Host defenses against human papillomaviruses: Lessons from epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 321, Issue , 2008, Pages 59-83

  Orth, G ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EVER1 PROTEIN; EVER2 PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PROTEIN E6; PROTEIN E7; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN; ZINC; ZINC TRANSPORTER; TMC6 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TMC8 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTIBODY TITER; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; CELL ADHESION; CELL FUNCTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DNA DETERMINATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS; EVER1 GENE; EVER2 GENE; GENE; GENE FUNCTION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETICS; GENITAL TRACT CANCER; GENOTYPE; HOMEOSTASIS; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INNATE IMMUNITY; KERATINOCYTE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CANCER; TMC1 GENE; TMC2 GENE; TMC3 GENE; TMC4 GENE; TMC5 GENE; TMC6 GENE; TMC7 GENE; TMC8 GENE; TRANSMEMBRANE CHANNEL LIKE GENE; VERRUCA VULGARIS; VIROLOGY; WART VIRUS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE;

EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; KERATINOCYTES; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; ZINC;

EID: 51149111202     PISSN: 0070217X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_3     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Akgül B, Köse O, Safali M, Purdie K, Cerio R, Proby C, Storey A (2007) A distinct variant of epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a Turkish family lacking EVER1 and EVER2 mutations. J Dermatol Sci 46:214-216
2. Al-Gurairi FT, Al-Waiz M, Sharquie KE (2002) Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts: randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 146:423-431
3. Alonso I, Fuchs E (2003) Stem cells of the skin epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11830-11835
4. Andrews GK, Wang H, Dey SK, Palmiter RD (2004) Mouse zinc transporter 1 gene provides an essential function during early embryonic development. Genesis 40:74-81
5. Androphy EJ, Dvoretzky I, Lowy DR (1985) X-linked inheritance of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: genetic and virologic studies of a kindred. Arch Dermatol 121:864-868
6. Antonsson A, Forslund O, Ekberg H, Sterner G, Hansson BG (2000) The ubiquity and impressive genomic diversity of human skin papillomaviruses suggest a commensalic nature of these viruses. J Virol 74:11636-11641
7. Antonsson A, Karanfilovska S, Lindqvist PG, Hansson BG (2003) General acquisition of human papillomavirus infections of skin occurs in early infancy. J Clin Microbiol 4:2509-2514
8. Archard HO, Heck JW, Stanley HR (1965) Focal epithelial hyperplasia: an unusual oral mucosal lesion found in Indian children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 20:201-212
9. Astori G, Lavergne D, Benton C, Hockmayr B, Egawa K, Garbe C, de Villiers EM (1998) Human papillomaviruses are commonly found in normal skin of immunocompetent hosts. J Invest Dermatol 110:752-755
10. Barr BB, Benton EC, Mc Laren K, Bunney MH, Smith IW, Blessing K, Hunter JA (1989) Human papillomavirus infection and skin cancer in renal allograft recipients. Lancet 1:124-129
11. Beaudenon S, Praetorius F, Kremsdorf D, Lutzner M, Worsaae N, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Orth G (1987) A new type of human papillomavirus associated with oral focal epithelial hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol 88:130-135
12. Berthelot C, Dickerson MC, Rady P, He Q, Niroomand F, Tyring SK, Pandya AG (2007) Treatment of a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis carrying a novel EVER2 mutation with imiquimod. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:882-886
13. Beutler B, Jiang Z, Georgel P, Crozat K, Croker B, Rutschmann S, Du X, Hoebe K (2006) Genetic analysis of host resistance: Toll-like receptor signaling and immunity at large. Annu Rev Immunol 24:353-389
14. Bieniasz PD (2004) Intrinsic immunity: a front-line defense against viral attack. Nat Immunol 5:1109-1115
15. Blanpain C, Horsley V, Fuchs E (2007) Epithelial stem cells: turning over new leaves. Cell 128:445-458
16. Bos JD (ed) (2005) Skin immune system. Cutaneous immunology and clinical immunodermatology. 3rd edition, Boca Raton, CRC Press
17. Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV (2002) The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 55:244-265
18. Boxman ILA, Berkhout RJM, Mulder LHC, Wolkers MC, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Vermeer BJ, ter Schegget J (1997) Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked hairs from renal transplant recipients and healthy volunteers. J Invest Dermatol 108:712-715
19. Brash DE (1997) Sunlight and the onset of skin cancer. Trends Genet 13:410-414
20. Bruinsma JJ, Jirakulaporn T, Muslin AJ, Kornfeld K (2002) Zinc ions and cation diffusion facilitator proteins regulate Ras-mediated signaling. Dev Cell 2:567-578
21. Bruton OC (1952) Agammaglobulinemia. Pediatrics 9:722-728
22. Carré D, Dompmartin A, Verdon R, Comoz F, Le Brun E, Freymuth F, Leroy D (2003) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a patient with HIV infection: no response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Dermatol 42:296-300
23. Casanova JL, Abel L (2004) The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol 4:55-66
24. Casanova JL, Abel L (2007) Primary immunodeficiencies: a field in its infancy. Science 317:617-619
25. Casanova JL, Fieschi C, Bustamante J, Reichenbach J, Remus N, von Bernuth H, Picard C (2005) From idiopathic infectious diseases to novel primary immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:426-430
26. Cockayne EA (1933) Inherited abnormalities of the skin and its appendages. Oxford University Press, London, p 156
27. Coleman N, Birley HDL, Renton AM, Hanna NF, Ryait BK, Byrne M, Taylor-Robinson D, Stanley MA (1994) Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am J Clin Pathol 102:768-774
28. Cooper KD, Androphy EJ, Lowy D, Katz SI (1990) Antigen presentation and T-cell activation in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 94:769-776
29. Cousins RJ, Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA (2006) Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals. J Biol Chem 281:24085-24089
30. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (2004) Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 324:17-27
31. DiMaio D, Mattoon D (2001) Mechanisms of cell transformation by papillomavirus E5 proteins. Oncogene 20:7866-7873
32. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A (2003) Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 345:1681-1691
33. Fausch SC, Da Silva DM, Rudolf MP, Kast WM (2002) Human papillomavirus virus-like particles do not activate Langerhans cells: a possible immune escape mechanism used by human papillomaviruses. J Immunol 169:3242-3249
34. Favre M, Orth G, Majewski S, Baloul S, Pura A, Jablonska S (1998) Psoriasis: a possible reservoir for human papillomavirus type 5, the virus associated with skin carcinomas of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 110:311-317
35. Favre M, Majewski S, Noszczyk B, Maienfisch F, Pura A, Orth G, Jablonska S (2000) Antibodies to human papillomavirus type 5 are generated in epidermal repair processes. J Invest Dermatol 114:403-407
36. Feltkamp MCW, Broer R, di Summa FM, Struijk L, van der Meijden E, Verlaan BPJ, Westendorp RGJ, ter Schegget J, Spaan WJM, Bouwes Bavinck JN (2003) Seroreactivity to epidermodysplasia verruciformis-related human papillomavirus types is associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Res 63:2695-2700
37. Fischer A (2004) Human primary immunodeficiency diseases: a perspective. Nat Immunol 5:23-30
38. Fischer WC, Black RE (2004) Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr 24:255-275
39. Frank M, Kemler R (2002) Protocadherins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:557-562
40. Frazer IH, Thomas R, Zhou J, Leggatt GR, Dunn L, McMillan N, Tindle RW, Filgueira L, Manders P, Barnard P, Sharkey M (1999) Potential strategies utilised by papillomavirus to evade host immunity. Immunol Rev 168:131-142
41. Friedewald WF (1944) Certain conditions determining enhanced infection with the rabbit papilloma virus. J Exp Med 80:65-76
42. Fuchs E, Tumbar T, Guasch G (2004) Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche. Cell 116:769-778
43. Fuchs PG, Pfister H (1996) Papillomaviruses in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. In: Lacey C (ed) Papillomavirus reviews: current research on papillomaviruses, vol 2 (The papillomaviruses). Leeds University Press, Leeds, pp 253-261
44. Garcia-Vallvé S, Alonso A, Bravo IG (2005) Papillomaviruses: different genes have different histories. Trends Microbiol 13:514-521
45. Genther Williams SM, Disbrow GL, Schlegel R, Lee D, Threadgill DW, Lambert PF (2005) Requirement of epidermal growth factor receptor for hyperplasia induced by E5, a high-risk human papillomavirus oncogene. Cancer Res 65:6534-6542
46. Glinski W, Jablonska S, Langner A, Obalek S, Haftek M, Proniewska M (1976) Cell-mediated immunity in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Dermatologica 153:218-227
47. Glinski W, Obalek S, Jablonska S, Orth G (1981) T-cells defect in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis due to human papillomavirus types 3 and 5. Dermatologica 162:141-147
48. Gober MD, Rady PL, He Q, Turker SB, Tyring SK, Gaspari AA (2007) Novel homozygous frameshift mutation of EVER1 gene in an epidermodysplasia verruciformis patient. J Invest Dermatol 127:817-820
49. Gorlin RJ, Gelb B, Diaz GA, Lofsness KG, Pittelkow MR, Fenyk JR (2000) WHIM syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder: clinical, hematological, and molecular studies. Am J Med Genet 91:368-376
50. Guess JC, McCance DJ (2005) Decreased migration of Langerhans precursor-like cells in response to human keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 is related to reduced macrophage inflammatory protein-3a production. J Virol 79:14852-14862
51. Harry JB, Wettstein FO (1996) Transforming properties of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus oncoproteins LE6 and SE6 and the E8 protein. J Virol 70:3355-3362
52. Harwood CA, Proby CM (2002) Human papillomaviruses and non-melanoma skin cancer. Curr Opin Infect Dis 15:101-114
53. Hernandez PA, Gorlin RJ, Lukens JN, Taniuchi S, Bohinjec J, Francois F, Klotman ME, Diaz GA (2003) Mutations in the chemokine receptor gene CXCR4 are associated with WHIM syndrome, a combined immunodeficiency disease. Nat Genet 34:70-74
54. Howley PM, Lowy DR (2007) Papillomaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, et al (eds) Fields virology, 5th edn. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 2299-2354
55. Hu J, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND (2002) Intracutaneous DNA vaccination with the E8 gene of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus induces protective immunity against virus challenge in rabbits. J Virol 76:6453-6459
56. Jablonska S, Formas I (1959) Weitere positive Ergebnisse mit Auto- und Heteroinokulation bei Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Lewandowsky-Lutz. Dermatologica 118:86-93
57. Jablonska S, Orth G (1985) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Clin Dermatol 3(4):83-96
58. Jablonska S, Dabrowski J, Jakubowicz K (1972) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis as a model in studies on the role of papovaviruses in oncogenesis. Cancer Res 32:583-589
59. Jablonska S, Orth G, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G, Obalek S, Glinski W, Favre M, Croissant O (1979) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis versus disseminated verrucae planae: is epidermodysplasia verruciformis a generalized infection with wart virus? J Invest Dermatol 72:114-119
60. Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Sehr P, Waterboer T, Stukel TA, Andrew A, Green AC, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Perry A, Spencer S, Rees JR, Mott LA, Pawlita M (2006) Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:389-395
61. Kawai T, Akira S (2006) Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat Immunol 7:131-137
62. Kawashima M, Favre M, Obalek S, Jablonska S, Orth G (1990) Premalignant lesions and cancers of the skin in the general population: evaluation of the role of human papillomaviruses. J Invest Dermatol 95:537-542
63. Keresztes G, Mutai H, Heller S (2003) TMC and EVER genes belong to a larger novel family, the TMC gene family encoding transmembrane proteins. BMC Genomics 4:24-35
64. Khattar JA, Musharrafieh UM, Tamim H, Hamadeh GN (2007) Topical zinc oxide vs. salicylic acid-lactic acid combination in the treatment of warts. Int J Dermatol 46:427-430
65. Kitamura H, Morikawa H, Kamon H, Iguchi M, Hojyo S, Fukada T, Yamashita S, Kaisho T, Akira S, Murakami M, Hirano T (2006) Toll-like receptor-mediated regulation of zinc homeostasis influences dendritic cell function. Nat Immunol 7:971-977
66. Koranda FC, Dehmel EM, Kahn G, Penn I (1974) Cutaneous complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft recipients. J Am Med Assoc 229:419-424
67. Koromilas AE, Li S, Matlashewski G (2001) Control of interferon signaling in human papillomavirus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 12:157-170
68. Kröncke KD (2007) Cellular stress and intracellular zinc dyshomeostasis. Arch Biochem Biophys 463:183-187
69. Kupper TS, Fuhlbrigge RC (2004) Immune surveillance in the skin: mechanisms and clinical consequences. Nat Rev Immunol 4:211-212
70. Kurima K, Peters LM, Yang Y, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM, Naz S, Arnaud D, Drury S, Mo J, Makishima T, Ghosh M, Menon PSN, Deshmukh D, Oddoux C, Ostrer H, Khan S, Riazuddin S, Deininger PL, Hampton LL, Sullivan SL, Battey JF, Keats BJB, Wilcox ER, Friedman TB, Griffith AJ (2002) Dominant and recessive deafness caused by mutations of a novel gene TMC1 required for cochlear hair-cell function. Nat Genet 30:277-284
71. Kurima K, Yang Y, Sorber K, Griffith AJ (2003) Characterization of the transmembrane channellike (TMC) gene family: functional clues from hearing loss and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Genomics 82:300-308
72. Laffort C, Le Deist F, Favre M, Caillat-Zucman S, Radford-Weiss I, Debré M, Fraitag S, Blanche S, Cavazzana-Calvo M, de Saint Basile G, de Villartay P, Giliani S, Orth G, Casanova JL, Bodemer C, Fischer A (2004) Severe cutaneous papillomavirus disease after haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with severe combined immune deficiency caused by common gamma cytokine receptor subunit or JAK-3 deficiency. Lancet 363:2051-2054
73. Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza JA, Cassonnet P, Jacob Y, Favre M (2008) Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses. J Exp Med 205:35-42
74. Lebre MC, van der Aar AM, van Baarsen L, van Capel TMM, Schuitemaker JHN, Kapsenberg ML, de Jong EC (2007) Human keratinocytes express functional Toll-like receptor 3, 4, 5 and 9. J Invest Dermatol 127:331-341
75. Lewandowsky F, Lutz W (1922) Ein Fall einer bisher nicht beschriebenen Hauterkrankung (Epidermodysplasia verruciformis). AMA Arch Derm Syphilol 141:193-203
76. Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA, Rivera S, Blanchard RK, Aydemir TB, Knutson MD, Ganz T, Cousins RJ (2005) Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6843-6848
77. Longworth MS, Laimins LA (2004) Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating epithelia. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:362-372
78. Lutz WA (1946) A propos de l'épidermodysplasie verruciforme. Dermatologica 92:30-43
79. Lutzner MA (1978) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: an autosomal recessive disease characterized by viral warts and skin cancer. A model for viral oncogenesis. Bull Cancer 65:169-182
80. Lutzner MA, Croissant O, Ducasse MF, Kreis H, Crosnier J, Orth G (1980) A potentially oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV5) found in two renal allograft recipients. J Invest Dermatol 75:353-356
81. Lutzner MA, Orth G, Dutronquay V, Ducasse MF, Kreis H, Crosnier J (1983) Detection of human papillomavirus type 5 DNA in skin cancers of an immunosuppressed renal allograft recipient. Lancet 2:422-424
82. Lutzner MA, Blanchet-Bardon C, Orth G (1984) Clinical observations, virologic studies, and treatment trials in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a disease induced by specific human papillomaviruses. J Invest Dermatol 83:18s-25s
83. Majewski S, Jablonska S (1992) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis as a model of human papillomavirusinduced genetic cancers: the role of local immunosurveillance. Am J Med Sci 304:174-179
84. Majewski S, Jablonska S (1995) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis as a model of human papillomavirus-induced genetic cancer of the skin. Arch Dermatol 131:1312-1318
85. Majewski S, Skopinska-Rozewska E, Jablonska S, Wasik M, Misiewicz J, Orth G (1986) Partial defects of cell mediated immunity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:966-973
86. Majewski S, Malejczyk J, Jablonska S, Misiewicz J, Rudnicka L, Obalek S, Orth G (1990) Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against various target cells in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:423-427
87. Majewski S, Hunzelmann N, Nischt R, Eckes B, Rudnicka L, Orth G (1991) TGF beta-1 and TNF alpha expression in the epidermis of patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 97:862-867
88. Majewski S, Jablonska S, Orth G (1997) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Immunological and nonimmunological surveillance mechanisms: role in tumor progression. Clin Dermatol 15:321-334
89. Majewski S, Jablonska S, Favre M, Ramoz N, Orth G (1999) Papillomavirus and autoimmunity in psoriasis. Immunol Today 20:475-476
90. Marcotti W, Erven A, Johnson SL, Steel KP, Kros CJ (2006) Tmc1 is necessary for normal functional maturation and survival of inner and outer hair cells in the mouse cochlea. J Physiol 574:677-698
91. Maufort JP, Williams SM, Pitot HC, Lambert PF (2007) Human papillomavirus 16 E5 oncogene contributes to two stages of skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 67:6106-6112
92. Mendoza JA, Jacob Y, Cassonnet P, Favre M (2006) Human papillomavirus type 5 E6 oncoprotein represses the transforming growth factor b signaling pathway by binding to SMAD3. J Virol 80:12420-12424
93. Miller LS, Modlin RL (2007) Human keratinocyte Toll-like receptors promote distinct immune responses. J Invest Dermatol 127:262-263
94. Münger K, Baldwin A, Edwards KM, Hayakawa H, Nguyen CL, Owens M, Grace M, Huh KW (2004) Mechanisms of human papillomavirus-induced oncogenesis. J Virol 78:11451-11460
95. Nickoloff BJ (2007) Cracking the cytokine code in psoriasis. Nat Med 13:242-244
96. Nonnenmacher M, Salmon J, Jacob Y, Orth G, Breitburd F (2006) Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E8 protein is essential for wart formation and provides new insights into viral pathogenesis. J Virol 80:4890-4900
97. Obalek S, Favre M, Szymanczyk J, Misiewicz J, Jablonska S, Orth G (1992) Human papillomavirus (HPV) types specific of epidermodysplasia verruciformis detected in warts induced by HPV3 or HPV3-related types in immunosuppressed patients. J Invest Dermatol 98:936-941
98. Oliveira WRP, Carrasco S, Neto CF, Rady P, Tyring SK (2003) Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Dermatol 30:203-209
99. Orth G (1987) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. In: Howley PM, Salzman NP (eds) The papovaviridae. Vol 2 The papillomaviruses. Plenum Publishing, New York, pp 199-243
100. Orth G (2004) Human papillomaviruses and the skin: more to be learned. J Invest Dermatol 123:xi-xiii
101. Orth G (2005) Human papillomaviruses associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis in nonmelanoma skin cancers: guilty or innocent? J Invest Dermatol 125:xii-xiii
102. Orth G (2006) Genetics of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: insights into host defense against papillomaviruses. Semin Immunol 18:362-374
103. Orth G (2008) General features of human papillomaviruses. In: Mahy B, Van Regelmortel M (eds) Encyclopedia of virology, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Oxford (in press)
104. Orth G, Jablonska S, Favre M, Croissant O, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G (1978) Characterization of two types of human papillomaviruses in lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1537-1541
105. Orth G, Jablonska S, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G, Obalek S, Favre M, Croissant O (1979) Characteristics of the lesions and risk of malignant conversion as related to the type of the human papillomavirus involved in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Cancer Res 39:1074-1082
106. Orth G, Favre M, Breitburd F, Croissant O, Jablonska S, Obalek S,Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G (1980) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a model for the role of papillomaviruses in human cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Conf Cell Prolif 7:259-282
107. Orth G, Favre M, Majewski S, Jablonska S (2001) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis defines a subset of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. J Virol 75:4952-4953
108. Ostrow RS, Bender M, Niimura M, Seki T, Kawashima M, Pass F, Faras AJ (1982) Human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous primary and metastasized squamous cell carcinomas from patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1634-1638
109. Palmiter RD, Findley SD (1995) Cloning and functional characterization of a mammalian zinc transporter that confers resistance to zinc. EMBO J 14:639-649
110. Pass F, Reissig M, Shah KV, Eisinger M, Orth G (1977) Identification of an immunologically distinct papillomavirus from lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Natl Cancer Inst 59:1107-1112
111. Pfister H (2003) Human papillomavirus and skin cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31:52-56
112. Pfister H, Gassenmaier A, Nürnberger F, Stüttgen G (1983) Human papillomavirus 5-DNA in carcinoma of an epidermodysplasia verruciformis patient infected with various human papillomavirus types. Cancer Res 43:1436-1441
113. Prawer SE, Pass F, Vance JC, Greenberg LJ, Yunis EJ, Zelickson AS (1977) Depressed immune function in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Arch Dermatol 113:495-499
114. Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Favre M, Orth G (1999) A susceptibility locus for epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an abnormal predisposition to infection with the oncogenic human papillomavirus type 5, maps to chromosome 17qter in a region containing a psoriasis locus. J Invest Dermatol 112:259-263
115. Ramoz N, Taieb A, Rueda LA, Montoya LS, Bouadjar B, Favre M, Orth G (2000) Evidence for a nonallelic heterogeneity of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with two susceptibility loci mapped to chromosome regions 2p21-p24 and 17q 25. J Invest Dermatol 114:1148-1153
116. Ramoz N, Rueda LA, Bouadjar B, Montoya LS, Orth G, Favre M (2002) Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Nat Genet 32:579-581
117. Rink L, Haase H (2007) Zinc homeostasis and immunity. Trends Immunol 28:1-4
118. Schiffman M, Kjaer SK (2003) Natural history of anogenital human papillomavirus infection and neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31:14-19
119. Spahl DU, Berendji-Grün D, Suschek CV, Kolb-Bachofen V, Kröncke KD (2003) Regulation of zinc homeostasis by inducible NO synthase-derived NO: nuclear metallothionein translocation and intranuclear Zn 2+ release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13952-13957
120. Stanley M (2006) Immune responses to human papillomavirus. Vaccine 24 [Suppl 1]:S16-S22
121. Stark S, Petridis AK, Ghim S, Jenson AB, Bavinck JNB, Gross G, Stockfleth E, Fuchs PG, Pfister H (1998) Prevalence of antibodies against virus-like particles of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV8 in patients at risk of skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 111:696-701
122. Storey A (2002) Papillomaviruses: death-defying acts in skin cancer. Mol Med 8:417-421
123. Su AI, Wiltshire T, Batalov S, Lapp H, Ching KA, Block D, Zhang J, Soden R, Hayakawa M, Kreiman G, Cooke MP, Walker JR, Hogenesch JB (2004) A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6062-6067
124. Sun XK, Chen JF, Xu AE (2005) A homozygous nonsense mutation in the EVER2 gene leads to epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Clin Exp Dermatol 30:573-574
125. Tagami H, Aiba S, Rokugo M (1985) Regression of flat warts and common warts. Clin Dermatol 3(4):170-178
126. Tate G, Suzuki T, Kishimoto K, Mitsuya T (2004) Novel mutations of EVER1/TMC6 gene in a Japanese patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Hum Genet 49:223-225
127. Ullrich SE (2005) Mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. Mutat Res 571:185-205
128. von Bülow V, Rink L, Haase H (2005) Zinc-mediated inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and expression suppresses TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in monocytes by elevation of guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate1. J Immunol 175:4697-4705
129. Vreugde S, Erven A, Kros CJ, Marcotti W, Fuchs H, Kurima K, Wilcox ER, Friedman TB, Griffith AJ, Balling R, Hrabé de Angelis MH, Avraham KB, Steel KP (2002) Beethoven, a mouse model for dominant, progressive hearing loss DFNA36. Nat Genet 30:257-258
130. Wang K, Zhou B, Kuo YM, Zemansky J, Gitschier J (2002) A novel member of a zinc transporter family is defective in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Am J Hum Genet 71:66-73
131. Weissenborn SJ, Höptl R, Weber F, Smola H, Pfister HJ, Fuchs PG (1999) High prevalence of a variety of epidermodysplasia verruciformis- associated human papillomaviruses in psoriasis skin of patients treated or not treated with PUVA. J Invest Dermatol 113:122-126
132. Wellinghausen N, Kirchner H, Rink L (1997) The immunobiology of zinc. Immunol Today 18:519-521
133. Woodworth CD (2002) HPV innate immunity. Front Biosci 7:2058-2071
134. Yamasaki S, Sakata-Sogawa K, Hasegawa A, Suzuki T, Kabu K, Sato E, Kurosaki T, Yamashita S, Tokunaga M, Nishida K, Hirano T (2007) Zinc is a novel intracellular second messenger. J Cell Biol 177:637-645
135. Yamashita S, Miyagi C, Fukada T, Kagara N, Che YS, Hirano T (2004) Zinc transporter LIV1 controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition in zebrafish gastrula organizer. Nature 429:298-302
136. Yang R, Murillo FM, Cui H, Blosser R, Uematsu S, Takeda K, Akira S, Viscidi RP, Roden RB (2004) Papillomavirus-like particles stimulate murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to produce alpha interferon and Th1 immune responses via MyD88. J Virol 78:11152-11160
137. Yang R, Murillo FM, Delannoy MJ, Blosser LR, Yutzy WH, Uematsu S, Takeda K, Akira S, Viscidi R, Roden RB (2005) B lymphocyte activation by human papillomavirus-like particles directly induces Ig class switch recombination via TLR4-MyD88. J Immunol 174:7912-7929
138. Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, Saari JT, McClain CJ, Kang YJ (2004) Abrogation of nuclear factor-?B activation is involved in zinc inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-a production and liver injury. Am J Pathol 164:1547-1556
139. Zuo YG, Ma D, Zhang Y, Qiao J, Wang B (2006) Identification of a novel mutation and a genetic polymorphism of EVER1 gene in two families with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Dermatol Sci 44:153-159