Embryonic Stem Cell Biology

Advances in Pediatrics

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 43-77

  Fritsch, Michael K ^a   Singer, Don B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEMBRANE PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES; HUMANS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 52049123320     PISSN: 00653101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2008.07.006     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Turnpenny L., Spalluto C.M., Perrett R.M., et al. Evaluating human embryonic germ cells: concord and conflict as pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 24 (2006) 212-220
2. Tesar P.J., Chenoweth J.G., Brook F.A., et al. New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells. Nature 448 (2007) 196-199
3. Mimeault M., Hauke R., and Batra S.K. Stem cells: a revolution in therapeutics-recent advances in stem cell biology and their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82 (2007) 252-264
4. Solter D. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: a history of embryonic stem cell research. Nat Rev Genet 7 (2006) 319-327
5. Stevens Jr. L.C., and Little C.C. Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred strain of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 40 (1954) 1080-1087
6. Stevens L.C. Experimental production of testicular teratomas in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 52 (1964) 654-661
7. Martin G.R., and Evans M.J. Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma embryoid bodies in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72 (1975) 1441-1445
8. Solter D., and Knowles B.B. Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72 (1975) 5099-5102
9. Evans M.J., and Kaufman M.H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292 (1981) 154-156
10. Martin G.R. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 (1981) 7634-7638
11. Kucherlapati R.S., Eves E.M., Song K.Y., et al. Homologous recombination between plasmids in mammalian cells can be enhanced by treatment of input DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81 (1984) 3153-3157
12. Folger K.R., Wong E.A., Wahl G., et al. Patterns of integration of DNA microinjected into cultured mammalian cells: evidence for homologous recombination between injected plasmid DNA molecules. Mol Cell Biol 2 (1982) 1372-1387
13. Holden C. Lasker awards. Geneticists knock out competition. Science 293 (2001) 2186
14. Vogel G. Nobel prizes: a knockout award in medicine. Science 318 (2007) 178-179
15. Kuehn M.R., Bradley A., Robertson E.J., et al. A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome through introduction of HPRT mutations into mice. Nature 326 (1987) 295-298
16. Koller B.H., Hageman L.J., Doetschman T., et al. Germ-line transmission of a planned alteration made in a hypoxanthine phosphorbosyltransferase gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86 (1989) 8927-8931
17. Thomson J.A., Kalishman J., Golos T.G., et al. Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 (1995) 7844-7848
18. Thomson J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Shapiro S.S., et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282 (1998) 1145-1147
19. Shamblott M.J., Axelman J., Wang S., et al. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 13726-13731
20. Lei T., Jacob S., Ajil-Zaraa I., et al. Xeno-free derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells: current status, problems and challenges. Cell Res 17 (2007) 682-688
21. Ohtsuka S., and Dalton S. Molecular and biological properties of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Gene Ther 15 (2008) 74-81
22. Keller G. Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine. Genes Dev 19 (2005) 1129-1155
23. Liu N., Lu M., Tian X., et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 211 (2007) 279-286
24. Chambers I., and Smith A. Self-renewal of teratocarcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Oncogene 23 (2004) 7150-7160
25. Ginis I., Luo Y., Miura T., et al. Differences between human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 269 (2004) 360-380
26. Wei C.L., Miura T., Robson P., et al. Transcriptome profiling of human and murine ESCs identifies divergent paths required to maintain the stem cell state. Stem Cells 23 (2005) 166-185
27. Smith A.G., Heath J.K., Donaldon D.D., et al. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336 (1988) 688-690
28. Williams R.L., Hilton D.J., Pease S., et al. Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature 336 (1988) 684-687
29. Metcalf D. The unsolved enigmas of leukemia inhibitory factor. Stem Cells 21 (2003) 5-14
30. Cartwright P., McLean C., Sheppard A., et al. LIF/STAT3 controls ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency by a Myc-dependent mechanism. Development 132 (2005) 885-896
31. Xu R.H., Chen X., Li D.S., et al. BMP4 initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to trophoblast. Nat Biotechnol 20 (2002) 1261-1264
32. Xu R.H., Peck R.M., Li D.S., et al. Basic FGF and suppression of BMP signaling sustain undifferentiated proliferation of human ES cells. Nat Methods 2 (2005) 164-165
33. Dvorak P., Dvorakova D., Koskova S., et al. Expression and potential role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptors in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 23 (2005) 1200-1211
34. Hwang N.S., Varghese S., and Elisseeff J. Controlled differentiation of stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60 (2008) 199-214
35. Looijenga L.H., Stoop H., de Leeuw H.P., et al. POU5F1 (OCT3/4) identifies cells with pluripotent potential in human germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 2244-2250
36. Pikarsky E., Sharir H., Ben-Shushan E., et al. Retinoic acid represses Oct-3/4 gene expression through several retinoic acid responsive elements located in the promoter-enhancer region. Mol Cell Biol 14 (1994) 1026-1038
37. Iwai S.A., Kosaka M., Nishina Y., et al. Changes in Hox1.6, c-jun, and Oct-3 gene expressions are associated with teratocarcinoma F9 cell differentiation in three different ways of induction. Exp Cell Res 205 (1993) 39-43
38. Kuroda T., Tada M., Kubota H., et al. Octamer and Sox elements are required for transcriptional cis regulation of Nanog gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 25 (2005) 2475-2485
39. Rodda D.J., Chew J.L., Lim L.H., et al. Transcriptional regulation of nanog by OCT4 and SOX2. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 24731-24737
40. Pan G., and Thomson J.A. Nanog and transcriptional networks in embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Cell Res 17 (2007) 42-49
41. Okita K., Ichisaka T., and Yamanaka S. Generation of germ line competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 448 (2007) 313-317
42. Takahashi K., and Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126 (2006) 663-676
43. Wernig M., Meissner A., Foreman R., et al. In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature 448 (2007) 318-324
44. Grinnell K.L., Yang B., Eckert R.L., et al. De-differentiation of mouse interfollicular keratinocytes by the embryonic transcription factor Oct-4. J Invest Dermatol 127 (2007) 372-380
45. Takahashi K., Tanabe K., Ohnuki M., et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131 (2007) 861-872
46. Yu J., Vodyanik M.A., Smuga-Otto K., et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318 (2007) 1917-1920
47. Pritsker M., Ford N.R., Jeng H.T., et al. Genomewide gain-of-function genetic screen identifies functionally active genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 6946-6951
48. Ivanova N., Dobrin R., Lu R., et al. Dissecting self-renewal in stem cells with RNA interference. Nature 442 (2006) 533-538
49. Spivakov M., and Fisher A.G. Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity. Nat Rev Genet 8 (2007) 263-271
50. Cerny J., and Quesenberry P.J. Chromatin remodeling and stem cell theory of relativity. J Cell Physiol 201 (2004) 1-16
51. Biel M., Wascholowski V., and Giannis A. Epigenetics-an epicenter of gene regulation: histones and histone modifying enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 44 (2005) 3186-3216
52. Collas P., Noer A., and Timoskainen S. Programming the genome in embryonic and somatic stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 11 (2007) 602-620
53. Meshorer E., and Misteli T. Chromatin in pluripotent embryonic stem cells and differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7 (2006) 540-546
54. Gan Q., Yoshida T., McDonald O.G., et al. Concise review: epigenetic mechanisms contribute to pluripotency and cell lineage determination of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 2-9
55. Mellor J. Dynamic nucleosomes and gene transcription. Trends Genet 22 (2006) 320-329
56. Jenuwein T., and Allis C.D. Translating the histone code. Science 293 (2001) 1074-1080
57. Narlikar G.J., Fan H.Y., and Kingston R.E. Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Cell 108 (2002) 475-487
58. Meshorer E., Yellajoshula D., George E., et al. Hyperdynamic plasticity of chromatin proteins in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Dev Cell 10 (2006) 105-116
59. Boyer L.A., Plath K., Zeitlinger J., et al. Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 441 (2006) 349-353
60. McCool K.W., Xu X., Singer D.B., et al. The role of histone acetylation in regulating early gene expression patterns during early embryonic stem cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 282 (2007) 6696-6706
61. Lee J.H., Hart S.R., and Skalnik D.G. Histone deacetylase activity is required for embryonic stem cell differentiation. Genesis 38 (2004) 32-38
62. Lee E.R., McCool K.W., Murdoch F.E., et al. Dynamic changes in histone H3 phosphoacetylation during early embryonic stem cell differentiation are directly mediated by mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 via activation of mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 21162-21172
63. Bernstein B.E., Mikkelsen T.S., Xie X., et al. A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells. Cell 125 (2006) 315-326
64. Pan G., Tian S., Nie J., et al. Whole-genome analysis of histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 methylation in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 1 (2007) 299-312
65. Azuara V., Perry P., Sauer S., et al. Chromatin signatures of pluripotent cell lines. Nat Cell Biol 8 (2006) 532-538
66. Lee E.R., Murdoch F.E., and Fritsch M.K. High histone acetylation and decreased polycomb repressive complex 2 member levels regulate gene specific transcriptional changes during early embryonic stem cell differentiation induced by retinoic acid. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 2191-2199
67. Carrington J.C., and Ambros V. Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development. Science 301 (2003) 336-338
68. Sontheimer E.J., and Carthew R.W. Silence from within: endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs. Cell 122 (2005) 9-12
69. Cheng L.C., Tavazoie M., and Doetsch F. Stem cells: from epigenetics to microRNAs. Neuron 46 (2005) 363-367
70. Kanellopoulou C., Muljo S.A., Kung A.L., et al. Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev 19 (2005) 489-501
71. In: Lanza R., Gearhart J., Hogan B., et al. (Eds). Handbook of stem cells (2004), Elsevier Academic Press, Boston
72. Klimanskaya I, Lanza R. Embryonic stem cells. Methods in Enzymology. Embryonic Stem Cells. Volume 418. Boston: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006.
73. Klimanskaya I, Lanza R. Stem cell tools and other experimental protocols. Methods in Enzymology. Stem Cell Tools and Other Experimental Protocols. Volume 420. Boston: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006.
74. Mark M., Ghyselinck N.B., and Chambon P. Function of retinoid nuclear receptors: lessons from genetic and pharmacological dissections of the retinoic acid signaling pathway during mouse embryogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46 (2006) 451-480
75. Geijsen N., Horoschak M., Kim K., et al. Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells. Nature 427 (2004) 148-154
76. 1 integrin-deficient cells. Dev Biol 179 (1996) 184-196
77. Mizuseki K., Sakamoto T., Watanabe K., et al. Generation of neural crest-derived peripheral neurons and floor plate cells from mouse and primate embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (2003) 5828-5833
78. Lang K.J.D., Rathjen J., Vassilieva S., et al. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to a neural fate: a route to re-building the nervous system?. J Neurosci Res 76 (2004) 184-192
79. Reubinoff B.E., Itsykson P., Turetsky T., et al. Neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19 (2001) 1134-1140
80. Zhang S.C., Wernig M., Duncan I.D., et al. In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19 (2001) 1129-1133
81. Zhang S.C., Li X.J., Johnson A., et al. Human embryonic stem cells for brain repair?. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363 (2008) 87-99
82. Fraichard A., Chassande O., Bilbaut G., et al. In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into glial cells and functional neurons. J Cell Sci 108 (1995) 3181-3188
83. Kawasaki H., Suemori H., Mizuseki K., et al. Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (2002) 1580-1585
84. Kim J.H., Auerbach J.M., Rodriguez-Gomez J.A., et al. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 418 (2002) 50-56
85. Barberi T., Klivenyi P., Calingasan N.Y., et al. Neural subtype specification of fertilization and nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells and application in Parkinsonian mice. Nat Biotechnol 21 (2003) 1200-1207
86. Wichterle H., Lieberam I., Porter J.A., et al. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. Cell 110 (2002) 385-397
87. Perrier A.L., Tabar V., Barberi T., et al. Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 12543-12548
88. Zeng X., Cai J., Chen J., et al. Dopaminergic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 22 (2004) 925-940
89. Li X.J., Du Z.W., Zarnowska E.D., et al. Specification of motorneurons from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 23 (2005) 215-221
90. Tropepe V., Hitoshi S., Sirard C., et al. Direct neural fate specification from embryonic stem cells: a primitive mammalian neural stem cell stage acquired through a default mechanism. Neuron 30 (2001) 65-78
91. Liu H., Dalton S., and Xu Y. Transcriptional profiling of definitive endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells. Comput Syst Bioinformatics Conf 6 (2007) 79-82
92. Conley B.J., Ellis S., Gulluyan L., et al. BMPs regulate differentiation of a putative visceral endoderm layer within human embryonic stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies. Biochem Cell Biol 85 (2007) 121-132
93. Sherwood R.I., Jitianu C., Cleaver O., et al. Prospective isolation and global gene expression analysis of definitive and visceral endoderm. Dev Biol 304 (2007) 541-555
94. McLean A.B., D'Amour K.A., Jones K.L., et al. Activin A efficiently specifies definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells only when phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling is suppressed. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 29-38
95. Kubo A., Shinozaki K., Shannon J.M., et al. Development of definitive endoderm from embryonic stem cells in culture. Development 131 (2004) 1651-1662
96. D'Amour K.A., Agulnick A.D., Eliazer S., et al. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol 23 (2005) 1534-1541
97. Takenaga M., Fukumoto M., and Mori Y. Regulated nodal signaling promotes differentiation of the definitive endoderm and mesoderm from ES cells. J Cell Sci 120 (2007) 2078-2090
98. Izumi N., Era T., Akimaru H., et al. Dissecting the molecular hierarchy for mesendoderm differentiation through a combination of embryonic stem cell culture and RNA interference. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 1664-1674
99. Pera M.F., Andrade J., Houssami S., et al. Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin. J Cell Sci 117 (2004) 1269-1280
100. Inman K.E., and Downs K.M. Localization of Brachyury (T) in embryonic and extraembryonic tissues during mouse gastrulation. Gene Expr Patterns 6 (2006) 783-793
101. Spagnoli F.M. From endoderm to pancreas: a multistep journey. Cell Mol Life Sci 64 (2007) 2378-2390
102. Murtaugh L.C. Pancreas and beta-cell development: from the actual to the possible. Development 134 (2007) 427-438
103. Miszta-Lane H., Mirbolooki M., Shapiro A.M.J., et al. Stem cell sources for clinical islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes: embryonic and adult stem cells. Med Hypotheses 67 (2006) 909-913
104. Lumelsky N., Blondel O., Laeng P., et al. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Science 292 (2001) 1389-1394
105. Lees J.G., and Tuch B.E. Conversion of embryonic stem cells into pancreatic beta-cell surrogates guided by ontogeny. Regen Med 1 (2006) 327-336
106. D'Amour K.A., Bang A.G., Eliazer S., et al. Production of pancreatic hormone-expressing endocrine cells from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 24 (2006) 1392-1401
107. Shim J.H., Kim S.E., Woo D.H., et al. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells towards a pancreatic cell fate. Diabetologia 50 (2007) 1228-1238
108. Jiang J., Au M., Lu K., et al. Generation of insulin-producing islet-like clusters from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 1940-1953
109. Phillips B.W., Hentze H., Rust W.L., et al. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into the pancreatic endocrine lineage. Stem Cells Dev 16 (2007) 561-578
110. Wells D. Genes expressed in the developing endocrine pancreas and their importance for stem cell and diabetes research. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 19 (2003) 191-201
111. Xu X., Kahan B., Forgianni A., et al. Endoderm and pancreatic islet lineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Cloning Stem Cells 8 (2006) 96-107
112. Frandsen U., Porneki A.D., Floridon C., et al. Activin B mediated induction of Pdx1 in human embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 362 (2007) 568-574
113. Kahan B.W., Jacobson L.M., Hullett D.A., et al. Pancreatic precursors and differentiated islet cell types from murine embryonic stem cells: an in vitro model to study islet differentiation. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2016-2024
114. Melloul D., Marshak S., and Cerasi E. Regulation of insulin gene transcription. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 309-326
115. Hamazaki T., Iiboshi Y., Oka M., et al. Hepatic maturation in differentiating embryonic stem cells in vitro. FEBS Lett 497 (2001) 15-19
116. Gouon-Evans V., Boussemart L., Gadue P., et al. BMP-4 is required for hepatic specification of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol 24 (2006) 1402-1411
117. Rambhatla L., Chiu C.P., Kundu P., et al. Generation of hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells. Cell Transplant 12 (2003) 1-11
118. Cai J., Zhao Y., Liu Y., et al. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional hepatic cells. Hepatology 45 (2007) 1229-1239
119. Watt A.J., and Forrester L.M. Deriving and identifying hepatocytes from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev 2 (2006) 19-22
120. Chinzei R., Tanaka Y., Shimizu-Saito K., et al. Embryoid-body cells derived from a mouse embryonic stem cell line show differentiation into functional hepatocytes. Hepatology 36 (2002) 22-29
121. Sabin F.R. Preliminary note on the differentiation of angioblasts and the method by which they produce blood vessels, blood-plasma and red blood cells as seen in the living chick. Anat Rec 13 (1917) 199-204
122. Sabin F.R. Studies on the origin of blood vessels and of red corpuscles as seen in the living blastoderm of the chick during the second day of incubation. Contrib Embryol 9 (1920) 213-262
123. Moore M.A., and Metcalf D. Ontogeny of the haemopoietic system: yolk sac origin of in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells in the developing mouse embryo. Br J Haematol 18 (1970) 279-296
124. Doetschman T.C., Eistetter H., Katz M., et al. The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. J Embryol Exp Morphol 87 (1985) 27-45
125. Muller A.M., Medvinsky A., Strouboulis J., et al. Development of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryo. Immunity 1 (1994) 291-301
126. Burkert U., von Ruden T., and Wagner E.F. Early fetal hematopoietic development from in vitro differentiated embryonic stem cells. New Biol 3 (1991) 698-708
127. Schmitt R., Bruyns E., and Snodgrass H. Hematopoietic development of embryonic stem cells in vitro: cytokine and receptor gene expression. Genes Dev 5 (1991) 728-740
128. Keller G., Kennedy M., Papayannopoulou T., et al. Hematopoietic commitment during embryonic stem cell differentiation in culture. Mol Cell Biol 13 (1993) 473-486
129. Nakano T., Kodama H., and Honjo T. Generation of lymphohematopoietic cells from embryonic stem cells in culture. Science 265 (1994) 1098-1101
130. Kyba M., Perlingeiro R.C., and Daley G.Q. HoxB4 confers definitive lymphoid-myeloid engraftment potential on embryonic stem cell and yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors. Cell 109 (2002) 29-37
131. Burt R.K., Verda L., Kim D.A., et al. Embryonic stem cells as an alternate marrow donor source: engraftment without graft-versus-host disease. J Exp Med 199 (2004) 895-904
132. Wang Y., Yates F., Naveiras O., et al. Embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 19081-19086
133. Choi K., Kennedy M., Kazarov A., et al. A common precursor for hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Development 125 (1998) 725-732
134. Nishikawa S., Nishikawa S., Hirashima M., et al. Progressive lineage analysis by cell sorting and culture identifies FLK+VE-cadherin cells at a diverging point of endothelial and hemopoietic lineages. Development 125 (1998) 1747-1757
135. Park C., Afrikanova I., Chung Y.S., et al. A hierarchical order of factors in the generation of FLK1- and SCL- expressing hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors from embryonic stem cells. Development 131 (2004) 2749-2762
136. Lugus J.J., Chung Y.S., Mills J.C., et al. GATA2 functions at multiple steps in hemangioblast development and differentiation. Development 134 (2007) 393-405
137. Cerdan C., Rouleau A., and Bhatia M. VEGF-A165 augments erythropoietic development from human embryonic stem cells. Blood 103 (2004) 2504-2512
138. Vodyanik M.A., Bork J.A., Thomson J.A., et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived CD34+ cells: Efficient production in the coculture with OP9 stromal cells and analysis of lymphohematopoietic potential. Blood 105 (2005) 617-626
139. McKinney-Freeman S.L., and Daley G.Q. Towards hematopoietic reconstitution from embryonic stem cells: a sanguine future. Curr Opin Hematol 14 (2007) 343-347
140. Bhatia M. Hematopoietic development from human embryonic stem cells. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007 (2007) 11-16
141. Levenberg S., Golub J.S., Amit M., et al. Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (2002) 4391-4396
142. Jakobsson L., Kreuger J., and Claesson-Welsh L. Building blood vessels-stem cell models in vascular biology. J Cell Biol 177 (2007) 751-755
143. Bai H., and Wang Z.Z. Directing human embryonic stem cells to generate vascular progenitor cells. Gene Ther 15 (2008) 89-95
144. Nir S.G., David R., Zaruba M., et al. Human embryonic stem cells for cardiovascular repair. Cardiovasc Res 58 (2003) 313-323
145. Maltsev V.A., Rohwedel J., Hescheler J., et al. Embryonic stem cells differentiate in vitro into cardiomyocytes representing sinusnodal, atrial and ventricular cell types. Mech Dev 44 (1993) 41-50
146. Wobus A.M., Kaomei G., Shan J., et al. Retinoic acid accelerates embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac differentiation and enhances development of ventricular cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29 (1997) 1525-1539
147. Klug M.G., Soonpaa M.H., Koh G.Y., et al. Genetically selected cardiomyocytes from differentiated embryonic stem cells form stable intracardiac grafts. J Clin Invest 98 (1996) 216-224
148. Hescheler J., Fleischmann B.K., Lentini S., et al. Embryonic stem cells: a model to study structural and functional properties in cardiomyogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 36 (1997) 149-162
149. Boheler K.R., Czyz J., Tweedie D., et al. Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 91 (2002) 189-201
150. Liu Y., Asakura M., Inoue H., et al. Sox17 is essential for the specification of cardiac mesoderm in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (2007) 3859-3864
151. Olson E.N., and Schneider M.D. Sizing up the heart: development redux in disease. Genes Dev 17 (2003) 1937-1956
152. Foley A., and Mercola M. Heart induction: embryology to cardiomyocyte regeneration. Trends Cardiovasc Med 14 (2004) 121-125
153. Foley A.C., Gupta R.W., Guzzo R.M., et al. Embryonic heart induction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1080 (2006) 85-96
154. Hidaka K., Lee J.K., Kim H.S., et al. Chamber specific differentiation of Nkx2.5 positive cardiac precursor cells from murine embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 17 (2003) 740-742
155. Kolossov E., Fleischmann B.K., Liu Q., et al. Functional characteristics of ES cell-derived cardiac precursor cells identified by tissue-specific expression of the green fluorescent protein. J Cell Biol 143 (1998) 2045-2056
156. Muller M., Fleischmann B.K., Selbert S., et al. Selection of ventricular-like cardiomyocytes from ES cells in vitro. FASEB J 14 (2000) 2540-2548
157. Narumiya H., Hidaka K., Shirai M., et al. Endocardiogenesis in embryoid bodies: novel markers identified by gene expression profiling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 357 (2007) 896-902
158. Beggali A., Kloots J., Ward-van Oostwaard D., et al. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of human embryonic stem cells differentiating to cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 24 (2006) 1956-1967
159. Kehat I., Kenyagin-Karsenti D., Snir M., et al. Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 108 (2001) 407-414
160. Snir M., Kehat I., Gepstein A., et al. Assessment of the ultrastructural and proliferative properties of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285 (2003) H2355-H2363
161. He J.Q., Ma Y., Lee Y., et al. Human embryonic stem cells develop into multiple types of cardiac myocytes: action potential characterization. Circ Res 93 (2003) 32-39
162. Mummery C., Ward-van Oostwaard D., Doevendans P., et al. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes: role of coculture with visceral endoderm-like cells. Circulation 107 (2003) 2733-2740
163. Graichen R., Xu X., Braam S.R., et al. Enhanced cardiomyogenesis of human embryonic stem cells by a small molecular inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Differentiation 76 (2008) 357-370
164. Buttery L.D., Bourne S., Xynos J.D., et al. Differentiation of osteoblasts and in vitro bone formation from murine embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng 7 (2001) 89-99
165. Kramer J., Hegert C., Guan K., et al. Embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation in vitro: Activation by BMP-2 and BMP-4. Mech Dev 92 (2000) 193-205
166. Dani C., Smith A.G., Dessolin S., et al. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes in vitro. J Cell Sci 110 (1997) 1279-1285
167. Matzuk M.M. Germ-line immortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 16395-16396
168. Surani M.A. How to make eggs and sperm. Nature 427 (2004) 106-107
169. Moore H., and Aflatoonian B. From stem cells to spermatozoa and back. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 65 (2007) 19-32
170. Clark A.T., Bodnar M.S., Fox M., et al. Spontaneous differentiation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Hum Mol Genet 13 (2004) 727-739
171. Munsie M.J., Michalska A.E., O'Brien C.M., et al. Isolation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from reprogrammed adult mouse somatic cell nuclei. Curr Biol 10 (2000) 989-992
172. Byrne J.A., Pedersen D.A., Clepper L.L., et al. Producing primate embryonic stem cells by somatic nuclear transfer. Nature 450 (2007) 497-502
173. Taupin P. Stem cells engineering for cell-based therapy. J Neural Eng 4 (2007) R59-R63
174. Meissner A., and Jaenisch R. Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluripotent ES cells from cloned Cdx2-deficient blastocysts. Nature 439 (2006) 212-215
175. Simonsson S., and Gurdon J.B. Changing cell fate by nuclear reprogramming. Cell Cycle 4 (2005) 513-515
176. Wu D.C., Boyd A.S., and Wood K.J. Embryonic stem cell transplantation: potential applicability in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine. Front Biosci 12 (2007) 4525-4535
177. Christou Y.A., Moore H.D., Shaw P.J., et al. Embryonic stem cells and prospects for their use in regenerative medicine approaches to motor neurone disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33 (2007) 485-498
178. Myckatyn T.M., Mackinnon S.E., and McDonald J.W. Stem cell transplantation and other novel techniques for promoting recovery from spinal cord injury. Transpl Immunol 12 (2004) 343-358
179. Anderson D.J., Gage F.H., and Weissman I.L. Can stem cells cross lineage boundaries?. Nat Med 7 (2001) 393-395
180. Wu C.J., Krishnamurti L., Kutok J.L., et al. Evidence for ineffective erythropoiesis in severe sickle cell disease. Blood 106 (2005) 3639-3645
181. Shapiro A.M., Ricordi C., Hering B.J., et al. International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation. N Engl J Med 355 (2006) 1318-1330
182. Kehat I., and Gepstein L. Human embryonic stem cells for myocardial regeneration. Heart Fail Rev 8 (2003) 229-236
183. Min J.Y., Yang Y., Converso K.L., et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 92 (2002) 288-296
184. Min J.Y., Yang Y., Sullivan M.F., et al. Long-term improvement of cardiac function in rats after infarction by transplantation of embryonic stem cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 (2003) 361-369
185. Kattman S.J., Adler E.D., and Keller G.M. Specification of multipotential cardiovascular progenitor cells during embryonic stem cell differentiation and embryonic development. Trends Cardiovasc Med 17 (2007) 240-246
186. Wu S.M., Fujiwara Y., Cibulsky S.M., et al. Developmental origin of a bipotential myocardial and smooth muscle cell precursor in the mammalian heart. Cell 127 (2006) 1137-1150
187. Mosher J.T., Yeager K.J., Kruger G.M., et al. Intrinsic differences among spatially distinct neural crest stem cells in terms of migratory properties, fate determination and ability to colonize the enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 303 (2007) 1-15
188. Brittan M., Alison M.R., Schier S., et al. Bone marrow stem cell-mediated regeneration in IBD: Where do we go from here?. Gastroenterology 132 (2007) 1171-1173
189. Wang Q., Matsumoto Y., Shindo T., et al. Neural stem cells transplantation in cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Invest 53 (2006) 61-69
190. Vugler A., Lawrence J., Walsh J., et al. Embryonic stem cells and retinal repair. Mech Dev 124 (2007) 807-829
191. Vawda R., Woodbury J., Covey M., et al. Stem cell therapies for perinatal brain injuries. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 12 (2007) 259-272
192. Yoshinaga T., Hashimoto E., Ukai W., et al. Neural stem cell transplantation in a model of fetal alcohol effects. J Neural Transm Suppl 72 (2007) 331-337
193. Shetty A.K., and Hattiangady B. Concise review: prospects of stem cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 2396-2407
194. Pankratz M.T., Li X.J., LaVaute T.M., et al. Directed neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells via an obligated primitive anterior stage. Stem Cells 25 (2007) 1511-1520
195. Robertson M.J., Gip P., and Schaffer D.V. Neural stem cell engineering: directed differentiation of adult and embryonic stem cells into neurons. Front Biosci 13 (2008) 21-50
196. Yang D., Zhang Z.J., Oldenburg M., et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons reverse functional deficit in Parkinsonian rats. Stem Cells 26 (2008) 55-63
197. Morizane A., Li J.Y., and Brundin P. From bench to bed: the potential of stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 331 (2008) 323-336
198. Shin S., Dalton S., and Stice S.L. Human motor neuron differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 14 (2005) 266-269
199. Ma J., Wang Y., Yang J., et al. Treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in mouse by transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived cells. Neurochem Int 51 (2007) 57-65
200. Felling R.J., Snyder M.J., Romanko M.J., et al. Neural stem/progenitor cells participate in the regenerative response to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 4359-4369
201. Kim B.G., Hwang D.H., Lee S.I., et al. Stem cell-based cell therapy for spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 16 (2007) 355-364
202. Tabar V., Panagiotakos G., Greenberg E.D., et al. Migration and differentiation of neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells in the rat brain. Nat Biotechnol 23 (2005) 601-606
203. Nistor G.I., Totouiu M.O., Haque N., et al. Human embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes in high purity and myelinate after spinal cord transplantation. Glia 49 (2005) 385-396
204. Eftekharpour E., Karimi-Abdolrezaee S., Wang J., et al. Myelination of congenitally dysmyelinated spinal cord axons by adult neural precursor cells results in formation of nodes of Ranvier and improved axonal conduction. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 3416-3428
205. Keirstead H.S., Nistor G., Bernal G., et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 25 (2005) 4694-4705
206. Escolar M.L., Poe M.D., Provenzale, et al. Transplantation of umbilical-cord blood in babies with infantile Krabbe's disease. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 2069-2081
207. Taupin P. HuCNS-SC (stem cells). Curr Opin Mol Ther 8 (2006) 156-163
208. Taupin P. The therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells. Curr Opin Mol Ther 8 (2006) 225-231
209. Shihabuddin L.S., Numan S., Huff M.R., et al. Intracerebral transplantation of adult mouse neural progenitor cells into the Niemann-Pick-A mouse leads to a marked decrease in lysosomal storage pathology. J Neurosci 24 (2004) 10642-10651
210. Ahmad I., Hunter R.E., Flax J.D., et al. Neural stem cell implantation extends life in Niemann-Pick C1 mice. J Appl Genet 48 (2007) 269-272
211. Goldman S.A., and Windrem M.S. Cell replacement therapy in neurological disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (2006) 1463-1475
212. Kim S.K., Kim S.U., Park I.H., et al. Human neural stem cells target experimental intracranial medulloblastoma and deliver a therapeutic gene leading to tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res 12 (2006) 5550-5556
213. Yip S., Abooty K.S., Burns M., et al. Neural stem cell biology may be well suited for improving brain tumor therapies. Cancer J 9 (2003) 189-204
214. Shah K., Bureau E., Kim D.E., et al. Glioma therapy and real time imaging of neural precursor cell migration and tumor regression. Ann Neurol 57 (2005) 34-41
215. Manganas L.N., Zhang X., Li Y., et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies neural progenitor cells in the live human brain. Science 318 (2007) 980-985
216. Fuchs E. Scratching the surface of skin development. Nature 445 (2007) 834-841
217. Aberdam D., Gambaro K., Medawar A., et al. Embryonic stem cells as a cellular model for neuroectodermal commitment and skin formation. C R Biol 330 (2007) 479-484
218. Loebinger M.R., and Janes S.M. Stem cells for lung disease. Chest 132 (2007) 279-285
219. Bruce S.J., Rea R.W., Steptoe A.L., et al. In vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells toward a renal lineage. Differentiation 75 (2007) 337-349
220. Vigneau C., Polgar K., Striker G., et al. Mouse embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies generate progenitors that integrate long term into renal proximal tubules in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 (2007) 1709-1720
221. Kim S.S., Park H.J., Han J., et al. Improvement of kidney failure with fetal kidney precursor cell transplantation. Transplantation 83 (2007) 1249-1258