An assessment of the role of chimpanzees in AIDS vaccine research

ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 381-428

  Bailey, Jarrod ^a  

^a New England Anti Vivisection Society   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; Chimpanzee; HIV; Pan troglodytes; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ADVAX; AMPLIVAX; ANRS 095; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; APL 400 003; APL 400 047; AVX 101; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD4 IMMUNOADHESIN; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; DERMAVIR; DNA VACCINE; EP 1233; GENEVAX; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 140; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 160; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIBODY; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; HYPERIMMUNE GLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; IR 103; LC 002; LTK 63; MOLECULAR THERAPY AGENT; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; N ACETYLMURAMYLALANYL DEXTRO ISOGLUTAMINYLALANYL DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; PENNVAX B; PEPTIDE VACCINE; PLACEBO; PRIMOVAC; QS 21; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; TBC 3B; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; V 520; VACCINIA VACCINE; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN; VIRUS VECTOR; VRC 011; VRC 012; VRC 4302; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; CHIMPANZEE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA BASE; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RESEARCH; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION RISK; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEASLES; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MUMPS; NONHUMAN; PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; RUBELLA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VIRUS LIKE AGENT; VIRUS RECOMBINANT;

ADENOVIRIDAE; MACACA; PAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 53549099074     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600403     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Derdeyn, C.A. & Silvestri, G. (2005). Viral and host factors in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Current Opinion in Immunology 17, 366-373.
2. Douek, D.C., Kwong, P.D. & Nabel, G.J. (2006). The rational design of an AIDS vaccine. Cell 124, 677-681.
3. Girard, M., Mastro, T.D. & Koff, W.C. (2003). Human Immunodeficiency Virus. In Vaccines, 4th edn (ed. S.A. Plotkin & W.A. Orenstein), pp. 1219-1258. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders.
4. Girard, M.P. & Koff, W.C. (2008). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines. In Vaccines, 5th edn (ed. S.A. Plotkin, W.A. Orenstein & P.A. Offit), pp. 1213-1251. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders.
5. Duerr, A., Wasserheit, J.N. & Corey, L. (2006). HIV vaccines: new frontiers in vaccine development. Clinical Infectious Diseases 434, 500-511.
6. Girard, M.P., Osmanov, S.K. & Kieny, M.P. (2006). A review of vaccine research and development: the human immunodeficiency virus HIV. Vaccine 24, 4062-4081.
7. Puls, R.L. & Emery, S. (2006). Therapeutic vaccination against HIV: current progress and future possibilities. Clinical Science 110, 59-71.
8. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (2005). Clinical Trials of HIV Vaccines. NIAID Fact Sheet. Available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/clinrsch.htm (Accessed 03.04.08).
9. Kelleher, A.D., Roggensack, M., Jaramillo, A.B., Smith, D.E., Walker, A., Gow, I., McMurchie, M., Harris, J., Patou, G., & Cooper, D.A. (1998). Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate therapeutic vaccine, p24 virus-like particle, combined with zidovudine, in asymptomatic subjects. AIDS 122, 175-182.
10. 6/L CD4 cell counts. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 2193-2202.
11. Bailey, J. (2005). Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: a critical review. Biogenic Amines 19, 235-255. Available at: http://www.curedisease.net/pdfs/reportbiogenic.pdf (Accessed 03.04.08).
12. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC) (2004). AIDS Vaccine Trials - Getting the Global House in Order. Available at: http://www.iavi.org/ viewpage.cfm?aid=22 (Accessed 03.04.08).
13. Day, M. (2007). AIDS expert doubts vaccine will be found in near future. British Medical Journal 334, 1133.
14. VandeBerg, J.L. & Zola, S.M. (2005). A unique biomedical resource at risk. Nature, London 437, 30-32.
15. Emini, E.A., Schleif, W.A., Nunberg, J.H., Conley, A.J., Eda, Y., Tokiyoshi, S., Putney, S.D., Matsushita, S., Cobb, K.E., Jett, C.M., Eichberg, J.W. & Murthy, K.K. (1992). Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody. Nature, London 355, 728-730.
16. Conley, A.J., Kessler, J.A. II, Boots, L.J., McKenna, P.M., Schleif, W.A., Emini, E.A., Mark, G.E. III, Katinger, H., Cobb, E.K., Lunceford, S.M., Rouse, S.R. & Murthy, K.K. (1996). The consequence of passive administration of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody before challenge of chimpanzees with a primary virus isolate. Journal of Virology 70, 6751-6758.
17. Murthy, K.K., Cobb, E.K., Rouse, S.R., Lunceford, S.M., Johnson, D.E. & Galvan, A.R. (1996). Correlates of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection in immunized chimpanzees. Immunology Letters 51, 121-124.
18. Cho, M.W., Lee, M.K., Chen, C.H., Matthews, T. & Martin, M.A. (2000). Identification of gp120 regions targeted by a highly potent neutralizing antiserum elicited in a chimpanzee inoculated with a primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. Journal of Virology 74, 9749-9754.
19. Girard, M.P., Osmanov, S.K. & Kieny, M.P. (2006). A review of vaccine research and development: the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Vaccine 24, 4062-4081.
20. Emini, E.A., Nara, P.L., Schleif, W.A., Lewis, J.A., Davide, J.P., Lee, D.R., Kessler, J., Conley, S., Matsushita, S., Putney, S.D., Gerety, R.J. & Eichberg, J.W. (1990). Antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 abolishes infectivity for chimpanzees. Journal of Virology 64, 3674-3678.
21. Prince, A.M., Reesink, H., Pascual, D., Horowitz, B., Hewlett, I., Murthy, K.K., Cobb, K.E. & Eichberg, J.W. (1991). Prevention of HIV infection by passive immunization with HIV immunoglobulin. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 7, 971-973.
22. Stiehm, E.R., Fletcher, C.V., Mofenson, L.M., Palumbo, P.E., Kang, M., Fenton, T., Sapan, C.V., Meyer, W.A., Shearer, W.T., Hawkins, E., Fowler, M.G., Bouquin, P., Purdue, L., Sloand, E.M., Nemo, G.J., Wara, D., Bryson, Y.J., Starr, S.E., Petru, A. & Burchett, S. (2000). Use of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) human hyperimmune immunoglobulin in HIV type 1-infected children (Pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 273). Journal of Infectious Diseases 181, 548-554.
23. Ward, R.H., Capon, D.J., Jett, C.M., Murthy, K.K., Mordenti, J., Lucas, C., Frie, S.W., Prince, A.M., Green, J.D. & Eichberg, J.W. (1991). Prevention of HIV-1 IIIB infection in chimpanzees by CD4 immunoadhesin. Nature, London 352, 434-436.
24. Meng, T.C., Fischl, M.A., Cheeseman, S.H., Spector, S.A., Resnick, L., Boota, A., Petrakis, T., Wright, B. & Richman, D.D. (1995). Combination therapy with recombinant human soluble CD4-immunoglobulin G and zidovudine in patients with HIV infection: a phase I study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 8, 152-160.
25. Clerici, M., Yarchoan, R., Blatt, S., Hendrix, C.W., Ammann, A.J., Broder, S. & Shearer, G.M. (1993). Effect of a recombinant CD4-IgG on in vitro T helper cell function: data from a phase I/II study of patients with AIDS. Infectious Diseases 168, 1012-1016.
26. Armbruster, C., Stiegler, G.M., Vcelar, B.A., Jäger, W., Michael, N.L., Vetter, N. & Katinger, H.W. (2002). A phase I trial with two human monoclonal antibodies (hMAb 2F5, 2G12) against HIV-1. AIDS 16, 227-233.
27. Armbruster, C., Stiegler, G.M., Vcelar, B.A., Jäger, W., Köller, U., Jilch, R., Ammann, C.G., Pruenster, M., Stoiber, H. & Katinger, H.W. (2004). Passive immunization with the anti-HIV-1 human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) 4E10 and the hMAb combination 4E10/2F5/2G12. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54, 915-920.
28. Trkola, A., Kuster, H., Rusert, P., Joos, B., Fischer, M., Leemann, C., Manrique, A., Huber, M., Rehr, M., Oxenius, A., Weber, R., Stiegler, G., Vcelar, B., Katinger, H., Aceto, L. & Günthard, H.F. (2005). Delay of HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy through passive transfer of human neutralizing antibodies. Nature Medicine 11, 615-622.
29. Van der Ryst, E. (2002). Progress in HIV vaccine research. Oral Diseases 8, Suppl. 2, 21-26.
30. Duerr, A., Wasserheit, J.N. & Corey, L. (2006). HIV vaccines: new frontiers in vaccine development. Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, 500-511.
31. Young, K.R., McBurney, S.P., Karkhanis, L.U. & Ross, T.M. (2006). Virus-like particles: Designing an effective AIDS vaccine. Methods 40, 98-117.
32. Jekle, A., Keppler, O.T., De Clercq, E., Schols, D., Weinstein, M. & Goldsmith, M.A. (2003). In vivo evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 toward increased pathogenicity through CXCR4-mediated killing of uninfected CD4 T cells. Journal of Virology 77, 5846-5854.
33. Whitney, J.B. & Ruprecht, R.M. (2004). Live attenuated HIV vaccines: pitfalls and prospects. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 17, 17-26.
34. PRNewswire (2007). Orchestra Therapeutics Discontinues Its HIV Vaccine Development Program. Available at: http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/ stories.pl? ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-17-2007/0004627569&EDATE= (Accessed 03.04.08).
35. da Silva, L.J. & Richtmann, R. (2006). Vaccines under development: group B streptococcus, herpeszoster, HIV, malaria and dengue. Jornal de Pediatric 82, Suppl., S115-S124.
36. Gibbs, C.J. Jr, Peters, R., Gravell, M., Johnson, B.K., Jensen, F.C., Carlo, D.J. & Salk, J. (1991). Observations after human immunodeficiency virus immunization and challenge of human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and seronegative chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88, 3348-3352.
37. Niedrig, M., Gregersen, J.P., Fultz, P.N., Bröker, M., Mehdi, S. & Hilfenhaus, J. (1993). Immune response of chimpanzees after immunization with the inactivated whole immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), three different adjuvants and challenge. Vaccine 11, 67-74.
38. Nigam, P.K. & Kerketta, M. (2006). AIDS vaccine: present status and future challenges. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 72, 8-18.
39. Chakrabarti, B.K., Kong, W.P., Wu, B.Y., Yang, Z.Y., Friborg, J., Ling, X., King, S.R., Montefiori, D.C. & Nabel, G.J. (2002). Modifications of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein enhance immunogenicity for genetic immunization. Journal of Virology 76, 5357-5368.
40. Berman, P.W., Gregory, T.J., Riddle, L., Nakamura, G.R., Champe, M.A., Porter, J.P., Wurm, F.M., Hershberg, R.D., Cobb, E.K. & Eichberg, J.W. (1990). Protection of chimpanzees from infection by HIV-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160. Nature, London 345, 622-625.
41. Berman, P.W., Murthy, K.K., Wrin, T., Vennari, J.C., Cobb, E.K., Eastman, D.J., Champe, M., Nakamura, G.R., Davison, D., Powell, M.F., Bussiere, J., Francis, D.P., Matthews, T., Gregory, T.J. & Obijeski, J.F. (1996). Protection of MN-rgp120-immunized chimpanzees from heterologous infection with a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases 173, 52-59.
42. el-Amad, Z., Murthy, K.K., Higgins, K., Cobb, E.K., Haigwood, N.L., Levy, J.A. & Steimer, K.S. (1995). Resistance of chimpanzees immunized with recombinant gp120SF2 to challenge by HIV-1SF2. AIDS 9, 1313-1322.
43. Cohen, J. (2003). AIDS vaccine trial produces disappointment and confusion. Science, New York 299, 1290-1291.
44. Mannhalter, J.W., Pum, M., Wolf, H.M., Küpcü, Z., Barrett, N., Dorner, F., Eder, G. & Eibl, M.M. (1991). Immunization of chimpanzees with the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160 induces long-lasting T-cell memory. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 7, 485-493.
45. Bruck, C., Thiriart, C., Fabry, L., Francotte, M., Pala, P., Van Opstal, O., Culp, J., Rosenberg, M., De Wilde, M., Heidt, P. & Heeney, J. (1994). HIV-1 envelope-elicited neutralizing antibody titres correlate with protection and virus load in chimpanzees. Vaccine 12, 1141-1148.
46. Girard, M., Kieny, M.P., Pinter, A., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Nara, P., Kolbe, H., Kusumi, K., Chaput, A., Reinhart, T., Muchmore, E., Ronco, J., Kaczorek, M., Gomard, E., Gluckman, J.C. & Fultz, P.N. (1991). Immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88, 542-546.
47. Girard, M., Meignier, B., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Kieny, M.P., Matthews, T., Muchmore, E., Nara, P.L., Wei, Q., Rimsky, L., Weinhold, K. & Fultz, P.N. (1995). Vaccine-induced protection of chimpanzees against infection by a heterologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Virology 69, 6239-6248.
48. Fultz, P.N., Nara, P., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chaput, A., Greenberg, M.L., Muchmore, E., Kieny, M.P. & Girard, M. (1992). Vaccine protection of chimpanzees against challenge with HIV-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Science, New York 256, 1687-1690.
49. Neurath, A.R., Jiang, S., Strick, N., Kolbe, H., Kieny, M.P., Muchmore, E. & Girard, M. (1991). Antibody responses of chimpanzees immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to full-length V3 hypervariable loops of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 7, 813-823.
50. Girard, M. (1995). Present status of vaccination against HIV-1 infection. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 17, 75-78.
51. The rgp120 HIV Vaccine Study Group (2005). Placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial of a recombinant glycoprotein 120 vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, 654-665.
52. Pitisuttithum, P., Gilbert, P., Gurwith, M., Heyward, W., Martin, M., van Griensven, F., Hu, D., Tappero, J.W. & Choopanya, K.; Bangkok Vaccine Evaluation Group (2006). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of a bivalent recombinant glycoprotein 120 HIV-1 vaccine among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Infectious Diseases 194, 1661-1671.
53. Tonks, A. (2007). Quest for the AIDS vaccine. British Medical Journal 334, 1346-1348.
54. Puls, R.L. & Emery, S. (2006). Therapeutic vaccination against HIV: current progress and future possibilities. Clinical Science 110, 59-71.
55. Kahn, P. (2005). AIDS vaccine approaches in development. In AIDS Vaccine Handbook (ed. P. Kahn), Chapter 7, pp. 45-51. New York, NY, USA: AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC).
56. D'Souza, M.P., Allen, M., Sheets, R. & Johnston, M.I. (2004). Current advances in HIV vaccines. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 1, 18-24.
57. Excler, J.L. (2005). AIDS vaccine development: perspectives, challenges & hopes. Indian Journal of Medical Research 121, 568-581.
58. BenMohamed, L., Gras-Masse, H., Tartar, A., Daubersies, P., Brahimi, K., Bossus, M., Thomas, A. & Druilhe, P. (1997). Lipopeptide immunization without adjuvant induces potent and long-lasting B, T helper, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against a malaria liver stage antigen in mice and chimpanzees. European Journal of Immunology 27, 1242-1253.
59. Peters, B.S., Cheingsong-Popov, R., Callow, D., Foxall, R., Patou, G., Hodgkin, K. & Weber, J.N. (1997). A pilot phase II study of the safety and immunogenicity of HIV p17/p24:VLP (p24-VLP) in asymptomatic HIV seropositive subjects. Journal of Infection 35, 231-235.
60. Lindenburg, C.E., Stolte, I., Langendam, M.W., Miedema, F., Williams, I.G., Colebunders, R., Weber, J.N., Fisher, M. & Coutinho, R.A. (2002). Long-term follow-up: no effect of therapeutic vaccination with HIV-1 p17/p24:Ty virus-like particles on HIV-1 disease progression. Vaccine 20, 2343-2347.
61. Kelleher, A.D., Roggensack, M., Jaramillo, A.B., Smith, D.E., Walker, A., Gow, I., McMurchie, M., Harris, J., Patou, G. & Cooper, D.A. (1998). Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate therapeutic vaccine, p24 virus-like particle, combined with zidovudine, in asymptomatic subjects. AIDS 12, 175-182.
62. Wolff, J.A., Malone, R.W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A. & Felgner, P.L. (1990). Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science, New York 247, 1465-1468.
63. Tang, D.C., DeVit, M. & Johnston, S.A. (1992). Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature, London 356, 152-154.
64. Ulmer, J.B., Donnelly, J.J., Parker, S.E., Rhodes, G.H., Felgner, P.L., Dwarki, V.J., Gromkowski, S.H., Deck, R.R., DeWitt, C.M., Friedman, A., Hawe, L.A., Leander, K.R., Martinez, D., Perry, H.C., Shiver, J.W., Montgomery, D.L. & Liu, M.A. (1993). Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science, New York 259, 1745-1749.
65. Wang, B., Ugen, K.E., Srikantan, V., Agadjanyan, M.G., Dang, K., Refaeli, Y., Sato, A.I., Boyer, J., Williams, W.V. & Weiner, D.B. (1993). Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90, 4156-4160.
66. MacGregor, R.R., Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Lacy, K.E., Gluckman, S.J., Bagarazzi, M.L., Chattergoon, M.A., Baine, Y., Higgins, T.J., Ciccarelli, R.B., Coney, L.R., Ginsberg, R.S. & Weiner, D.B. (1998). First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: safety and host response. Journal of Infectious Diseases 178, 92-100.
67. Calarota, S., Bratt, G., Nordlund, S., Hinkula, J., Leandersson, A.C., Sandström, E. & Wahren, B. (1998). Cellular cytotoxic response induced by DNA vaccination in HIV-1-infected patients. Lancet 351, 1320-1325.
68. Calarota, S.A., Leandersson, A.C., Bratt, G., Hinkula, J., Klinman, D.M., Weinhold, K.J., Sandström, E. & Wahren, B. (1999). Immune responses in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients after HIV-DNA immunization followed by highly active antiretroviral treatment. Journal of Immunology 163, 2330-2338.
69. Letvin, N.L. (2006). Progress and obstacles in the development of an AIDS vaccine. Nature Reviews: Immunology 6, 930-939.
70. Luzuriaga, K., Newell, M.L., Dabis, F., Excler, J.L. & Sullivan, J.L. (2006). Vaccines to prevent transmission of HIV-1 via breastmilk: scientific and logistical priorities. Lancet 368, 511-521.
71. Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Wang, B., Agadjanyan, M., Gilbert, L., Bagarazzi, M.L., Chattergoon, M., Frost, P., Javadian, A., Williams, W.V., Refaeli, Y., Ciccarelli, R.B., McCallus, D., Coney, L. & Weiner, D.B. (1997). Protection of chimpanzees from high-dose heterologous HIV-1 challenge by DNA vaccination. Nature Medicine 3, 526-532.
72. Boyer, J.D., Cohen, A.D., Ugen, K.E., Edgeworth, R.L., Bennett, M., Shah, A., Schumann, K., Nath, B., Javadian, A., Bagarazzi, M.L., Kim, J. & Weiner, D.B. (2000). Therapeutic immunization of HIV-infected chimpanzees using HIV-1 plasmid antigens and interleukin-12 expressing plasmids. AIDS 14, 1515-1522.
73. Kennedy, R.C. (1997). DNA vaccination for HIV. Nature Medicine 3, 501-502.
74. Ugen, K.E., Boyer, J.D., Wang, B., Bagarazzi, M., Javadian, A., Frost, P., Merva, M.M., Agadjanyan, M.G., Nyland, S., Williams, W.V., Coney, L., Ciccarelli, R. & Weiner, D.B. (1997). Nucleic acid immunization of chimpanzees as a prophylactic/immunotherapeutic vaccination model for HIV-1: prelude to a clinical trial. Vaccine 15, 927-930.
75. Barouch, D.H., Santra, S., Steenbeke, T.D., Zheng, X.X., Perry, H.C., Davies, M.E., Freed, D.C., Craiu, A., Strom, T.B., Shiver, J.W. & Letvin, N.L. (1998). Augmentation and suppression of immune responses to an HIV-1 DNA vaccine by plasmid cytokine/Ig administration. Journal of Immunology 161, 1875-1882.
76. Barouch, D.H., Santra, S., Schmitz, J.E., Kuroda, M.J., Fu, T.M., Wagner, W., Bilska, M., Craiu, A., Zheng, X.X., Krivulka, G.R., Beaudry, K., Lifton, M.A., Nickerson, C.E., Trigona, W.L., Punt, K., Freed, D.C., Guan, L., Dubey, S., Casimiro, D., Simon, A., Davies, M.E., Chastain, M., Strom, T.B., Gelman, R.S., Montefiori, D.C., Lewis, M.G., Emini, E.A., Shiver, J.W. & Letvin, N.L. (2000). Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination. Science, New York 290, 486-492.
77. Wells, D.J. (2004). Gene therapy progress and prospects: electroporation and other physical methods. Gene Therapy 11, 1363-1369.
78. Martin, B., Sainlos, M., Aissaoui, A., Oudrhiri, N., Hauchecorne, M., Vigneron, J.P., Lehn, J.M. & Lehn, P. (2005). The design of cationic lipids for gene delivery. Current Pharmaceutical Design 11, 375-394.
79. Calarota, S.A. & Weiner, D.B. (2004). Approaches for the design and evaluation of HIV-1 DNA vaccines. Expert Review of Vaccines 3, Suppl. 4, S135-S149.
80. Giri, M., Ugen, K.E. & Weiner, D.B. (2004). DNA vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the past decade. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, 370-389.
81. Flynn, N.M., Forthal, D.N., Harro, C.D., Judson, F.N., Mayer, K.H. & Para, M.F. (2005). Placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of a recombinant glycoprotein 120 vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, 654-665.
82. Gilbert, P.B., Peterson, M.L., Follmann, D., Hudgens, M.G., Francis, D.P., Gurwith, M., Heyward, W.L., Jobes, D.V., Popovic, V., Self, S.G., Sinangil, F., Burke, D. & Berman, P.W. (2005). Correlation between immunologic responses to a recombinant glycoprotein 120 vaccine and incidence of HIV-1 infection in a phase 3 HIV-1 preventive vaccine trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, 666-677.
83. Graham, B.S. & Mascola, J.R. (2005). Lessons from failure: preparing for future HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, 647-649.
84. Peng, B., Wang, L.R., Gómez-Román, V.R., Davis-Warren, A., Montefiori, D.C., Kalyanaraman, V.S., Venzon, D., Zhao, J., Kan, E., Rowell, T.J., Murthy, K.K., Srivastava, I., Barnett, S.W. & Robert-Guroff, M. (2005). Replicating rather than non-replicating adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus recombinant vaccines are better at eliciting potent cellular immunity and priming high-titer antibodies. Journal of Virology 79, 10,200-10,209.
85. Shiver, J.W., Fu, T.M., Chen, L., Casimiro, D.R., Davies, M.E., Evans, R.K., Zhang, Z.Q., Simon, A.J., Trigona, W.L., Dubey, S.A., Huang, L., Harris, V.A., Long, R.S., Liang, X., Handt, L., Schleif, W.A., Zhu, L., Freed, D.C., Persaud, N.V., Guan, L., Punt, K.S., Tang, A., Chen, M., Wilson, K.A., Collins, K.B., Heidecker, G.J., Fernandez, V.R., Perry, H.C., Joyce, J.G., Grimm, K.M., Cook, J.C., Keller, P.M., Kresock, D.S., Mach, H., Troutman, R.D., Isopi, L.A., Williams, D.M., Xu, Z., Bohannon, K.E., Volkin, D.B., Montefiori, D.C., Miura, A., Krivulka, G.R., Lifton, M.A., Kuroda, M.J., Schmitz, J.E., Letvin, N.L., Caulfield, M.J., Bett, A.J., Youil, R., Kaslow, D.C. & Emini, E.A. (2002). Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity. Nature, London 415, 331-335.
86. Natuk, R.J., Lubeck, M.D., Chanda, P.K., Chengalvala, M., Wade, M.S., Murthy, S.C., Wilhelm, J., Vernon, S.K., Dheer, S.K., Mizutani, S., Lee, S., Murthy, K.K., Eichberg, J.W., Davis, A.R. & Hung, P.P. (1993). Immunogenicity of recombinant human adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus vaccines in chimpanzees. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 9, 395-404.
87. Lubeck, M.D., Natuk, R.J., Chengalvala, M., Chanda, P.K., Murthy, K.K., Murthy, S., Mizutani, S., Lee, S.G., Wade, M.S., Bhat, B.M., Bhat, R., Dheer, S.K., Eichberg, J.W., Davis, A.R. & Hung, P.P.(1994). Immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus vaccines in chimpanzees following intranasal administration. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 10, 1443-1449.
88. Xiang, Z., Gao, G., Reyes-Sandoval, A., Cohen, C.J., Li, Y., Bergelson, J.M., Wilson, J.M. & Ertl, H.C. (2002). Novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product. Journal of Virology 76, 2667-2675.
89. Lubeck, M.D., Natuk, R., Myagkikh, M., Kalyan, N., Aldrich, K., Sinangil, F., Alipanah, S., Murthy, S.C., Chanda, P.K., Nigida, S.M. Jr, Markham, P.D., Zolla-Pazner, S., Steimer, K., Wade, M., Reitz, M.S. Jr, Arthur, L.O., Mizutani, S., Davis, A., Hung, P.P., Gallo, R.C., Eichberg, J. & Robert-Guroff, M. (1997). Long-term protection of chimpanzees against high-dose HIV-1 challenge induced by immunization. Nature Medicine 3, 651-658.
90. Robert-Guroff, M., Kaur, H., Patterson, L.J., Leno, M., Conley, A.J., McKenna, P.M., Markham, P.D., Richardson, E., Aldrich, K., Arora, K., Murty, L., Carter, L., Zolla-Pazner, S. & Sinangil, F. (1998). Vaccine protection against a heterologous, non-syncytium-inducing, primary human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Virology 72, 10,275-10,280.
91. Zolla-Pazner, S., Lubeck, M., Xu, S., Burda, S., Natuk, R.J., Sinangil, F., Steimer, K., Gallo, R.C., Eichberg, J.W., Matthews, T. & Robert-Guroff, M. (1998). Induction of neutralizing antibodies to T-cell line-adapted and primary human immunodeficiency virus isolates with a prime-boost vaccine regimen in chimpanzees. Journal of Virology 72, 1052-1059.
92. Altman, L.K. & Pollack, A. (2007). Failure of Vaccine Test Is Setback in AIDS Fight. New York Times, 22.09.07.
93. Merck (2007). Vaccination and Enrollment Are Discontinued in Phase II Trials of Merck's Investigational HIV Vaccine Candidate. Interim Analysis of STEP Study Shows Vaccine was Not Effective. Press release of 21.09.07. Available at: http://www.merck.com/newsroom/press_releases/ research_and_development/2007_0921.html (Accessed 03.04.08).
94. Cohen, J. (2007). AIDS research. Did Merck's failed HIV vaccine cause harm? Science, New York 318, 1048-1049.
95. Santra, S., Seaman, M.S., Xu, L., Barouch, D.H., Lord, C.I., Lifton, M.A., Gorgone, D.A., Beaudry, K.R., Svehla, K., Welcher, B., Chakrabarti, B.K., Huang, Y., Yang, Z.Y., Mascola, J.R., Nabel, G.J. & Letvin, N.L. (2005). Replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 vectors elicit durable cellular and humoral immune responses in nonhuman primates. Journal of Virology 79, 6516-6522.
96. Jaoko, W.G., Omosa, G., Bhatt, K., Matu, L., Ogutu, H., Wakasiaka, S., Odada, J., Anzala, O., Bashir, F., Oyaro, M., Indangasi, J., Ndinya-Achola, J., Schmidt, C., Hanke, T., McMichael, A., Fast, P. & Bwayo, J. (2004). Safety and immunogenicity of DNA and MVA HIVA vaccines in phase I HIV-1 vaccine trials in Nairobi, Kenya [Abstract 54]. In Program and Abstracts of AIDS Vaccine 2004 (Lausanne, Switzerland), p. 33.
97. Clements-Mann, M.L., Weinhold, K., Matthews, T.J., Graham, B.S., Gorse, G.J., Keefer, M.C., McElrath, M.J., Hsieh, R-H., Mestecky, J., Zolla-Pazner, S., Mascola, J., Schwartz, D., Siliciano, R., Corey, L., Wright, P.F., Belshe, R., Dolin, R., Jackson, S., Xu, S., Fast, P., Walker, M.C., Stablein, D., Excler, J-L., Tartaglia, J., Duliege, A-M., Sinangil, F., Paoletti, E. & the NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (1998). Immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 induced by canarypox expressing HIV-1MN gp120, HIV-1SF2 recombinant gp120, or both vaccines in seronegative adults. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 177, 1230-1246.
98. Belshe, R.B., Stevens, C., Gorse, G.J., Buchbinder, S., Weinhold, K., Sheppard, H., Stablein, D., Self, S., McNamara, J., Frey, S., Flores, J., Excler, J-L., Klein, M., Habib, R.E., Duliege, A-M., Harro, C., Corey, L., Keefer, M., Mulligan, M., Wright, P., Celum, C., Judson, F., Mayer, K., McKirnan, D., Marmor, M., Woody, G.; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group and HIV Network for Prevention Trials (HIVNET) (2001). Safety and immunogenicity of a canarypox-vectored human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 vaccine with or without gp120: a phase 2 study in higher- and lower-risk volunteers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 183, 1343-1352.
99. Moss, B. (1990). Poxviridae and their replication. In Virology 1990 (ed. N. Fields & D.M. Knipe), pp. 2079-2111. New York, NY, USA: Raven Press.
100. + cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in seronegative volunteers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 180, 290-298.
101. Berencsi, K., Gyulai, Z., Gönczöl, E., Pincus, S., Cox, W.I., Michelson, S., Kari, L., Meric, C., Cadoz, M., Zahradnik, J., Starr, S. & Plotkin, S. (2001). A canarypox vector-expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein 65 induces long-lasting cytotoxic T cell responses in human CMV-seronegative subjects. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 183, 1171-1179.
102. Bernstein, D.I., Schleiss, M.R., Berencsi, K., Gönczöl, E., Dickey, M., Khoury, P., Cadoz, M., Meric, C., Zahradnik, J., Duliege, A.M. & Plotkin, S. (2002). Effect of previous or simultaneous immunization with canarypox expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B (gB) on response to subunit gB vaccine plus MF59 in healthy CMV-seronegative adults. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 185, 686-690.
103. Tubiana, R., Gomard, E., Fleury, H., Gougeon, M.L., Mouthon, B., Picolet, H. & Katlama, C. (1997). Vaccine therapy in early HIV-1 infection using a recombinant canarypox virus expressing gp160MN (ALVAC-HIV): a double-blind controlled randomized study of safety and immunogenicity. AIDS 11, 819-820.
104. Franchini, G., Gurunathan, S., Baglyos, L., Plotkin, S. & Tartaglia, J. (2004). Poxvirus based vaccine candidates for HIV: two decades of experience with special emphasis on canarypox vectors. Expert Review of Vaccines 3, S75-S88.
105. Johnson, D.C., McFarland, E.J., Muresan, P., Fenton, T., McNamara, J., Read, J.S., Hawkins, E., Bouquin, P.L., Estep, S.G., Tomaras, G.D., Vincent, C.A., Rathore, M., Melvin, A.J., Gurunathan, S. & Lambert, J. (2005). Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 recombinant canarypox vaccine in newborns and infants of HIV-1-infected women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192, 2129-2133.
106. Grassi, F., Hosmalin, A., McIlroy, D., Calvez, V., Debré, P. & Autran, B. (1999). Depletion in blood CD11c-positive dendritic cells from HIV-infected patients. AIDS 13, 759-766.
107. Kalams, S.A., Goulder, P.J., Shea, A.K., Jones, N.G., Trocha, A.K., Ogg, G.S. & Walker, B.D. (1999). Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector and memory responses decline after suppression of viremia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Virology 73, 6721-6728.
108. + T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection, but decline with prolonged viral suppression. Nature Medicine 5, 518-525.
109. - plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with HIV-1 RNA virus load. Blood 98, 2574-2576.
110. Lu, W., Arraes, L.C., Ferreira, W.T. & Andrieu, J.M. (2004). Therapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for chronic HIV-1 infection. Nature Medicine 10, 1359-1365.
111. Barratt-Boyes, S.M., Henderson, R.A. & Finn, O.J. (1996). Chimpanzee dendritic cells with potent immunostimulatory function can be propagated from peripheral blood. Immunology 87, 528-534.
112. Barratt-Boyes, S.M., Kao, H. & Finn, O.J. (1997). Chimpanzee dendritic cells derived in vitro from blood monocytes and pulsed with antigen elicit specific immune responses in vivo. Journal of Immunotherapy 21, 142-148.
113. Folgori, A., Capone, S., Ruggeri, L., Meola, A., Sporeno, E., Ercole, B.B., Pezzanera, M., Tafi, R., Arcuri, M., Fattori, E., Lahm, A., Luzzago, A., Vitelli, A., Colloca, S., Cortese, R. & Nicosia, A. (2006). A T-cell HCV vaccine eliciting effective immunity against heterologous virus challenge in chimpanzees. Nature Medicine 12, 190-197.
114. Goujard, C., Marcellin, F., Hendel-Chavez, H., Burgard, M., Meiffrédy, V., Venet, A., Rouzioux, C., Taoufik, Y., El Habib, R., Beumont-Mauviel, M., Aboulker, J.P., Lévy, Y., Delfraissy, J.F.; the PRIMOVAC-ANRS 095 Study Group (2007). Interruption of antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection: impact of a therapeutic vaccination strategy combined with interleukin (IL)-2 compared with IL-2 alone in the ANRS 095 Randomized Study. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 23, 1105-1113.
115. Singh, M. (2006). No vaccine against HIV yet - are we not perfectly equipped? Virology Journal 3, 60.
116. Locher, C.P., Grant, R.M., Collisson, E.A., Reyes-Terán, G., Elbeik, T., Kahn, J.O. & Levy, J.A. (1999). Antibody and cellular immune responses in breakthrough infection subjects after HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120 vaccination. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 15, 1685-1689.
117. Johnston, M.I. (2000). The role of nonhuman primate models in AIDS vaccine development. Molecular Medicine Today 67, 267-270.
118. BUAV (2006). Still Dying of Ignorance? 25 Years of Failed Primate AIDS Research, 16pp. London, UK: BUAV. Available at: http://www.buav.org/ downloads/pdf/BUAV_Report-AIDs.pdf (Accessed 03.04.08).
119. Hu, S.L. (2005). Non-human primate models for AIDS vaccine research. Current drug targets. Infectious Disorders 5, 193-201.
120. Levy, Y. (2005). Therapeutic HIV vaccines: an update. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2, 5-9.
121. Tonini, T., Barnett, S., Donnelly, J. & Rappuoli, R. (2005). Current approaches to developing a preventative HIV vaccine. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 6, 155-162.
122. Fauci, A.S. & Fischinger, P.J. (1988). The development of an AIDS vaccine: progress and promise. Public Health Reports 1033, 230-236.
123. Wyand, M.S. (1992). The use of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys for the preclinical evaluation of AIDS drags and vaccines. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 8, 349-356.
124. Desrosiers, R.C. & Bolognesi, D.P. (1994). Controversies in science: a live virus AIDS vaccine? Journal of NIH Research 6, 54-62.
125. Cohen, J. (2007). Biomedical research. The endangered lab chimp. Science, New York 315, 450-452.
126. Ondoa, P., Vereecken, C., Fransen, K., Colebunders, R., van der Groen,
127. Kestens, L., Vingerhoets, J., Peeters, M., Vanham, G., Vereecken, C., Penne, G., Niphuis, H., van Eerd, P., van der Groen, G., Gigase, P. & Heeney, J. (1995). Phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in a chimpanzee with a naturally acquired simian immunodeficiency virus infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 172, 957-963.
128. Novembre, F.J., Saucier, M., Anderson, D.C., Klumpp, S.A., O'Neil, S.P., Brown, C.R. 2nd, Hart, C.E., Guenthner, P.C., Swenson, R.B. & McClure, H.M. (1997). Development of AIDS in a chimpanzee infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Virology 715, 4086-4091.
129. Sibal, L.R. & Samson, K.J (2001). Nonhuman primates: a critical role in current disease research. ILAR Journal 422, 74-84.
130. Svendsen, P. & Hau, J. (1994). Animal Models. In Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Vol. 2, 224pp. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
131. NIH Aids Research Program Evaluation Task Force (1997). Etiology and Pathogenesis Area Review Panel Report. Available at: http://www.nih.gov/ news/AIDS-panel/ETIOLOGY.HTML (Accessed 18.06.08).
132. Smaglik, P. (1999). AIDS vaccine researchers turn from chimps to monkeys. The Scientist 13, 7. Available at: http://www.lclark.edu/org/ ncal/objects/AIDvaccine.htm (Accessed 03.04.08).
133. Nath, B.M., Schumann, K.E. & Boyer, J.D. (2000). The chimpanzee and other non-human-primate models in HIV-1 vaccine research. Trends in Microbiology 89, 426-431.
134. National Resource Council (NRC), Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (1997). Chimpanzees in Research: Strategies for their Ethical Care, Management, and Use, 108pp. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.
135. Preston-Mafham, R. & Preston-Mafham, K. (1992). Primates of the World, 192pp. New York, NY, USA: Facts on File.
136. Bright, M. (1994). Intelligence in Animals, 160pp. London, UK: Toucan Books/Reader's Digest.
137. Stanford, C. (1995). Chimpanzee hunting behavior and human evolution. American Scientist (May-June), 256-261.
138. Ross, B. (1998). The Human-Chimp Connection. Available at: www.benross.net/chimp.htm (Accessed 18.06.08).
139. Briggs, H. (2001). Cultural Habits of Chimps. BBC News Online, 10 August, 2001. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/sci/tech/1484261.stm (Accessed 03.04.08).
140. Jane Goodall Institute (Undated). So Like Us. Available at: http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/similarities/like_us.asp (Accessed 03.04.08).
141. Jane Goodall Institute (Undated). Communication. Available at: http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/communication.asp (Accessed 03.04.08).
142. Jane Goodall Institute (Undated). Similarities Between Chimpanzees and Human Beings. Available at: http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/ chimpanzees/similarities/default.asp (Accessed 03.04.08).
143. Brüne, M., Brüne-Cohrs, U., McGrew, W.C. & Preuschoft, S. (2006). Psychopathology in great apes: Concepts, treatment options and possible homologies to human psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 308, 1246-1259.
144. Bradshaw, G.A., Capaldo, T., Lindner, L. & Grow, G. (2008). Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 9, 9-34.
145. Goodall, J. (1998). Essays on science and society: Learning from the chimpanzees: a message humans can understand. Science, New York 282, 2184-2185.
146. Prince, A.M., Horowitz, B., Baker, L., Shulman, R.W., Ralph, H., Valinsky, J., Cundell, A., Brotman, B., Boehle, W., Rey, F., Piet, M., Reesink, H., Lelie, N., Tersmette, M., Miedema, F., Barbosa, L., Nemo, G., Nastala, C.L., Allan, J.S., Lee, D.R. & Eichberg, J.W. (1988). Failure of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune globulin to protect chimpanzees against experimental challenge with HIV. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 85, 6944-6948.
147. Wang, C-Y., Sawyer, L.S.W., Murthy, K.K., Fang, X., Walfield, A.M., Ye, J., Wang, J.J.G., Chen, P-D., Li, M-L., Salas, M.T., Shen, M., Gauduin, M-C., Boyle, R.W., Koup, R.A., Montefiori, D.C., Mascola, J.R., Koff, W.C. & Hanson, C.V. (1999). Postexposure immunoprophylaxis of primary isolates by an antibody to HIV receptor complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 10,367-10,372.
148. Berman, P.W., Groopman, J.E., Gregory, T., Clapham, P.R., Weiss, R.A., Ferriani, R., Riddle, L., Shimasaki, C., Lucas, C., Lasky, L.A. & Eichberg, J.W. (1988). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 challenge of chimpanzees immunized with recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 85, 5200-5204.
149. Arthur, L.O., Bess, J.W. Jr, Waters, D.J., Pyle, S.W., Kelliher, J.C., Nara, P.L., Krohn, K., Robey, W.G., Langlois, A.J., Gallo, R.C. & Fischinger, P.J. (1989). Challenge of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) immunized with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120. Journal of Virology 63, 5046-5053.
150. Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, S.S., Mooij, P., ten Haaft, P.J.F., Bogers, W.M.J.M., Teeuwsen, V.J.P., Koopman, G. & Heeney, J.L. (2001). Protection from secondary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in chimpanzees suggests the importance of antigenic boosting and a possible role for cytotoxic T cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 184, 136-143.
151. Boyer, J.D., Ugen, K.E., Chattergoon, M., Wang, B., Shah, A., Agadjanyan, M., Bagarazzi, M.L., Javadian, A., Carrano, R., Coney, L., Williams, W.V. & Weiner, D.B. (1997). DNA vaccination as anti-human immunodeficiency virus immunotherapy in infected chimpanzees. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 176, 1501-1509.
152. Hu, S-L., Fultz, P.N., McClure, H.M., Eichberg, J.W., Kinney Thomas, E., Zarling, J., Singhal, M.C., Kosowski, S.G., Brent Swenson, R., Anderson, D.C. & Todaro, G. (1987). Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees. Nature 328, 721-723.
153. Van Eendenburg, J.P., Yagello, M., Girard, M., Kieny, M.P., Lecocq, J.P., Muchmore, E., Fultz, P.N., Riviere, Y., Montagnier, L. & Gluckman, J.C. (1989). Cell-mediated immune proliferative responses to HIV-1 of chimpanzees vaccinated with different vaccinia recombinant viruses. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 5, 41-50.
154. Lockey, T.D., Slobod, K.S., Caver, T.E., D'Costa, S., Owens, R.J., McClure, H.M., Compans, R.W. & Hurwitz, J.L. (2000). Multi-envelope HIV vaccine safety and immunogenicity in small animals and chimpanzees. Immunologic Research 21, 7-21.
155. Girard, M., van der Ryst, E., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Nara, P., Tartaglia, J., Paoletti, E., Blondeau, C., Jennings, M., Verrier, F., Meignier, B. & Fultz, P.N. (1997). Challenge of chimpanzees immunized with a recombinant canarypox-HIV-1 virus. Virology 232, 98-104.
156. Coëffier, E., Girard, M., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Meignier, B., Muchmore, E., Fultz, P.N. & LeClerc, C. (1998). Fine specificity of anti-V3 antibodies induced in chimpanzees by HIV candidate vaccines. AIDS Research & Human Retroviruses 14, 1023-1034.