Cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibition in colorectal cancer therapy

British Journal of Surgery

Volumn 90, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1055-1067

  Church, R D ^a   Fleshman, J W ^a,b   McLeod, H L ^a,b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b USA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CELECOXIB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; ETORICOXIB; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; IRINOTECAN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARECOXIB; PIROXICAM; ROFECOXIB; SULINDAC; VALDECOXIB;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ASTHMA; BLEEDING TENDENCY; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON POLYP; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; KIDNEY DISEASE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOLID TUMOR; SURVIVAL RATE; ULCER;

EID: 0141629373     PISSN: 00071323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4297     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Dahlberg M, Pahlman L, Bergstrom R, Glimelius B. Improved survival in patients with rectal cancer: a population-based register study. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 515-520.
2. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Putter H, Steup WH, Wiggers T et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 638-646.
3. Dorudi S, Kinrade E, Marshall NC, Feakins R, Williams NS, Bustin SA. Genetic detection of lymph node micrometastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 98-100.
4. Ragnhammar P, Hafstrom L, Nygren P, Glimelius B. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2001; 40: 282-308.
5. Pitot HC, Goldberg RM. Future directions in adjuvant therapy for stage III colon carcinoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 2001; 15(Suppl 5): 31-36.
6. Midgley R, Kerr D. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 1999; 353: 391-399.
7. Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 1971; 231: 232-235.
8. Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001; 294: 1871-1875.
9. Xie WL, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, Erikson RL, Simmons DL. Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 2692-2696.
10. Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Zweifel B, Needleman P. Endogenous glucocorticoids regulate an inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 3917-3921.
11. Smith ML, Hawcroft G, Hull MA. The effect of non-steroidal and-inflammatory drugs on human colorectal cancer cells: evidence of different mechanisms of action. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 664-674.
12. Chan FK, Hung LC, Suen BY, Wu JC, Lee KC, Leung VK et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in reducing the risk of recurrent ulcer bleeding in patients with arthritis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 2104-2110.
13. FitzGerald GA, Patrono C. The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 433-442.
14. Bennett A, Tacca MD, Stamford IF, Zebro T. Prostaglandins from tumours of human large bowel. Br J Cancer 1977; 35: 881-884.
15. 2 and cyclic nucleotides in plasma and urine of colonic cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1985; 110: 153-156.
16. Rigas B, Goldman IS, Levine L. Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122: 518-523.
17. Hendrickse CW, Kelly RW, Radley S, Donovan IA, Keighley MR, Neoptolemos JP. Lipid peroxidation and prostaglandins in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1219-1223.
18. Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhika A, Giardiello FM, Ferrenbach S, DuBois RN. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1183-1188.
19. Sano H, Kawahito Y, Wilder RL, Hashiramoto A, Mukai S, Asai K et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3785-3789.
20. Hao X, Bishop AE, Wallace M, Wang H, Willcocks TC, Maclouf J et al. Early expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 during sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. J Pathol 1999; 187: 295-301.
21. Fujita T, Matsui M, Takaku K, Uetake H, Ichikawa W, Taketo MM et al. Size- and invasion-dependent increase in cyclooxygenase 2 levels in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 4823-4826.
22. Chen WS, Wei SJ, Liu JM, Hsiao M, Kou-Lin J, Yang WK. Tumor invasiveness and liver metastasis of colon cancer cells correlated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and inhibited by a COX-2-selective inhibitor, etodolac. Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 894-899.
23. Tsujii M, Kawano S, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 3336-3340.
24. Tomozawa S, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Hatano K, Kitayama J, Osada T et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression correlates with tumour recurrence, especially haematogenous metastasis, of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 324-328.
25. Sheehan KM, Sheahan K, O'Donoghue DP, MacSweeney F, Conroy RM, Fitzgerald DJ et al. The relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and colorectal cancer. JAMA 1999; 282: 1254-1257.
26. Masunaga R, Kohno H, Dhar DK, Ohno S, Shibakita M, Kinugasa S et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4064-4068.
27. McLeod HL, Murray GI. Tumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 191-203.
28. Zhang H, Sun XF. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 correlates with advanced stages of colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1037-1041.
29. Subongkot S, Frame D, Leslie W, Drajer D. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition: a target in cancer prevention and treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 9-28.
30. Pollard M, Luckert PH. Indomethacin treatment of rats with dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 1980; 64: 1323-1327.
31. Narisawa T, Sato M, Tani M, Kudo T, Takahashi T, Goto A. Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea-induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 1954-1957.
32. Pollard M, Luckert PH. Prolonged antitumor effect of indomethacin on autochthonous intestinal tumors in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 1103-1105.
33. Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Patrono C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 252-266.
34. Beazer-Barclay Y, Levy DB, Moser AR, Dove WF, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B et al. Sulindac suppresses tumorigenesis in the Min mouse. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 1757-1760.
35. Barnes CJ, Lee M. Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in the adenomatous polyposis coli Min mouse model with aspirin. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 873-877.
36. Masferrer JL, Leahy KM, Koki AT, Zweifel BS, Settle SL, Woerner BM et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1306-1311.
37. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Heath CW Jr. Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1593-1596.
38. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Calle EE, Flanders WD, Heath CW Jr. Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1322-1327.
39. Giovannucci E, Egan KM, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC et al. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 609-614.
40. Bus PJ, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB, Griffioen G. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2000; 232: 101-104.
41. McMurray RW, Hardy KJ. Cox-2 inhibitors: today and tomorrow. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323: 181-189.
42. Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC. The second generation of COX-2 inhibitors: what advantages do the newest offer? Drugs 2003; 63: 33-45.
43. Richter M, Weiss M, Weinberger I, Furstenberger G, Marian B. Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 17-25.
44. Jones MK, Wang H, Peskar BM, Levin E, Itani RM, Sarfeh IJ et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implications for cancer growth and ulcer healing. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1418-1423.
45. Yamazaki R, Kusunoki N, Matsuzaki T, Hashimoto S, Kawai S. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors show a differential ability to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon adenocarcinoma cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 531: 278-284.
46. Pan MR, Chuang LY, Hung WC. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression via repression of transcription in lung cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2001; 508: 365-368.
47. Dannenberg AJ, Zakim D. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Semin Oncol 1999; 26: 499-504.
48. Hengarmer MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000; 407: 770-776.
49. Green DR, Evan GI. A matter of life and death. Cancer Cell 2002; 1: 19-30.
50. 2 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 362-366.
51. Chan TA, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 681-686.
52. Rigas B, Shiff SJ. Is inhibition of cyclooxygenase required for the chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs in colon cancer? A model reconciling the current contradiction. Med Hypotheses 2000; 54: 210-215.
53. Tegeder I, Pfeilschifter J, Geisslinger G. Cyclooxygenase-independent actions of cydooxygenase inhibitors. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2057-2072.
54. Poligone B, Baldwin AS. Positive and negative regulation of NF-kappaB by COX-2: roles of different prostaglandins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 38 658-38 664.
55. DuBois RN, Gupta R, Brockman J, Reddy BS, Krakow SL, Lazar MA. The nuclear eicosanoid receptor, PPARgamma, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 49-53.
56. Park BH, Breyer B, He TC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: roles in tumorigenesis and chemoprevention in human cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2001; 13: 78-83.
57. He TC, Chan TA, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 1999; 99: 335-345.
58. Zhang Z, DuBois RN. Detection of differentially expressed genes in human colon carcinoma cells treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Oncogene 2001; 20: 4450-4456.
59. Waskewich C, Blumenthal RD, Li H, Stein R, Goldenberg DM, Burton J. Celecoxib exhibits the greatest potency amongst cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors for growth inhibition of COX-2-negative hematopoietic and epithelial cell lines. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 2029-2033.
60. Marx J. Cancer research. Anti-inflammatories inhibit cancer growth - but how? Science 2001; 291: 581-582.
61. Sawaoka H, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Gunawan ES, Takei Y et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors suppress the growth of gastric cancer xenografts via induction of apoptosis in nude mice. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G1061-G1067.
62. Sawaoka H, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Gunawan ES, Sasaki Y, Kawano S et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab Invest 1999; 79: 1469-1477.
63. Williams CS, Watson AJ, Sheng H, Helou R, Shao J, DuBois RN. Celecoxib prevents tumor growth in vivo without toxicity to normal gut: lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo models. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6045-6051.
64. Leahy KM, Ornberg RL, Wang Y, Zweifel BS, Koki AT, Masferrer JL. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by celecoxib reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in angiogenic endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 625-631.
65. Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben Sasson SA. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 493-501.
66. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 1182-1186.
67. Folkman J, Hanahan D. Switch to the angiogenic phenotype during tumorigenesis. Princess Takamatsu Symp 1991; 22: 339-347.
68. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86: 353-364.
69. Folkman J, Watson K, Ingber D, Hanahan D. Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 1989; 339: 58-61.
70. Dempke W, Pie C, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001; 127: 411-417.
71. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000; 407: 249-257.
72. Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoka H, Hori M, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 1998; 93: 705-716.
73. Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Bechi P, Fantappie O, Messerini L, Vannacci A et al. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis in human colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1339-1347.
74. Seno H, Oshima M, Ishikawa TO, Oshima H, Takaku K, Chiba T et al. Cyclooxygenase 2- and prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP(2)-dependent angiogenesis in Apc(Delta716) mouse intestinal polyps. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 506-511.
75. Mauch C, Krieg T, Bauer EA. Role of the extracellular matrix in the degradation of connective tissue. Arch Dermatol Res 1994; 287: 107-114.
76. Nelson AR, Fingleton B, Rothenberg ML, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases: biologic activity and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 1135-1149.
77. Albini A, Iwamoto Y, Kleinman HK, Martin GR, Aaronson SA, Kozlowski JM et al. A rapid in vitro assay for quantitating the invasive potential of tumor cells. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3239-3245.
78. Attiga FA, Fernandez PM, Weeraratna AT, Manyak MJ, Patierno SR. Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis inhibit human prostate tumor cell invasiveness and reduce the release of matrix metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 4629-4637.
79. Jiang MC, Liao CF, Lee PH. Aspirin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, increases E-cadherin production, and inhibits in vitro invasion of tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282: 671-677.
80. Ottino P, Bazan HE. Corneal stimulation of MMP-1, -9 and uPA by platelet-activating factor is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 metabolites. Curr Eye Res 2001; 23: 77-85.
81. Sharma RA. Cancer chemoprevention: a clinical reality. J R Soc Med 2000; 93: 518-520.
82. Waddell WR, Loughry RW. Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. J Surg Oncol 1983; 24: 83-87.
83. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ, Piantadosi S, Hylind LM, Celano P et al. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1313-1316.
84. Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E et al. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 1996; 87: 803-809.
85. Cruz-Correa M, Hylind LM, Romans KE, Booker SV, Giardiello FM. Long-term treatment with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 641-645.
86. Smigel K. Arthritis drug approved for polyp prevention blazes trail for other prevention trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 297-299.
87. Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK, Wallace MH, Hawk E, Gordon GB et al. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1946-1952.
88. Phillips RK, Wallace MH, Lynch PM, Hawk E, Gordon GB, Saunders BP et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, on duodenal polyposis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 2002; 50: 857-860.
89. Labayle D, Fischer D, Vielh P, Drouhin F, Pariente A, Bories C et al. Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 635-639.
90. Abroad SR, Kortepeter C, Brinker A, Chen M, Beitz J. Renal failure associated with the use of celecoxib and rofecoxib. Drug Saf 2002; 25: 537-544.
91. Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA 2001; 286: 954-959.
92. Pitt B, Pepine C, Willerson JT. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and cardiovascular events. Circulation 2002; 106: 167-169.
93. Sinicrope FA, Lemoine M, Xi L, Lynch PM, Cleary KR, Shen Y et al. Reduced expression of cyclooxygenase 2 proteins in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers relative to sporadic cancers. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 350-358.
94. Atkin WS, Saunders BP. Surveillance guidelines after removal of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Gut 2002; 51(Suppl 5): V6-V9.
95. Rex DK. Screening for colon cancer and evaluation of chemoprevention with coxibs. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23(Suppl): S41-S50.
96. Vijan S, Hwang EW, Hofer TP, Hayward RA. Which colon cancer screening test? A comparison of costs, effectiveness, and compliance. Am J Med 2001; 111: 593-601.
97. Umar A, Viner JL, Hawk ET. The future of colon cancer prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 952: 88-108.
98. Demols A, Van Laethem JL. Adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002; 4: 420-426.
99. Blackman SB, Lash TL, Fink AK, Ganz PA, Silliman RA. Advanced age and adjuvant tamoxifen prescription in early-stage breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 2002; 95: 2465-2472.
100. Debruyne F. Hormonal therapy of prostate cancer. Semin Urol Oncol 2002; 20(Suppl 1): 4-9.
101. Nishimura G, Yanoma S, Satake K, Ikeda Y, Taguchi T, Nakamura Y et al. An experimental model of tumor dormancy therapy for advanced head and neck carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91: 1199-1203.
102. Sano J, Sugiyama Y, Kunieda K, Sano B, Saji S. Therapeutic effect of TNP-470 on spontaneous liver metastasis of colon tumors in the rabbit. Surg Today 2000; 30: 1100-1106.
103. Berstock DA, Houghton J, Bennett A. Improved anticancer effect by combining cytotoxic drugs with an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Cancer Treat Rev 1979; 6(Suppl): 69-71.
104. Duffy CP, Elliott CJ, O'Connor RA, Heenan MM, Coyle S, Cleary IM et al. Enhancement of chemotherapeutic drug toxicity to human tumour cells in vitro by a subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1250-1259.
105. Ogino M, Minoura S. Indomethacin increases the cytotoxicity of cis-platinum and 5-fluorouracil in the human uterine cervical cancer cell lines SKG-2 and HKUS by increasing the intracellular uptake of the agents. Int J Clin Oncol 2001; 6: 84-89.
106. Stratton JA, Braly PS, DiSaia PJ. Response of human adenocarcinoma to chemotherapy: as sole agents and in combination with sodium ibuprofen. Gynecol Oncol 1984; 18: 145-149.
107. Sinicrope FA, Pazdur R, Levin B. Phase I trial of sulindac plus 5-fluorouracil and levamisole: potential adjuvant therapy for colon carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 37-41.
108. Trifan OC, Durham WF, Salazar VS, Horton J, Levine BD, Zweifel BS et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition with celecoxib enhances antitumor efficacy and reduces diarrhea side effect of CPT-11. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5778-5784.
109. Blanke CD, Benson AB III, Dragovich T, Lenz HJ, Haller D, Robles C et al. A phase II trial of celecoxib (CX), irinotecan (I), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and leucovorin (LCV) in patients (pts) with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002; 21: 127a.
110. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, Rosen LS, Fehrenbacher L, Moore MJ et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 905-914.
111. Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic overview of 8507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet 2001; 358: 1291-1304.
112. Milas L, Hanson WR. Eicosanoids and radiation. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A: 1580-1585.
113. Steinauer KK, Gibbs I, Ning S, French JN, Armstrong J, Knox SJ. Radiation induces upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in PC-3 cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48: 325-328.
114. Petersen C, Petersen S, Milas L, Lang FF, Tofilon PJ. Enhancement of intrinsic tumor cell radiosensitivity induced by a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2513-2520.
115. Milas L, Kishi K, Hunter N, Mason K, Masferrer JL, Tofilon PJ. Enhancement of tumor response to gamma-radiation by an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1501-1504.
116. Kishi K, Petersen S, Petersen C, Hunter N, Mason K, Masferrer JL et al. Preferential enhancement of tumor radioresponse by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1326-1331.
117. Gorski DH, Beckett MA, Jaskowiak NT, Calvin DP, Mauceri HJ, Salloum RM et al. Blockage of the vascular endothelial growth factor stress response increases the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3374-3378.
118. Dicker AP, Williams TL, Grant DS. Targeting angiogenic processes by combination rofecoxib and ionizing radiation. Am J Clin Oncol 2001; 24: 438-442.
119. Pyo H, Choy H, Amorino GP, Kim JS, Cao Q, Hercules SK et al. A selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS-398, enhances the effect of radiation in vitro and in vivo preferentially on the cells that express cyclooxygenase-2. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 2998-3005.
120. Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, Simon LS, Pincus T, Whelton A et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 2000; 284: 1247-1255.
121. Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1520-1528.
122. Simon LS, Lanza FL, Lipsky PE, Hubbard RC, Talwalker S, Schwartz BD et al. Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of SC-58635, a novel cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor: efficacy and safety in two placebo-controlled trials in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and studies of gastrointestinal and platelet effects. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1591-1602.
123. Leese PT, Hubbard RC, Karim A, Isakson PC, Yu SS, Geis GS. Effects of celecoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on platelet function in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40: 124-132.
124. Harris RC Jr. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and renal physiology. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 10D-17D.
125. Mukherjee D. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and potential risk of cardiovascular events. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63: 817-821.
126. Vainio H. Is COX-2 inhibition a panacea for cancer prevention? Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 613-614.
127. Howe LR, Subbaramaiah K, Brown AM, Dannenberg AJ. Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2001; 8: 97-114.