morf C.C., and Panter A.T. (Eds). The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology (2004), Sage, London 287-312