The political solidarity model of social change: Dynamics of self-categorization in intergroup power relations

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 330-352

  Subašić, Emina ^a   Reynolds, Katherine J ^a   Turner, John C ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Intergroup relations; Political solidarity; Power; Self categorization; Social change; Social identity; Social influence

Indexed keywords

EID: 54249135374     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1088868308323223     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Abrams, D., Marques, J., Bown, N., & Dougill, M. (2002). Anti-norm and pro-norm deviance in the bank and on the campus: Two experiments on subjective group dynamics. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 5 (2). 163-182.
2. Abrams, D., Marques, J.M., Bown, N., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (5). 906-912.
3. Abrams, D., Randsley de Moura, G., Hutchison, P., & Viki, G.T. (2005). When bad becomes good (and vice versa): Why social exclusion is not based on difference. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 161-189). New York: Psychology Press.
4. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday.
5. Augoustinos, M., & LeCouteur, A. (2004). On whether to apologise to Indigenous Australians: The denial of White guilt. In N. R. Branscombe & B. J. Doosje (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 552-609). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6. Bastholm-Jensen, M., & Jensen, S.L.B. (2003). Introduction. In M. Bastholm-Jensen & S. L.B. Jensen (Eds.), Denmark and the Holocaust (pp. 7-13). Copenhagen: Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
7. Batson, C.D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65-122). New York: Academic Press.
8. Batson, C.D. (1991). The altruism question: Towards a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Batson, C.D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behaviour. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & C. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 282-316). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
10. Batson, C.D., & Shaw, L.L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: Towards a pluralism of prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 107-122.
11. Bettencourt, B., Charlton, K., Dorr, N., & Hume, D.L. (2001). Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psychological Bulletin, 127 (4). 520-542.
12. Billig, M. (1976). Social psychology and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
13. Branscombe, N.R., Schmitt, M.T., & Harvey, R.D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149.
14. Brewer, M.B. (1996). When contact is not enough: Social identity and intergroup cooperation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20 (3-4). 291-303.
15. Brewer, M.B. (2000). Superordinate goals versus superordinate identity as bases of intergroup cooperation. In D. Capozza & R. Brown (Eds.), Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research (pp. 117-132). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Brewer, M.B., & Pierce, K.P. (2005). Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (3). 423-437.
17. Brewer, M.B., & Silver, M.D. (2000). Group distinctiveness, social identification, and collective mobilization. In S. Stryker, T. J. Owens, & R. W. White (Eds.), Self, identity, and social movements (pp. 153-171). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
18. Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 256-343.
19. Brown, R., Vivian, J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Changing attitudes through intergroup contact: The effects of group membership salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (5-6). 741-764.
20. Brown, W.O. (1939). Race prejudice as a factor in the status of the American Negro. Journal of Negro Education, 8 (3). 349-358.
21. Caddick, B. (1982). Perceived illegitimacy and intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 137-154). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Darley, J.M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
23. David, B., & Turner, J.C. (1999). Studies in self-categorisation and minority conversion: The in-group minority in intragroup and intergroup contexts. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 115-134.
24. David, B., & Turner, J.C. (2001 a). Majority and minority influence: A single process self-categorization analysis. In C.K.W. De Dreu & N. K. De Vries (Eds.), Group consensus and minority influence: Implications for innovation (pp. 91-121). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
25. David, B., & Turner, J.C. (2001 b). Self-categorization principles underlying majority and minority influence. In J. P. Forgas & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Social influence: Direct and indirect processes (pp. 293-313). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
26. De Cremer, D., Tyler, T.R., & den Ouden, N. (2005). Managing cooperation via procedural fairness: The mediating influence of self-other merging. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26 (3). 393-406.
27. Doosje, B.J., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1999). Commitment and intergroup behaviour. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. J. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 84-106). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
28. Doosje, B.J., Spears, R., & Ellemers, N. (2002). Social identity as both cause and effect: The development of group identification in response to anticipated and actual changes in the intergroup status hierarchy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41 (1). 57-76.
29. Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., & Saguy, T. (2008). Another view of "we": Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 296-330.
30. Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., Validzic, A., Matoka, K., Johnson, B., & Frazier, S. (1997). Extending the benefits of recategorization: Evaluations, self-disclosure, and helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 401-420.
31. Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S.L. (2000). Reducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 137-163). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (1999). The intergroup dynamics of collective empowerment: Substantiating the social identity model of crowd behavior. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2 (4). 381-402.
33. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change: The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39 (4). 579-604.
34. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2005). Explaining enduring empowerment: A comparative study of collective action and psychological outcomes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35 (1). 35-58.
35. Drury, J., Reicher, S., & Stott, C. (2003). Transforming the boundaries of collective identity: From the "local" anti-road campaign to "global" resistance ? Social Movement Studies, 2 (2). 191-212.
36. Duckitt, J. (1992). Patterns of prejudice: Group interests and intergroup attitudes. South African Journal of Psychology, 22 (3). 147-156.
37. Duckitt, J. (2001). Reducing prejudice: An historical and multi-level approach. In K. J. Reynolds & M. Augoustinos (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism and social conflict (pp. 253-272). London: Sage.
38. Durkheim, E. (1984). The division of labour in society (W. D. Halls, Trans.). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1893 )
39. Eggins, R.A., Haslam, S., & Reynolds, K.J. (2002). Social identity and negotiation: Subgroup representation and superordinate consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28 (7). 887-899.
40. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72 (3). 617-626.
41. Ellemers, N., Van Rijswijk, W., Bruins, J., & de Gilder, D. (1998). Group commitment as a moderator of attributional and behavioural responses to power use. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 555-573.
42. Ellemers, N., Wilke, H., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1993). Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64 (5). 766-778.
43. Espinoza, J.A., & Garza, R.T. (1985). Social group salience and interethnic cooperation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21 (4). 380-392.
44. Fiske, A.P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing. New York: Free Press.
45. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Anastasio, P.A., Bachman, B.A., & Rust, M.C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Re-categorisation and the reduction of intergroup bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 3-24.
46. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Banker, B.S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K.M., & McGlynn, E.A. (2000). Reducing intergroup conflict: From superordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4 (1). 98-114.
47. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Rust, M.C., Nier, J.A., Banker, B.S., Ward, C.M., et al. (1999). Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (3). 388-402.
48. Gamson, W.A. (1992 a). Talking politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
49. Gamson, W.A. (1992 b). The social psychology of collective action. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory (pp. 53-76). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
50. Giugni, M., & Passy, F. (2001). Political altruism? Solidarity movements in international perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
51. Haslam, S.A. (2004). Psychology in organisations: The social identity approach (2 nd ed.). London: Sage.
52. Haslam, S.A., Eggins, R.A., & Reynolds, K.J. (2003). The ASPIRe model: Actualizing social and personal identity resources to enhance organizational outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76 (1). 83-113.
53. Haslam, S.A., McGarty, C.A., Brown, P.M., Eggins, R.A., Morrison, B.E., & Reynolds, K.J. (1998). Inspecting the emperor's clothes: Evidence that randomly-selected leaders can enhance group performance. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 2, 168-184.
54. Haslam, S.A., & Platow, M.J. (2001). The link between leadership and followership: How affirming social identity translates vision into action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (11). 1469-1479.
55. Hornsey, M.J., & Hogg, M.A. (2000 a). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4 (2). 143-156.
56. Hornsey, M.J., & Hogg, M.A. (2000 b). Intergroup similarity and subgroup relations: Some implications for assimilation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 (8). 948-958.
57. Hornsey, M.J., & Hogg, M.A. (2000 c). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 (2). 242-256.
58. Iyer, A., Leach, C.W., & Crosby, F.J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (1). 242-256.
59. Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33 (4). 572-287.
60. Jones, J.M. (1972). Prejudice and racism. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
61. Jones, J.M. (1998). Prejudice and racism (2 nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
62. Jost, J.T., Banaji, M.R., & Nosek, B.A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25 (6). 881-919.
63. Jost, J.T., Burgess, D., & Mosso, C.O. (2001). Conflicts of legitimation among self, group, and system: The integrative potential of system justification theory. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 363-388). New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Kelly, C., & Breinlinger, S. (1996). The social psychology of collective action: Identity, injustice and gender. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
65. Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
66. Klandermans, B. (2000). Identity and protest: How group identification helps to overcome collective action dilemmas. In M. Van Vugt & M. Snyder (Eds.), Cooperation in modern society: Promoting the welfare of communities, states and organizations (pp. 162-183). New York: Routledge.
67. Klandermans, B., & de Weerd, M. (2000). Group identification and political protest. In S. Stryker & T. J. Owens (Eds.), Self, identity, and social movements (pp. 68-90). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
68. Koopmans, R. (2001). Better off by doing good: Why antiracism must mean different things to different groups. In M. Guigni & F. Passy (Eds.), Political altruism? Solidarity movements in international perspective (pp. 111-132). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
69. Latane, B., & Darley, J.M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
70. Latane, B., Nida, S.A., & Wilson, D.W. (1981). The effects of group size on helping behaviour. In J. P. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behaviour: Social, personality and development perspectives (pp. 287-313). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
71. Leach, C.W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2006). Anger and guilt about ingroup advantage explain the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (9). 1232-1245.
72. Leach, C.W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2007). Angry opposition to government redress: When the structurally advantaged perceive themselves as relatively deprived. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46 (1). 191-204.
73. Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (4). 443-453.
74. Levine, M., & Thompson, K. (2004). Identity, place, and bystander intervention: Social categories and helping after natural disasters. Journal of Social Psychology, 144 (3). 229-245.
75. Louis, W.R., & Taylor, D.M. (1999). From passive acceptance to social disruption: Towards an understanding of behavioural responses to discrimination. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31 (1). 19-28.
76. McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001). Dynamics of contention. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
77. McGarty, C.A., Pedersen, A., Leach, C.W., Mansell, T., Waller, J., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2005). Group-based guilt as a predictor of commitment to apology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44 (4). 659-680.
78. Mogensen, M. (2003). October 1943-The rescue of the Danish Jews. In M. Bastholm-Jensen & S. L.B. Jensen (Eds.), Denmark and the Holocaust (pp. 33-61). Copenhagen: Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
79. Moghaddam, F.M., & Perreault, S. (1992). Individual and collective mobility strategies among minority group members. Journal of Social Psychology, 132 (3). 343-357.
80. Monroe, K.R. (1996). The heart of altruism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
81. Monroe, K.R. (2003). How identity and perspective constrain moral choice. International Political Science Review, 24 (4). 405-425.
82. Moscovici, S. (1976). Social influence and social change. London: Academic Press.
83. Mugny, G. (1982). The power of minorities. London: Academic Press.
84. Mugny, G., Kaiser, C., Papastamous, S., & Perez, J.A. (1984). Intergroup relations, identification and social influence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 317-322.
85. Mugny, G., & Papastamou, S. (1982). Minority influence and psycho-social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 12 (4). 379-394.
86. Mugny, G., & Perez, J.A. (1991). The social psychology of minority influence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
87. Mummendey, A., Klink, A., Mielke, R., Wenzel, M., & Blanz, M. (1999). Socio-structural characteristics of intergroup relations and identity management strategies: Results from a field study in East Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (2-3). 259-285.
88. Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3 (2). 158-174.
89. Nadler, A. (2002). Inter-group helping relations as power relations: Maintaining or challenging social dominance between groups through helping. Journal of Social Issues, 58 (3). 487-502.
90. Nixon, R.M. (1969, November 3). Address to the nation on the war in Vietnam. Retrieved August 6, 2008, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/ 37_nixon/psources/ps_vietnam.html
91. Oliner, S.P., & Oliner, P.M. (1992). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
92. Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
93. Onorato, R.S., & Turner, J.C. (2004). Fluidity in the self-concept: The shift from personal to social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 347-278.
94. Packer, D.J. (2008). On being both with us and against us: A normative conflict model of dissent in social groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12 (1). 50-72.
95. Passy, F. (2001). Political altruism and the solidarity movement: An introduction. In M. Giugni & F. Passy (Eds.), Political altruism? Solidarity movements in international perspective (pp. 3-26). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
96. Postmes, T., & Jetten, J. (2006). Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
97. Reicher, S. (1996 a). " The Battle of Westminster": Developing the social identity model of crowd behaviour in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26 (1). 115-134.
98. Reicher, S. (1996 b). " The Crowd" century: Reconciling practical success with theoretical failure. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35 (4). 535-553.
99. Reicher, S. (2000). Putting social categories into practice: A defence and an extension of the social identity tradition. Paper presented at the 23rd annual scientific meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Seattle.
100. Reicher, S. (2001). The psychology of crowd dynamics. In M. A. Hogg & R. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 175-197). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
101. Reicher, S. (2004). The context of social identity: Domination, resistance, and change. Political Psychology, 25, 921-945.
102. Reicher, S., Cassidy, C., Wolpert, I., Hopkins, N., & Levine, M. (2006). Saving Bulgaria's Jews: An analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36 (1). 49-72.
103. Reicher, S., & Haslam, S.A. (2006). On the agency of individuals and groups: Lessons from the BBC Prison Study. In T. Postmes & J. Jetten (Eds.), Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity (pp. 237-257). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
104. Reicher, S., Haslam, S., & Hopkins, N. (2005). Social identity and the dynamics of leadership: Leaders and followers as collaborative agents in the transformation of social reality. Leadership Quarterly, 16 (4). 547-568.
105. Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (1996 a). Seeking influence through characterizing self-categories: An analysis of anti-abortionist rhetoric. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35 (2). 297-311.
106. Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (1996 b). Self-category constructions in political rhetoric: An analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches concerning the British miners' strike (1984-5). European Journal of Social Psychology, 26 (3). 353-371.
107. Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Psychology and the end of history: A critique and a proposal for the psychology of social categorization. Political Psychology, 22 (2). 383-407.
108. Reynolds, K.J., Oakes, P.J., Haslam, S.A., Nolan, M.A., & Dolnik, L. (2000). Responses to powerlessness: Stereotyping as an instrument of social conflict. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4, 275-290.
109. Reynolds, K.J., Oakes, P.J., Haslam, S.A., Turner, J.C., & Ryan, M.K. (2004). Social identity as the basis of group entitativity: Elaborating the case for the "science of social groups per se." In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. E. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 317-333). New York: Psychology Press.
110. Reynolds, K.J., & Turner, J.C. (2006). Individuality and the prejudiced personality. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 233-270.
111. Reynolds, K.J., Turner, J.C., & Haslam, S.A. (2003). Social identity and self-categorization theories' contribution to understanding identification, salience and diversity in teams and organizations. In J. T. Polzer (Ed.), Identity issues in groups (Vol. 5, pp. 279-304). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
112. Rudd, K. (2008). Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples. Retrieved February 13, 2008, from http://www.aph.gov.au/house/Rudd_Speech.pdf
113. Sidanius, J., Levin, P.F., Rabinowitz, J.L., & Federico, C.M. (1999). Peering into the jaws of the beast: The integrative dynamics of social identity, symbolic racism, and social dominance. In D. A. Prentice & D. T. Miller (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 80-131). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
114. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. M. Sniderman, P. E. Tetlock, & E. G. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics and the American dilemma (pp. 173-211). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
115. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
116. Simon, B. (1998). Individuals, groups, and social change: On the relationship between individual and collective self-interpretations and collective action. In C. Sedikides & J. Schopler (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 257-282). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
117. Simon, B. (2004). Identity in modern society. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
118. Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56 (4). 319-331.
119. Simon, B., Loewy, M., Strmer, S., Weber, U., Freytag, P., Habig, C., et al. (1998). Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (3). 646-658.
120. Simon, B., & Oakes, P.J. (2006). Beyond dependence: An identity approach to social power and domination. Human Relations, 59 (1). 105-139.
121. Simon, B., & Strmer, S. (2003). Respect for group members: Intragroup determinants of collective identification and group-serving behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (2). 183-193.
122. Smith, E.R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Towards new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. Mackie & D. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
123. Smith, E.R. (1999). Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and the self-concept. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 183-196). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
124. Smith, E.R., & Ho, C. (2002). Prejudice as intergroup emotions: Integrating relative deprivation and social comparison explanations of prejudice. In I. Walker & H. J. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration (pp. 332-348). New York: Cambridge University Press.
125. Stott, C., & Drury, J. (2000). Crowds, context and identity: Dynamic categorization processes in the "poll tax riot." Human Relations, 53 (2). 247-273.
126. Stott, C., Hutchison, P., & Drury, J. (2001). " Hooligans" abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective "disorder" at the 1998 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (3). 359-384.
127. Stott, C., & Reicher, S. (1998). Crowd action as intergroup process: Introducing the police perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28 (4). 509-529.
128. Strmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., & Siem, B. (2006). Empathy-motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (7). 943-956.
129. Strmer, S., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A.M. (2005). Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (3). 532-546.
130. Subai, E. (2008). Political solidarity as a social change process: Dynamics of self-categorization in intergroup power relations. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Australian National University.
131. Subai, E., & Reynolds, K.J. (in press). Beyond "practical" reconciliation: Intergroup inequality and the meaning of non-Indigenous identity. Political Psychology.
132. Subai, E., Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2008). Creating a minority to create a shared identity: Dynamics of inclusion/exclusion and subordinate support for legitimate authorities. Manuscript in preparation.
133. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13 (2). 65-93.
134. Tajfel, H. (1975). The exit of social mobility and the voice of social change: Notes on the social psychology of intergroup relations. Social Science Information, 14 (2). 101-118.
135. Tajfel, H. (1978 a). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
136. Tajfel, H. (1978 b). Intergroup behaviour: II. Group perspectives. In H. Tajfel & C. Fraser (Eds.), Introducing social psychology: An analysis of individual reaction and response (pp. 423-446). New York: Penguin.
137. Tajfel, H. (1978 c). Social psychology of minorities. London: Minority Rights Group.
138. Tajfel, H. (1978 d). The achievement of group differentiation. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 77-98). London: Academic Press.
139. Tajfel, H. (1979). Individuals and groups in social psychology. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18 (2). 183-190.
140. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
141. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
142. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
143. Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
144. Turner, J.C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 15-40). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
145. Turner, J.C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 2, pp. 77-122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
146. Turner, J.C. (2005). Explaining the nature of power: A three-process theory. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35 (1). 1-22.
147. Turner, J.C. (2006). Tyranny, freedom and social structure: Escaping our theoretical prisons. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 45, 41-46.
148. Turner, J.C., & Haslam, S.A. (2001). Social identity, organizations and leadership. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research (pp. 25-65). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
149. Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D., & Wetherell, M.S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
150. Turner, J.C., & Oakes, P.J. (1986). The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 237-252.
151. Turner, J.C., Oakes, P.J., Haslam, S.A., & McGarty, C.A. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20 (5). 454-463.
152. Turner, J.C., & Onorato, R.S. (1999). Social identity, personality and the self-concept: A self-categorization perspective. In T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 11-46). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
153. Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2001). The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes, and controversies. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (Vol. 4, pp. 133-152). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
154. Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2002). From the inevitability of prejudice to the origins of social change: The emergence of perceived illegitimacy in intergroup relations. Unpublished Large ARC Grant Application, The Australian National University.
155. Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2003). Why social dominance theory has been falsified. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42 (2). 199-206.
156. Turner, J.C., Reynolds, K.J., Haslam, S.A., & Veenstra, K.E. (2006). Reconceptualizing personality: Producing individuality by defining the personal self. In T. Postmes & J. Jetten (Eds.), Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity (pp. 11-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
157. Turner, J.C., Reynolds, K.J., & Subai, E. (in press). Identity confers power: A new view of leadership in social psychology. In J. Uhr & P. 't Hart (Eds.), Understanding public leadership: New perspectives. Canberra, Australia: ANZSOG & ANU E-Press.
158. Tyler, T.R. (1997). The psychology of legitimacy: A relational perspective on voluntary deference to authorities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1 (4). 323-345.
159. Tyler, T.R., & Blader, S.L. (2003). The group engagement model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7 (4). 349-361.
160. Van Vugt, M., Snyder, M., Tyler, T. R., & Biel, A. (Eds.). (2000). Cooperation in modern society: Promoting the welfare of communities, states and organizations. New York: Routledge.
161. van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Leach, C.W., & Fischer, A.H. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87 (5). 649-664.
162. Veenstra, K., & Haslam, A. (2000). Willingness to participate in industrial protest: Exploring social identification in context. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39 (2). 153-172.
163. Waldzus, S., Mummendey, A., Wenzel, M., & Weber, U. (2003). Towards tolerance: Representations of superordinate categories and perceived ingroup prototypicality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39 (1). 31-47.
164. Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2008). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 331-372.
165. Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., Weber, U., & Waldzus, S. (2003). The ingroup as pars pro toto: Projection from the ingroup onto the inclusive category as a precursor to social discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (4). 461-473.
166. West, D. (1990). Authenticity and empowerment: A theory of liberation. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
167. Wright, S.C. (1997). Ambiguity, social influence, and collective action: Generating collective protest in response to tokenism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 (12). 1277-1290.
168. Wright, S.C. (2001). Restricted intergroup boundaries: Tokenism, ambiguity, and the tolerance of injustice. In J. T. Jost & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 223-254). New York: Cambridge University Press.
169. Wright, S.C., & Lubensky, M. (2004). Prejudice reduction or collective action: When efforts to improve intergroup attitudes undermine social protest. Paper presented at the Dynamics of Social Change Research Meeting, Australian National University, Canberra.
170. Wright, S.C., & Tropp, L.R. (2002). Collective action in response to disadvantage: Intergroup perceptions, social identification, and social change. In I. Walker & H. J. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development and integration (pp. 200-238). New York: Cambridge University Press.