Angiogenesis in colorectal cancer: Therapeutic implications and future directions

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1087-1119

  Allen, Jill ^a   Bergsland, Emily K ^a  

^a Univ Californiaa S Francisco C   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 DIMETHYL 5 (2 OXO 1H INDOL 3 YLMETHYLENE) 3 PYRROLEPROPIONIC ACID; 3 (4 BROMO 2,6 DIFLUOROBENZYLOXY) 5 [3 [4 (1 PYRROLIDINYL)BUTYL]UREIDO] 4 ISOTHIAZOLECARBOXAMIDE; 5,6,7,13 TETRAHYDRO 12 (3 HYDROXYPROPYL) 9 ISOPROPOXYMETHYLINDENO[2,1 A]PYRROLO[3,4 C]CARBAZOL 5(12H) ONE DIMETHYLGLYCINE ESTER; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOSTATIN; ANGIOZYME; BEVACIZUMAB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; IMC 2C7; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 2C7; RESTIN; RIBOZYME; SEMAXANIB; STATIN; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; THROMBOSPONDIN 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VASCULOTROPIN; VATALANIB;

ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER RESISTANCE; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; UNITED STATES; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 5044238253     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. A. Jemal, T. Murray, A. Samuels, A. Ghafoor, E. Ward, and M.J. Thun Cancer statistics, 2003 CA Cancer J Clin 53 1 2003 5 26
2. SEER Cancer Statistics Review. Estimated new cancer cases and deaths for 2002 Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/sections.html Accessed August 11, 2004
3. A. Grothey, D. Sargent, R. Goldberg, and H. Schmoll Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment J Clin Oncol 22 7 2004 1209 1214
4. Y. Takebayashi, S. Aklyama, K. Yamada, S. Akiba, and T. Aikou Angiogenesis as an unfavorable prognostic factor in human colorectal carcinoma Cancer 78 2 1996 226 231
5. N. Ferrara VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors Nat Rev Cancer 2 2002 795 803
6. D. Hanahan, and J. Folkman Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis Cell 86 3 1996 353 364
7. M.P. Wong, N. Cheung, S.T. Yuen, S.Y. Leung, and L.P. Chung Vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated in the early pre-malignant stage of colorectal tumour progression Int J Cancer 81 6 1999 845 850
8. R. Mangi Angiogenesis and angiogenic mediators in haematological malignancies Br J Haematol 111 1 2000 43 51
9. P.W. Manley, G. Martiny-Baron, J.M. Schlaeppi, and J.M. Wood Therapies directed at vascular endothelial growth factor Expert Opin Investig Drugs 11 12 2002 1715 1736
10. Y. Takahashi, Y. Kitadai, C.D. Bucana, K.R. Cleary, and L.M. Ellis Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, KDR, correlates with vascularity, metastasis, and proliferation of human colon cancer Cancer Res 55 18 1995 3964 3968
11. P. Borgstrom, D.P. Gold, K.J. Hillan, and N. Ferrara Importance of VEGF for breast cancer angiogenesis in vivo: implications from intravital microscopy of combination treatments with an anti-VEGF neutralizing monoclonal antibody and doxorubicin Anticancer Res 19 5B 1999 4203 4214
12. G. Bergers, and L.E. Benjamin Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch Nat Rev Cancer 3 6 2003 401 410
13. R. Kerbel, and J. Folkman Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors Nat Rev Cancer 2 10 2002 727 739
14. R.K. Jain Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy Nat Med 7 9 2001 987 989
15. B. St. Croix, C. Rago, V. Velculescu, G. Traverso, K.E. Romans, and E. Montgomery Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium Science 289 5482 2000 1197 1202
16. P. Carmeliet Angiogenesis in health and disease Nat Med 9 6 2003 653 660
17. D. Lyden, K. Hattori, S. Dias, C. Costa, P. Blaikie, and L. Butros Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth Nat Med 7 11 2001 1194 1201
18. B.R. Stoll, C. Migliorini, A. Kadambi, L.L. Munn, and R.K. Jain A mathematical model of the contribution of endothelial progenitor cells to angiogenesis in tumors: implications for antiangiogenic therapy Blood 102 7 2003 2555 2561
19. D. Hanahan, and R.A. Weinberg The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100 1 2000 57 70
20. F.A. Scappaticci Mechanisms and future directions for angiogenesis-based cancer therapies J Clin Oncol 20 18 2002 3906 3927
21. N. Ferrara, H.P. Gerber, and J. LeCouter The biology of VEGF and its receptors Nat Med 9 6 2003 669 676
22. T. Andre, L. Kotelevets, J.C. Vaillant, A.M. Coudray, L. Weber, and S. Prevot Vegf, Vegf-B, Vegf-C and their receptors KDR, FLT-1 and FLT-4 during the neoplastic progression of human colonic mucosa Int J Cancer 86 2 2000 174 181
23. K.A. Houck, N. Ferrara, J. Winer, G. Cachianes, B. Li, and D.W. Leung The vascular endothelial growth factor family: identification of a fourth molecular species and characterization of alternative splicing of RNA Mol Endocrinol 5 12 1991 1806 1814
24. E. Tischer, R. Mitchell, T. Hartman, M. Silva, D. Gospodarowicz, and J.C. Fiddes The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing J Biol Chem 266 18 1991 11947 11954
25. H.F. Dvorak Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy J Clin Oncol 20 21 2002 4368 4380
26. O. Stoeltzing, W. Liu, N. Reinmuth, A. Parikh, S.A. Ahmad, and Y.D. Jung Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy of colon cancer liver metastasis Ann Surg Oncol 10 7 2003 722 733
27. Duff S.E., Jeziorska M., Haboubi N., Kumar S., O'Dwyer S.T., Jayson G.C. Evidence for redundancy, cross-talk and autocrine circuits within the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways in colorectal cancer [abstract].Presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, New Orleans, 2004
28. S. Cascinu, M.P. Staccioli, G. Gasparini, P. Giordani, V. Catalano, and R. Ghiselli Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor can predict event-free survival in stage II colon cancer Clin Cancer Res 6 7 2000 2803 2807
29. J.C. Lee, N.H. Chow, S.T. Wang, and S.M. Huang Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in colorectal cancer patients Eur J Cancer 36 6 2000 748 753
30. T. Tsuji, Y. Sasaki, M. Tanaka, N. Hanabata, R. Hada, and A. Munakata Microvessel morphology and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human colonic carcinoma with or without metastasis Lab Invest 82 5 2002 555 562
31. L.F. Brown, B. Berse, R.W. Jackman, K. Tognazzi, E.J. Manseau, and D.R. Senger Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract Cancer Res 53 19 1993 4727 4735
32. N. Reinmuth, A.A. Parikh, S.A. Ahmad, W. Liu, O. Stoeltzing, and F. Fan Biology of angiogenesis in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract Microsc Res Tech 60 2 2003 199 207
33. Y. Takahashi, L.M. Ellis, and M. Mai The angiogenic switch of human colon cancer occurs simultaneous to initiation of invasion Oncol Rep 10 1 2003 9 13
34. A.M. Jubb, T.H. Landon, J. Burwick, T.Q. Pham, G.D. Frantz, and B. Cairns Quantitative analysis of colorectal tissue microarrays by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization J Pathol 200 5 2003 577 588
35. S. Cascinu, F. Graziano, V. Catalano, M.P. Staccioli, S. Barni, and P. Giordani Differences of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression between liver and abdominal metastases from colon cancer. Implications for the treatment with VEGF inhibitors Clin Exp Metastasis 18 8 2000 651 655
36. S.H. Fox, G.F. Whalen, M.M. Sanders, J.A. Burleson, K. Jennings, and S. Kurtzman Angiogenesis in normal tissue adjacent to colon cancer J Surg Oncol 69 4 1998 230 234
37. A. Cassano, C. Bagala, C. Battelli, G. Schinzari, M. Quirino, and C. Ratto Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase and p53 in human colorectal cancer Anticancer Res 22 4 2002 2179 2184
38. K. Werther, I.J. Christensen, and H.J. Nielsen Prognostic impact of matched preoperative plasma and serum VEGF in patients with primary colorectal carcinoma Br J Cancer 86 3 2002 417 423
39. S. Cascinu, F. Graziano, M. Valentini, V. Catalano, P. Giordani, and M.P. Staccioli Vascular endothelial growth factor expression, S-phase fraction and thymidylate synthase quantitation in node-positive colon cancer: relationships with tumor recurrence and resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy Ann Oncol 12 2 2001 239 244
40. Y. Takahashi, S.L. Tucker, Y. Kitadai, A.N. Koura, C.D. Bucana, and K.R. Cleary Vessel counts and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factors in node-negative colon cancer Arch Surg 132 5 1997 541 546
41. P. Faviana, L. Boldrini, R. Spisni, P. Berti, D. Galleri, and R. Biondi Neoangiogenesis in colon cancer: correlation between vascular density, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and p53 protein expression Oncol Rep 9 3 2002 617 620
42. S.M. Uthoff, M. Duchrow, M.H. Schmidt, R. Broll, H.P. Bruch, and M.W. Strik VEGF isoforms and mutations in human colorectal cancer Int J Cancer 101 1 2002 32 36
43. T. Tokunaga, Y. Oshika, Y. Abe, Y. Ozeki, S. Sadahiro, and H. Kijima Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA isoform expression pattern is correlated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colon cancer Br J Cancer 77 6 1998 998 1002
44. N. Cheung, M.P. Wong, S.T. Yuen, S.Y. Leung, and L.P. Chung Tissue-specific expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms in the malignant transformation of lung and colon Hum Pathol 29 9 1998 910 914
45. N. Reinmuth, F. Fan, W. Liu, A.A. Parikh, O. Stoeltzing, and Y.D. Jung Impact of insulin-like growth factor receptor-I function on angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis of colon cancer Lab Invest 82 10 2002 1377 1389
46. Y. Wu, S. Yakar, L. Zhao, L. Hennighausen, and D. LeRoith Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I levels regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis Cancer Res 62 4 2002 1030 1035
47. F.A. Sinicrope, and S. Gil Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer Cancer Metastasis Rev 23 1â€"2 2004 63 75
48. A.J. Dannenberg, and K. Subbaramaiah Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 in human neoplasia: rationale and promise Cancer Cell 4 6 2003 431 436
49. T. Etoh, K. Shibuta, G.F. Barnard, S. Kitano, and M. Mori Angiogenin expression in human colorectal cancer: the role of focal macrophage infiltration Clin Cancer Res 6 9 2000 3545 3551
50. S. Iqbal, and H.J. Lenz Determinants of prognosis and response to therapy in colorectal cancer Curr Oncol Rep 3 2 2001 102 108
51. H. Porte, E. Chastre, S. Prevot, B. Nordlinger, S. Empereur, and P. Basset Neoplastic progression of human colorectal cancer is associated with overexpression of the stromelysin-3 and BM-40/SPARC genes Int J Cancer 64 1 1995 70 75
52. O. Musso, N. Theret, R. Heljasvaara, M. Rehn, B. Turlin, and J.P. Campion Tumor hepatocytes and basement membrane-producing cells specifically express two different forms of the endostatin precursor, collagen XVIII, in human liver cancers Hepatology 33 4 2001 868 876
53. M. Ogawa, H. Yamamoto, H. Nagano, Y. Miyake, Y. Sugita, and T. Hata Hepatic expression of ANG2 RNA in metastatic colorectal cancer Hepatology 39 2 2004 528 539
54. I. el-Hariry, M. Pignatelli, and N. Lemoine Fibroblast growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal tumours J Pathol 181 1 1997 39 45
55. Y. Takahashi, C.D. Bucana, W. Liu, J. Yoneda, Y. Kitadai, and K.R. Cleary Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in human colon cancer angiogenesis: role of infiltrating cells J Natl Cancer Inst 88 16 1996 1146 1151
56. S. Iqbal, and H.J. Lenz Determinants of prognosis and response to therapy in colorectal cancer Curr Oncol Rep 3 2 2001 102 108
57. Y. Wu, S. Yaker, L. Zhao, L. Hennighausen, and D. LeRoith Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I levels regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis Cancer Res 62 4 2002 1030 1035
58. R. Sinicrope, and S. Gill Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer Cancer Metastasis Rev 23 1â€"2 2004 63 75
59. G. Bellone, A. Carbone, D. Tibaudi, F. Mauri, I. Ferrero, and C. Smirne Differential expression of transforming growth factors-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3 in human colon carcinoma Eur J Cancer 37 2 2001 224 233
60. K. Miyanaga, Y. Kato, T. Nakamura, M. Matsumura, H. Amaya, and T. Horiuchi Expression and role of thrombospondin-1 in colorectal cancer Anticancer Res 22 6c 2002 3941 3948
61. H. Porte, E. Chastre, S. Prevot, B. Nordlinger, S. Empereur, P. Basset, and P. Chambon Neoplastic progression of human colorectal cancer is associated with overexpression of the stromelysin-3 and BM-40/SPARC genes Int J Cancer 64 1 1995 70 75
62. U. Guenther, H. Herbst, M. Bauer, C. Isbert, H.J. Buhr, and E.O. Riecken Collagen type XVIII/endostatin is differentially expressed in primary and metastatic colorectal cancers and ovarian carcinomas Br J Cancer 85 10 2001 1540 1545
63. R.S. Warren, H. Yuan, M.R. Matli, N.A. Gillett, and N. Ferrara Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis J Clin Invest 95 4 1995 1789 1797
64. R.K. Jain Tumor angiogenesis and accessibility: role of vascular endothelial growth factor Semin Oncol 29 6 Suppl 16 2002 3 9
65. L.M. Ellis, Y. Takahashi, W. Liu, and R.M. Shaheen Vascular endothelial growth factor in human colon cancer: biology and therapeutic implications Oncologist 5 Suppl 1 2000 11 15
66. M.S. Gordon, K. Margolin, M. Talpaz, G.W. Sledge Jr, E. Holmgren, and R. Benjamin Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer J Clin Oncol 19 3 2001 843 850
67. K. Margolin, M.S. Gordon, E. Holmgren, J. Gaudreault, W. Novotny, and G. Fyfe Phase Ib trial of intravenous recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: pharmacologic and long-term safety data J Clin Oncol 19 3 2001 851 856
68. M.A. Cobleigh, V.K. Langmuir, G.W. Sledge, K.D. Miller, L. Haney, and W. Novotny A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of bevacizumab in previously treated metastatic breast cancer Semin Oncol 30 5 Suppl 16 2003 117 124
69. J.C. Yang, L. Haworth, R.M. Sherry, P. Hwu, D.J. Schwartzentruber, and S.L. Topalian A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer N Engl J Med 349 5 2003 427 434
70. R. DeVore, L. Fehrenbacher, R. Herbst, C. Langer, K. Kelly, and J. Gaudreault A randomized phase II trial comparing rhumab VEGF (recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial cell growth factor) plus carboplatin/paclitaxel (CP) to CP alone in patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC [abstract] Proc ASCO 2000
71. F. Kabbinavar, H.I. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, N.J. Meropol, W.F. Novotny, and G. Lieberman Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 21 1 2003 60 65
72. K.D. Miller, H. Rugo, M. Cobleigh, P.K. Markom, L.I. Chap, and F.A. Holmes Phase III trial of capecitabine (xeloda) plus bevacizumab (avastin) versus capecitabine alone in women with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat 76 2002 S37
73. H. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, T. Cartwright, J. Hainsworth, W. Heim, and J. Berlin Bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor) prolongs survival in first-line colorectal cancer (CRC): results of a phase III trial of bevacizumab in combination with bolus IFL (irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin) as first-line therapy in subjects with metastatic CRC [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
74. H. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, J. Hainsworth, W. Heim, J. Berlin, and S. Griffing Bevacizumab in combination with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin: A promising regimen for first-line metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2004
75. A. Grothey, D. Sargent, R. Goldberg, and H. Schmoll Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment J Clin Oncol 22 7 2004 1209 1214
76. A.B. Benson, P. Catalano, N. Meropol, P. O'Dwyer, and B.J. Giantonio Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) plus FOLFOX4 in previously treated advanced colorectal cancer (advCRC): an interim toxicity analysis of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study E3200 [abstract] Proc ASCO 22 2003 243
77. C.G. Willett, Y. Boucher, E. di Tomaso, D.G. Duda, L.L. Munn, and R.T. Tong Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer Nat Med 10 2 2004 145 147
78. J. Dupont, D. Camastra, M.S. Gordon, D. Mendelson, J. Murren, and A. Hsu Phase 1 study of VEGF Trap in patients with solid tumors and lymphoma [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
79. E.S. Kim, A. Serur, J. Huang, C.A. Manley, K.W. McCrudden, and J.S. Frischer Potent VEGF blockade causes regression of coopted vessels in a model of neuroblastoma Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 17 2002 11399 11404
80. G.C. Jayson, C. Mulatero, M. Ranson, J. Zweit, D. Hastings, and P. Julyan Anti-VEGF antibody HuMV833: an EORTC biological treatment development group phase I toxicity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study [abstract] Proc ASCO 2001
81. G.C. Jayson, J. Zweit, A. Jackson, C. Mulatero, P. Julyan, and M. Ranson Molecular imaging and biological evaluation of HuMV833 anti-VEGF antibody: implications for trial design of antiangiogenic antibodies J Natl Cancer Inst 94 19 2002 1484 1493
82. W. Zhang, S. Ran, M. Sambade, X. Huang, and P.E. Thorpe A monoclonal antibody that blocks VEGF binding to VEGFR2 (KDR/Flk-1) inhibits vascular expression of Flk-1 and tumor growth in an orthotopic human breast cancer model Angiogenesis 5 1â€"2 2002 35 44
83. R. Shaheen, D.W. Davis, W. Liu, B.K. Zebrowski, M.R. Wilson, and C.D. Bucana Antiangiogenic therapy targeting the tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibits the growth of colon cancer liver metastasis and induces tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis Cancer Res 59 21 1999 5412 5416
84. F.A. Eskens Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development; where are we now and where are we going? Br J Cancer 90 1 2004 1 7
85. P. Rosen, R. Amado, J. Hecht, D. Chang, M. Mulay, and M. Parson A phase I/II study of SU5416 in combination with 5-FU/LV in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO 2000
86. M. Rothenberg, J. Berlin, G. Cropp, A. Fleischer, R.D. Schumaker, and K.R. Hande Phase I/II study of SU5416 in combination with IFL in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO 2001
87. S.E. DePrimo, L.M. Wong, D.B. Khatry, S.L. Nicholas, W.C. Manning, and B.D. Smolich Expression profiling of blood samples from an SU5416 phase III metastatic colorectal cancer clinical trial: a novel strategy for biomarker identification BMC Cancer 3 2003 1 12
88. A.M. O'Farrell, H.A. Yuen, B. Smolich, A.L. Hannah, S.G. Louie, and W. Hong Effects of SU5416, a small molecule tyronise kinase receptor inhibitor, on FLT3 expression and phosphorylation in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia Leuk Res 28 7 2004 679 689
89. M.F. McCarty, W. Liu, F. Fan, A. Parikh, N. Reimuth, and O. Stoeltzing Promises and pitfalls of anti-angiogenic therapy in clinical trials Trends Mol Med 9 2 2003 53 58
90. J.R. Brahmer, S. Kelsey, P. Scigalla, G. Hill, C. Bello, and K. Elza-Brown A phase I study of SU6668 in patients with refractory solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
91. B. Kuenen, R. Ruijter, K. Hoekman, P. Scigalla, G. Giaccone, and H. Pinedo Dose finding study of SU6668 given thrice daily by oral route under fed conditions in patients with advanced malignancies [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
92. D.B. Mendel, A.D. Laird, X. Xin, S.G. Louie, J.G. Christensen, and G. Li In vivo antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship Clin Cancer Res 9 1 2003 327 337
93. L.M. Ellis Antiangiogenic therapy at a crossroads: clinical trial results and future directions J Clin Oncol 21 23 Suppl 2003 281s 283s
94. L. Sun, C. Liang, S. Shirazian, Y. Zhou, T. Miller, and J. Cui Discovery of 5-[5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindol-(3Z)-ylidenemethyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H- pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2-diethylaminoethyl)amide, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase J Med Chem 46 7 2003 1116 1119
95. L. Rosen, M. Mulay, J. Long, J. Wittner, J. Brown, and A.-M. Martino Phase I trial of SU011248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor in advanced solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
96. E. Raymond, S. Faivre, K. Vera, C. Delbaldo, C. Robert, and A. Spatz Final results of phase I and pharmacokinetic study of SU11248, a novel multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancers [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
97. W.C. Manning, C.L. Bello, S.E. Deprimo, J.A. Fletcher, C.D.M. Fletcher, and A.D. Van Den Abbeele Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of SU11248 in a phase I clinical trial of patients (pts) with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
98. E. Falm Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development; where are we now and where are we going? Br J Cancer 90 2004 1 7
99. W.P. Steward, A.L. Thomas, B. Morgan, B. Wiedenmann, C. Bartel, and U. Vanhoefer Extended phase I study of the oral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 in combination with oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin as first line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
100. T. Trarbach, N. Schleucher, U. Riedel, M. Tewes, C. Suppart, and D. Reitsma Phase I study of the oral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK) in combination with irinotecan/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
101. J. Drevs, K. Mross, M. Medinger, M. Muller, D. Laurent, and D. Reitsma Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the VEGF inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK) in patients with liver metastases [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
102. F. Carlomagno, D. Vitagliano, T. Guida, F. Ciardiello, G. Tortora, and G. Vecchio ZD6474, an orally available inhibitor of KDR tyrosine kinase activity, efficiently blocks oncogenic RET kinases Cancer Res 62 24 2002 7284 7290
103. S.R. Wedge, D.J. Ogilvie, M. Dukes, J. Kendrew, R Chester, and J.A. Jackson ZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administration Cancer Res 62 16 2002 4645 4655
104. H. Hurwitz, S.N. Holden, S.G. Eckhardt, M. Rosenthal, R. de Boer, and D. Rischin Clinical evaluation of ZD6474, an orally active inhibitor of VEGF signaling, in patients with solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
105. R. Basser, H. Hurwitz, A. Barge, I. Davis, R. DeBoer, and S. Holden Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and biological study of the angiogenesis inhibitor, ZD6474, in patients with solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2001
106. H. Minami, H. Ebi, M. Tahara, Y. Sasaki, N. Yamamoto, and Y. Yamada A phase I study of an oral VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474, in Japanese patients with solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
107. A.W. Tolcher, J. O'Leary, J. DeBono, J. Caulkins, K. Molpus, and K. Sutula A phase I and biologic correlative study of an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, CP-547,632, in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
108. R. Pili, M.A. Carducci, P. Robertson, P. Brown, L. Russell, and H. Hurwitz A phase I study of the pan-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, CEP-7055, in patients with advanced malignancy [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
109. A. Venook, H. Hurwitz, C. Cunningham, H.A. Burris, R. Aitchison, and S. Radka Relationship of clinical outcome in metastatic colorectal carcinoma to levels of soluble VEGFR-1: Results of a phase II trial of a ribozyme targeting the pre-mRNA of VEGFR-1 (angiozyme), in combination with chemotherapy [abstract] Proc ASCO 22 2003 256
110. Z. Zhu, K. Hattori, H. Zhang, X. Jimenez, D.L. Ludwig, and S. Dias Inhibition of human leukemia in an animal model with human antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Correlation between antibody affinity and biological activity Leukemia 17 3 2003 604 611
111. P.E. Thorpe Vascular targeting agents as cancer therapeutics Clin Cancer Res 10 2 2004 415 427
112. S.M. Gadgeel, P.M. LoRusso, A.J. Wozniak, and C. Wheeler A dose-escalation study of the novel vascular-targeting agent, ZD6126, in patients with solid tumors [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
113. J.H. Bilenker, J.P. Stevenson, M.A. Rosen, M. Gallagher, K.T. Flaherty, and K.M. Algazy Phase Ib trial of combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P) in combination with carboplatin in patients with advanced cancer [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
114. A.W. Tolcher, L. Forero, P. Celio, L.A. Hammond, A. Patnaik, and M. Hill Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and DCE-MRI correlative study of AVE8062A, an antivascular combretastatin analogue, administered weekly for 3 weeks every 28-days [abstract] Proc ASCO 2003
115. J.S. Gordon, P. Rustin, M. Price, S. Stratford, and H. Galbraith Anderson Phase 1 study of weekly intravenous combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P): pharmacokinetics and toxicity [abstract] Proc ASCO 2001
116. C.E. Eberhart, R.J. Coffey, A. Radhika, F.M. Giardiello, S. Ferrenbach, and R.N. DuBois Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas Gastroenterology 107 4 1994 1183 1188
117. T. Fujita, M. Matsui, K. Takaku, H. Uetake, W. Ichikawa, and M.M. Taketo Size- and invasion-dependent increase in cyclooxygenase 2 levels in human colorectal carcinomas Cancer Res 58 21 1998 4823 4826
118. S. Tomozawa, N.H. Tsuno, E. Sunami, K. Hatano, J. Kitayama, and T. Osada Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression correlates with tumour recurrence, especially haematogenous metastasis, of colorectal cancer Br J Cancer 83 3 2000 324 328
119. A. Di Popolo, A. Memoli, A. Apicella, C. Tuccillo, A. di Palma, and P. Ricchi IGF-II/IGF-I receptor pathway up-regulates COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 synthesis in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells Oncogene 19 48 2000 5517 5524
120. R. Masunaga, H. Kohno, D.K. Dhar, S. Ohno, M. Shibakita, and S. Kinugasa Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients Clin Cancer Res 6 10 2000 4064 4068
121. M.J. Thun, S.J. Henley, and C. Patrono Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues J Natl Cancer Inst 94 4 2002 252 266
122. F.M. Giardiello, S.R. Hamilton, A.J. Krush, S. Piantadosi, L.M. Hylind, and P. Celano Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis N Engl J Med 328 18 1993 1313 1316
123. G. Steinbach, P.M. Lynch, R.K. Phillips, M.H. Wallace, E. Hawk, and G.B. Gordon The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis N Engl J Med 342 26 2000 1946 1952
124. R.D. Church, J.W. Fleshman, and H.L. McLeod Cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibition in colorectal cancer therapy Br J Surg 90 9 2003 1055 1067
125. A.T. Koki, and J.L. Masferrer Celecoxib: a specific COX-2 inhibitor with anticancer properties Cancer Control 9 2 Suppl 2002 28 35
126. C. Waskewich, R.D. Blumenthal, H. Li, R. Stein, D.M. Goldenberg, and J. Burton Celecoxib exhibits the greatest potency amongst cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors for growth inhibition of COX-2-negative hematopoietic and epithelial cell lines Cancer Res 62 7 2002 2029 2033
127. C.D. Blanke, A.B. Benson III, T. Dragovich, H.-J. Lenz, D. Haller, and C. Robles A phase II trial of celecoxib (CX), irinotecan (I), 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), and leucovorin (LCV) in patients (pts) with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) [abstract] Proc ASCO 2002
128. E. Lin, J. Morris, and G. Ayers Effect of celecoxib on capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome and antitumor activity Oncology 16 12 Suppl 14 2002 31 37
129. L. Dal Lago, M.F. Richter, A.I. Cancela, S.A. Fernandes, K.T. Jung, and A.C. Rodrigues Phase II trial and pharmacokinetic study of thalidomide in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Invest New Drugs 21 3 2003 359 366
130. R. Govindarajan Irinotecan/thalidomide in metastatic colorectal cancer Oncology 16 4 Suppl 3 2002 23 26
131. E. Bergsland, and M. Dickler Maximizing the potential of bevacizumab in cancer treatment Oncologist 9 Suppl 1 2004 36 42
132. K.J. Hillan, H.K.W. Koeppen, P. Tobin, T. Pham, T.H. Landon, and K.D. Miller The role of VEGF expression in response to bevacizumab plus capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [abstract] Proc ASCO 22 2003 191
133. M. Relf, S. LeJeune, P.A. Scott, S. Fox, K. Smith, and R. Leek Expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor beta-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenesis Cancer Res 57 5 1997 963 969
134. R. Longo, R. Sarmiento, M. Fanelli, B. Capaccetti, D. Gattuso, and G. Gasparini Anti-angiogenic therapy: rationale, challenges and clinical studies Angiogenesis 5 4 2002 237 256