Zinc and the risk for infectious disease

Annual Review of Nutrition

Volumn 24, Issue , 2004, Pages 255-275

  Walker, Christa Fischer ^a   Black, Robert E ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Child mortality; Diarrhea; Malaria; Pneumonia; Supplementation

Indexed keywords

COPPER; IRON; RETINOL; TRACE ELEMENT; ZINC;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; COMMON COLD; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; MALARIA; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MEASLES; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN INFECTION; TUBERCULOSIS; WOUND INFECTION; ZINC DEFICIENCY;

ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIARRHEA; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; MALARIA; PNEUMONIA; RISK FACTORS; ZINC;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 3242736546     PISSN: 01999885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073054     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Anonymous. 1987. Interaction of iron, copper, and zinc. Nutr. Rev. 45:167-69
2. Abdallah JM, Kukuruga M, Nakeff A, Prasad AS. 1988. Cell cycle distribution defect in PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes of sickle cell disease patients. Am. J. Hematol. 28:279-81
3. Abdel-Mageed AB, Oehme FW. 1990. A review on biochemical roles, toxicity and interactions of zinc, copper and iron: IV. Interactions. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 32:456-58
4. Abdulla M, Suck C. 1998. Blood levels of copper, iron, zinc, and lead in adults in India and Pakistan and the effect of oral zinc supplementation for six weeks. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 61:323-31
5. Al-Nakib W, Higgins PG, Barrow I, Batstone G, Tyrrell DA. 1987. Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 20:893-901
6. Al-Sonboli N, Gurgel RQ, Shenkin A, Hart CA, Cuevas LE. 2003. Zinc supplementation in Brazilian children with acute diarrhoea. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 23:3-8
7. Bahl R, Baqui A, Bhan M, Bhatnagar S, Black RE, et al. 2001. Effect of zinc supplementation on clinical course of acute diarrhea. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 19:338-46
8. Bahl R, Bhandari N, Hambidge KM, Bhan MK. 1998. Plasma zinc as a predictor of diarrheal and respiratory morbidity in children in an urban slum setting. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:414-178
9. Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Chakraborty J, et al. 2002. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial. BMJ 325:1059
10. Baqui AH, Zaman K, Persson LA, Arifeen SE, Yunus M, et al. 2004. Effect of weekly supplementation with iron and/or zinc or a micronutrient mix on diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection morbidity in Bangladeshi infants. J. Nutr. 133(12):4150-57
11. Bates C, Evans PH, Dardenne M, Prentice A, Lunn PG, et al. 1993. A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children. Br. J. Nutr. 69:243-55
12. Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S, Lai H, Page JB. 2003. Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37 (Suppl. 2):S117-23
13. Beaton G, Martorell R, Aronson KJ, Edmonston B, McCabe GP, et al. 1993. Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. Toronto: Int. Nutr. Program
14. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, et al. 2002. Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomised controlled trial in an urban slum. BMJ 324:1358
15. Black RE. 2002. Consequences of zinc deficiency on human health and alternatives for programmatic intervention. In Public Health Issues in Infant and Child Nutrition, ed. RE Black, K Fleischer, pp. 97-106. Philadelphia: Vevey/Lippincott
16. Black RE, Miguel SG. 2002. The emerging roles of zinc in infant nutrition, development, and infectious diseases: part 2. Nutr. Today 37:81-90
17. Bogden JD, Baker H, Frank O, Perez G, Kemp F, et al. 1990. Micronutrient status and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 587: 189-95
18. Bondestam M, Foucard T, Gebre-Medhin M. 1985. Subclinical trace element deficiency in children with undue susceptibility to infections. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 74:515-20
19. Brodribb AJ, Ricketts CR. 1971. The effect of zinc in the healing of burns. Injury 3:25-29
20. Brooks A, Yunus M, Santosham M, Wahed MA, Nahar K, et al. 2004. Efficacy of zinc in the treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalised children less than 2 years of age. Lancet. In press
21. Brown K, Wuehler S, Peerson J. 2001. The importance of zinc in human nutrition and estimation of the global prevalence of zinc deficiency. Food Nutr. Bull. 22:113-25
22. Castillo-Duran C, Heresi G, Fisberg M, Uauy R. 1987. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation during recovery from malnutrition: effects on growth and immune function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45:602-8
23. Castillo-Duran C, Vial P, Uauy R. 1988. Trace mineral balance during acute diarrhea in infants. J. Pediatr. 113:452-57
24. Caulfield L, Black RE. 2004. Zinc deficiency. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors, ed. M Ezzati, AD Lopez, A Rodgers, CJL Murray. Geneva: WHO. In press
25. Caulfield LE, Richard S, Black RE. 2004. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. In press
26. Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Figueroa A. 1999. Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate supplements improves maternal and neonatal zinc status in a Peruvian population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69:1257-63
27. Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Shankar AH, Merialdi M. 1998. Potential contribution of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy to maternal and child survival. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:499-5088
28. Christian P. 2003. Micronutrients and reproductive health issues: an international perspective. J. Nutr. 133:1969-738
29. Christian P, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR, Kimbrough-Pradham E, West KP. 2001. Iron and zinc interactions among pregnant Nepali women. Nutr. Res. 21:141-48
30. Christian P, West KP Jr. 1998. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:435-41S
31. Dardenne M. 2002. Zinc and immune function. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56 (Suppl. 3):S20-23
32. Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal. 2001. Effects of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants on micronutrient status and growth. J. Nutr. 131:2860-65
33. Douglas RM, Miles HB, Moore BW, Ryan P, Pinnock CB. 1987. Failure of effervescent zinc acetate lozenges to alter the course of upper respiratory tract infections in Australian adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31:1263-65
34. Eby GA, Davis DR, Halcomb WW. 1984. Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:20-24
35. Farr BM, Conner EM, Betts RF, Oleske J, Minnefor A, Gwaltney JM Jr. 1987. Two randomized controlled trials of zinc gluconate lozenge therapy of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31:1183-87
36. Faruque AS, Mahalanabis D, Haque SS, Fuchs GJ, Habte D. 1999. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of zinc or vitamin A supplementation in young children with acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 88:154-60
37. Fisher GL. 1975. Function and homeostasis of copper and zinc in mammals. Sci. Total Environ. 4:373-412
38. Fox CL Jr, Rao TN, Azmeth R, Gandhi SS, Modak S. 1990. Comparative evaluation of zinc sulfadiazine and silver sulfadiazine in burn wound infection. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 11:112-17
39. Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. 2000. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. J. Nutr. 130:1399-406S
40. Garland ML, Hagmeyer KO. 1998. The role of zinc lozenges in treatment of the common cold. Ann. Pharmacother. 32:63-69
41. Geist FC, Bateman JA, Hayden FG. 1987. In vitro activity of zinc salts against human rhinoviruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31:622-24
42. Gibson RS, Heywood A, Yaman C, Sohlstrom A, Thompson LU, Heywood P. 1991. Growth in children from the Wosera subdistrict, Papua New Guinea, in relation to energy and protein intakes and zinc status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:782-89
43. Gibson RS, Huddle JM. 1998. Suboptimal zinc status in pregnant Malawian women: its association with low intakes of poorly available zinc, frequent reproductive cycling, and malaria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:702-9
44. Gibson RS, Yeudall F, Drost N, Mtitimuni B, Cullinan T. 1998. Dietary interventions to prevent zinc deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:484-478
45. Godfrey JC, Conant Sloane B, Smith DS, Turco JH, Mercer N, Godfrey NJ. 1992. Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study. J. Int. Med. Res. 20:234-46
46. Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ, Novick SG. 1996. Zinc for treating the common cold: review of all clinical trials since 1984. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2:63-72
47. Gupta DN, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Rajendran K, Sur D, Manna B. 2003. Impact of zinc supplementation on diarrhoeal morbidity in rural children of West Bengal, India. Acta Paediatr. 92:531-36
48. Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Jacobs MA, Favier A, Guyette L, Ikle DN. 1983. Zinc nutritional status during pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37:429-42
49. Hambidge M. 2000. Human zinc deficiency. J. Nutr. 130:1344-498
50. Herman S, Griffin IJ, Suwarti S, Ernawati F, Permaesih D, et al. 2002. Cofortification of iron-fortified flour with zinc sulfate, but not zinc oxide, decreases iron absorption in Indonesian children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76:813-17
51. Isa L, Lucchini A, Lodi S, Giachetti M. 1992. Blood zinc status and zinc treatment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 22:45-47
52. Karyadi E, West CE, Schultink W, Nelwan RH, Gross R, et al. 2002. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vitamin A and zinc supplementation in persons with tuberculosis in Indonesia: effects on clinical response and nutritional status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75:720-27
53. Khatun UH, Malek MA, Black RE, Sarkar NR, Wahed MA, et al. 2001. A randomized controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A or both in undernourished children with persistent diarrhea in Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 90:376-80
54. Kubena KS, McMurray DN. 1996. Nutrition and the immune system: a review of nutrient-nutrient interactions. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96:1156-64; quiz 65-66
55. Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Stenlund H, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, et al. 2003. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77:883-90
56. Lonnerdal B. 2000. Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. J. Nutr. 130:1378-83S
57. Lutter CK, Dewey KG. 2003. Proposed nutrient composition for fortified complementary foods. J. Nutr. 133:3011-20S
58. Macknin ML, Piedmonte M, Calendine C, Janosky J, Wald E. 1998. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 279:1962-67
59. Mahalanabis D, Chowdhury A, Jana S, Bhattacharya MK, Chakrabarti MK, et al. 2002. Zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy in children with measles accompanied by pneumonia: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76:604-7
60. Marshall S. 1998. Zinc gluconate and the common cold. Review of randomized controlled trials. Can. Fam. Physician 44:1037-42
61. Mejia L. 1986. Vitamin A-nutrient interrelationships. In Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Control, ed. J Bauernfeind, pp. 669-700. Orlando, FL: Academic
62. Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M. 2000. Therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections. J. Nutr. 130:1424-31S
63. Mossad SB. 2003. Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy adults. Q. J. Med. 96:35-43
64. Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. 1996. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Intern. Med. 125:81-88
65. Muller O, Becher H, van Zweeden AB, Ye Y, Diallo DA, et al. 2001. Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria and other causes of morbidity in West African children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 322:1567
66. Munoz EC, Rosado JL, Lopez P, Furr HC, Allen LH. 2000. Iron and zinc supplementation improves indicators of vitamin A status of Mexican preschoolers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:789-94
67. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Wen J, Abrams SA. 2000. Prenatal iron supplements impair zinc absorption in pregnant Peruvian women. J. Nutr. 130: 2251-55
68. Osendarp SJ, van Raaij JM, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH, Hautvast JG, Fuchs GJ. 2001. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy and effects on growth and morbidity in low birthweight infants: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 357:1080-85
69. Osendarp SJ, West CE, Black RE. 2003. The need for maternal zinc supplementation in developing countries: an unresolved issue. J. Nutr. 133:817-27S
70. Pastorfide GB, Gorgonio NM, Ganzon AR, Alberto RM. 1989. Zinc chloride spray-magnesium hydroxide ointment dual topical regimen in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic incisional wounds. Clin. Ther. 11:258-63
71. Patrick L. 2000. Nutrients and HIV: part two - vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. Altern. Med. Rev. 5:39-51
72. Pories WJ, Henzel JH, Rob CG, Strain WH. 1967. Acceleration of healing with zinc sulfate. Ann. Surg. 165:432-36
73. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH. 2000. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:245-52
74. Prasad AS, Miale A, Farid Z, Sanstead HH, Schulert AR, Darby WJ. 1963. Biochemical studies on dwarfism, hypogonadism and anemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 111:407-28
75. Prasad AS, Oberleas D. 1971. Changes in activities of zinc-dependent enzymes in zinc-deficient tissues of rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 31:842-46
76. Prasad AS, Oberleas D, Wolf P, Horwitz JP, Miller ER, Luecke RW. 1969. Changes in trace elements and enzyme activities in tissues of zinc-deficient pigs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22:628-37
77. Rahman MM, Vermund SH, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, Baqui AH, Alvarez JO. 2001. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 323:314-18
78. Romeyn M. 1995. Nutrition and HIV: a new model for treatment. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Beta Sept.:16-20, 2-6
79. Rosado JL. 2003. Zinc and copper: proposed fortification levels and recommended zinc compounds. J. Nutr. 133: 2985-89S
80. Rosado JL, Lopez P, Munoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. 1997. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:13-19
81. Ruberg RL. 1984. Role of nutrition in wound healing. Surg. Clin. North Am. 64:705-14
82. Sachdev HP, Mittal NK, Mittal SK, Yadav HS. 1988. A controlled trial on utility of oral zinc supplementation in acute dehydrating diarrhea in infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 7:877-81
83. Sandstead HH. 1991. Zinc deficiency. A public health problem? Am. J. Dis. Child 145:853-59
84. Sandstead HH. 1995. Requirements and toxicity of essential trace elements, illustrated by zinc and copper. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61:621-248
85. Deleted in proof
86. Sandstrom B. 2001. Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability. Br. J. Nutr. 85(Suppl. 2): S181-85
87. Savin JA. 1984. Skin disease: the link with zinc. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 289:1476-77
88. Sazawal S, Black RE, Menon VP, Dinghra P, Caulfield LE, et al. 2001. Zinc supplementation in infants born small for gestational age reduces mortality: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 108:1280-86
89. Sazawal S, Jalla S, Deb S, Malik P, Krebs N, et al. 2004. Zinc supplementation for four months does not affect plasma copper concentrations in infants. Under review
90. Sazawal S, Jalla S, Mazumder S, Sinha A, Black RE, Bhan MK. 1997. Effect of zinc supplementation on cell-mediated immunity and lymphocyte subsets in preschool children. Indian Pediatr. 34:589-97
91. Schultink W, Merzenich M, Gross R, Shrimpton R, Dillon D. 1997. Effects of iron-zinc supplementation on the iron, zinc, and vitamin A status of anaemic pre-school children. Food Nutr. Bull. 18:311-16
92. Shah D, Sachdev HP. 2001. Effect of gestational zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcomes: summary of observation studies and zinc supplementation trials. Br. J. Nutr. 85 (Suppl. 2):S101-8
93. Shankar AH. 2000. Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality. J. Infect. Dis. 182 (Suppl. 1):S37-53
94. Shankar AH, Genton B, Baisor M, Paino J, Tamja S, et al. 2000. The influence of zinc supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum: a randomized trial in preschool children in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62:663-69
95. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. 1998. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:447-63S
96. Siberry G, Ruff A, Black R. 2002. Zinc and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Nutr. Res. 22:527-38
97. Solomons NW, Russell RM. 1980. The interaction of vitamin A and zinc: implications for human nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:2031-410
98. Strand TA, Chandyo RK, Bahl R, Sharma PR, Adhikari RK, et al. 2002. Effectiveness and efficacy of zinc for the treatment of acute diarrhea in young children. Pediatrics 109:898-903
99. Swanson CA, King JC. 1987. Zinc and pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46:763-71
100. Tang AM, Graham NM, Kirby AJ, McCall LD, Willett WC, Saah AJ. 1993. Dietary micronutrient intake and risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected homosexual men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138:937-51
101. Terhune MW, Sandstead HH. 1972. Decreased RNA polymerase activity in mammalian zinc deficiency. Science 177:68-69
102. The Zinc Against Plasmodium Study Group. 2002. Effect of zinc on the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76:805-12
103. The Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. 1999. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. J. Pediatr. 135:689-97
104. The Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. 2000. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72:1516-22
105. Tomkins A. 1991. Recent developments in the nutritional management of diarrhoea. 1. Nutritional strategies to prevent diarrhoea among children in developing countries. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85: 4-7
106. Turner RB. 2001. Ineffectiveness of intranasal zinc gluconate for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:1865-70
107. Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. 2000. Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:1202-8
108. Van Wouwe JP. 1989. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Eur. J. Pediatr. 149:2-8
109. Van Wouwe JP. 1995. Clinical and laboratory assessment of zinc deficiency in Dutch children. A review. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 49:211-25
110. Wald G. 1950. Th interconversion of the retinenes and vitamins A in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 4:215-28
111. Weismann K, Jakobsen JP, Weismann JE, Hammer UM, Nyholm SM, et al. 1990. Zinc gluconate lozenges for common cold. A double-blind clinical trial. Dan. Med. Bull. 37:279-81
112. World Health Organization. 1996. Zinc. In Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health, pp. 72-104. Geneva: WHO
113. Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Garcia T. 2000. Changes in iron status during pregnancy in Peruvian women receiving prenatal iron and folic acid supplements with or without zinc. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:956-61
114. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. 2002. Improving iron, zinc and vitamin A nutrition through plant biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13:142-45
115. Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. 2003. Home-fortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J. Nutr. 133:1075-80