Gastrointestinal satiety signals

Annual Review of Physiology

Volumn 70, Issue , 2008, Pages 239-255

  Chaudhri, Owais B ^a   Salem, Victoria ^a   Murphy, Kevin G ^a   Bloom, Stephen R ^a  

^a HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cholecystokinin; Glucagon like peptide 1; Oxyntomodulin; Pancreatic polypeptide; Peptide YY; Vagus nerve

Indexed keywords

AGOUTI RELATED PROTEIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 2; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OXYNTOMODULIN; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PEPTIDE YY; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SATIETY; VAGUS NERVE; ANIMAL; INNERVATION; INTESTINE INNERVATION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; SATIETY RESPONSE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VAGUS NERVE;

EID: 43549116125     PISSN: 00664278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100506     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Bray GA. 2003. Risks of obesity. Endocr. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 32:787-804
2. Schwartz GJ. 2006. Integrative capacity of the caudal brainstem in the control of food intake. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 361:1275-80
3. Cone RD, Cowley MA, Butler AA, Fan W, Marks DL, Low MJ. 2001. The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25(Suppl. 5):S63-67
4. Wise RA. 2006. Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 361:1149-58
5. Stanley S, Wynne K, McGowan B, Bloom S. 2005. Hormonal regulation of food intake. Physiol. Rev. 85:1131-58
6. Chaudhri O, Small C, Bloom S. 2006. Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 361:1187-209
7. Badman MK, Flier JS. 2005. The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars. Science 307:1909-14
8. Peruzzo B, Pastor FE, Blazquez JL, Schobitz K, Pelaez B, et al. 2000. A second look at the barriers of the medial basal hypothalamus. Exp. Brain Res. 132:10-26
9. Rauch M, Riediger T, Schmid HA, Simon E. 2000. Orexin A activates leptin-responsive neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Pflügers Arch. 440:699-703
10. Wolfgang MJ, Lane MD. 2006. The role of hypothalamic malonyl-CoA in energy homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 281:37265-69
11. Kastin AJ, Pan W. 2006. Intranasal leptin: blood-brain barrier bypass (BBBB) for obesity? Endocrinology 147:2086-87
12. 3-36 in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306:948-53
13. Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S. 2005. Monogenic obesity in humans. Annu. Rev. Med. 56:443-58
14. Ellacott KL, Cone RD. 2004. The central melanocortin system and the integration of short- and long-term regulators of energy homeostasis. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 59:395-408
15. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Jr., Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. 2000. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661-71
16. Banks WA, King BM, Rossiter KN, Olson RD, Olson GA, Kastin AJ. 2001. Obesity-inducing lesions of the central nervous system alter leptin uptake by the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci. 69:2765-73
17. Kim MS, Rossi M, Abusnana S, Sunter D, Morgan DG, et al. 2000. Hypothalamic localization of the feeding effect of agouti-related peptide and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Diabetes 49:177-82
18. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. 1993. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: neuroanatomy, body weight regulation, neuroendocrinology and metabolism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 17:141-93
19. Ter Horst GJ, de Boer P, Luiten PG, van Willigen JD. 1989. Ascending projections from the solitary tract nucleus to the hypothalamus. A Phaseolus vulgaris lectin tracing study in the rat. Neuroscience 31:785-97
20. van der Kooy D, Koda LY, McGinty JF, Gerfen CR, Bloom FE. 1984. The organization of projections from the cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 224:1-24
21. Zafra MA, Molina F, Puerto A. 2006. The neural/cephalic phase reflexes in the physiology of nutrition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30:1032-44
22. Schwartz GJ. 2000. The role of gastrointestinal vagal afferents in the control of food intake: current prospects. Nutrition 16:866-73
23. Schwartz GJ, McHugh PR, Moran TH. 1991. Integration of vagal afferent responses to gastric loads and cholecystokinin in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 261:R64-69
24. Mathis C, Moran TH, Schwartz GJ. 1998. Load-sensitive rat gastric vagal afferents encode volume but not gastric nutrients. Am. J. Physiol. 274:R280-86
25. Phillips RJ, Powley TL. 1996. Gastric volume rather than nutrient content inhibits food intake. Am. J. Physiol. 271:R766-69
26. Phillips RJ, Powley TL. 1998. Gastric volume detection after selective vagotomies in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 274:R1626-38
27. Moran TH, Kinzig KP. 2004. Gastrointestinal satiety signals. II. Cholecystokinin. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286:G183-88
28. Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, Matsukura S, Niijima A, et al. 2002. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 123:1120-28
29. 3-36 and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. Brain Res. 1044:127-31
30. 3-36-induced feeding reduction in rats. Endocrinology 146:2369-75
31. Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, Ueno N, Katsuura G, et al. 2003. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology 124:1325-36
32. Liddle RA, Goldfine ID, Rosen MS, Taplitz RA, Williams JA. 1985. Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma. Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction. J. Clin. Investig. 75:1144-52
33. Wank SA. 1995. Cholecystokinin receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 269:G628-46
34. Rehfeld JF. 2004. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Cholecystokinin. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 18:569-86
35. Gibbs J, Young RC, Smith GP. 1973. Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 84:488-95
36. Kopin AS, Mathes WF, McBride EW, Nguyen M, Al-Haider W, et al. 1999. The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight. J. Clin. Investig. 103:383-91
37. Weller A, Smith GP, Gibbs J. 1990. Endogenous cholecystokinin reduces feeding in young rats. Science 247:1589-91
38. Fraser KA, Davison JS. 1993. Meal-induced c-fos expression in brain stem is not dependent on cholecystokinin release. Am. J. Physiol. 265:R235-39
39. Silver AJ, Flood JF, Song AM, Morley JE. 1989. Evidence for a physiological role for CCK in the regulation of food intake in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 256:R646-52
40. Kissileff HR, Pi-Sunyer FX, Thornton J, Smith GP. 1981. C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:154-60
41. Moran TH, Bi S. 2006. Hyperphagia and obesity in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 361:1211-18
42. 3 receptors participate in CCK-induced suppression of food intake by delaying gastric emptying. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287:R817-23
43. Zittel TT, Glatzle J, Kreis ME, Starlinger M, Eichner M, et al. 1999. C-fos protein expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract correlates with cholecystokinin dose injected and food intake in rats. Brain Res. 846:1-11
44. Crawley JN, Beinfeld MC. 1983. Rapid development of tolerance to the behavioural actions of cholecystokinin. Nature 302:703-6
45. Niederau C, Grendell JH. 1999. Role of cholecystokinin in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis and the potential of therapeutic application of cholecystokinin receptor antagonists. Digestion 60(Suppl. 1):69-74
46. Aly A, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. 2004. Gastrins, cholecystokinins and gastrointestinal cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1704:1-10
47. Fuhlendorff J, Johansen NL, Melberg SG, Thogersen H, Schwartz TW. 1990. The antiparallel pancreatic polypeptide fold in the binding of neuropeptide Y to Y1 and Y2 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 265:11706-12
48. Berglund MM, Hipskind PA, Gehlert DR. 2003. Recent developments in our understanding of the physiological role of PP-fold peptide receptor subtypes. Exp. Biol. Med. 228:217-44
49. Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR. 1985. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology 89:1070-77
50. 3-36. Regul. Pept. 51:151-59
51. Michel MC, Beck-Sickinger A, Cox H, Doods HN, Herzog H, et al. 1998. XVI International Union of Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 50:143-50
52. Hagan MM. 2002. Peptide YY: a key mediator of orexigenic behavior. Peptides 23:377-82
53. Kanatani A, Mashiko S, Murai N, Sugimoto N, Ito J, et al. 2000. Role of the Y1 receptor in the regulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated feeding: comparison of wild-type, Y1 receptor-deficient, and Y5 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology 141:1011-16
54. 3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418:650-54
55. 3-36 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in the mouse. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311:915-19
56. 3-36 in rodent models of diabetes and obesity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28:963-71
57. 3-36 on short-term food intake in mice are not affected by prevailing plasma ghrelin levels. Endocrinology 145:4967-75
58. 3-36 inhibits gastric emptying and produces acute reductions in food intake in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288:R384-88
59. 3-36) in rabbits. Int. J. Obes 30:68-72
60. 3-36 on food intake. Brain Res. 1043:139-44
61. Broberger C, Landry M, Wong H, Walsh JN, Hokfelt T. 1997. Subtypes Y1 and Y2 of the neuropeptide Y receptor are respectively expressed in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 66:393-408
62. 3-36. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:4695-700
63. 3-36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism. Endocrinology 145:2585-90
64. 3-36 inhibits the action potential firing activity of POMC neurons of arcuate nucleus through postsynaptic Y2 receptors. Cell Metab. 2:191-99
65. Gustafson EL, Smith KE, Durkin MM, Walker MW, Gerald C, et al. 1997. Distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor mRNA in rat central nervous system. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 46:223-35
66. 3-36 as an antiobesity drug target. Obes. Rev. 6:307-22
67. Abbott CR, Small CJ, Sajedi A, Smith KL, Parkinson JR, et al. 2006. The importance of acclimatisation and habituation to experimental conditions when investigating the anorectic effects of gastrointestinal hormones in the rat. Int. J. Obes. 30:288-92
68. Boey D, Lin S, Karl T, Baldock P, Lee N, et al. 2006. Peptide YY ablation in mice leads to the development of hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. Diabetologia 49:1360-70
69. Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers JE, Chandarana K, et al. 2006. Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metab. 4:223-33
70. Adrian TE, Bloom SR, Bryant MG, Polak JM, Heitz PH, Barnes AJ. 1976. Distribution and release of human pancreatic polypeptide. Gut 17:940-44
71. Ekblad E, Sundler F. 2002. Distribution of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. Peptides 23:251-61
72. Adrian TE, Besterman HS, Mallinson CN, Greenberg GR, Bloom SR. 1979. Inhibition of secretin stimulated pancreatic secretion by pancreatic polypeptide. Gut 20:37-40
73. Greenberg GR, McCloy RF, Chadwick VS, Adrian TE, Baron JH, Bloom SR. 1979. Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on basal pancreatic and biliary outputs in man. Dig. Dis. Sri. 24:11-14
74. Track NS, McLeod RS, Mee AV. 1980. Human pancreatic polypeptide: studies of fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58:1484-89
75. Parker RM, Herzog H. 1999. Regional distribution of Y-receptor subtype mRNAs in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:1431-48
76. Larsen PJ, Kristensen P. 1997. The neuropeptide Y (Y4) receptor is highly expressed in neurones of the rat dorsal vagal complex. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 48:1-6
77. Zipf WB, O'Dorisio TM, Cataland S, Sotos J. 1981. Blunted pancreatic polypeptide responses in children with obesity of Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52:1264-66
78. Glaser B, Zoghlin G, Pienta K, Vinik AI. 1988. Pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin in obesity: effects of glucose intolerance. Harm. Metab. Res. 20:288-92
79. Lassmann V, Vague P, Vialettes B, Simon MC. 1980. Low plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obesity. Diabetes 29:428-30
80. Jorde R, Burhol PG. 1984. Fasting and postprandial plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels in obesity. Int. J. Obes. 8:393-97
81. Wisen O, Bjorvell H, Cantor P, Johansson C, Theodorsson E. 1992. Plasma concentrations of regulatory peptides in obesity following modified sham feeding (MSF) and a liquid test meal. Regul. Pept. 39:43-54
82. Jorde R, Burhol PG. 1982. Effect of jejunoileal bypass operation and Billroth II resection on postprandial plasma pancreatic polypeptide release. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 17:613-17
83. Berntson GG, Zipf WB, O'Dorisio TM, Hoffman JA, Chance RE. 1993. Pancreatic polypeptide infusions reduce food intake in Prader-Willi syndrome. Peptides 14:497-503
84. Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, Park AJ, Ellis SM, et al. 2003. Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:3989-92
85. Adrian TE, Greenberg GR, Fitzpatrick ML, Bloom SR. 1981. Lack of effect of pancreatic polypeptide in the rate of gastric emptying and gut hormone release during breakfast. Digestion 21:214-18
86. Schmidt PT, Naslund E, Gryback P, Jacobsson H, Holst JJ, et al. 2005. A role for pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of gastric emptying and short term metabolic control. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90:5241-46
87. Gehlert DR, Schober DA, Beavers L, Gadski R, Hoffman JA, et al. 1996. Characterization of the peptide binding requirements for the cloned human pancreatic polypeptide-preferring receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 50:112-18
88. Woods SC, Lutz TA, Geary N, Langhans W. 2006. Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 361:1219-35
89. Orskov C, Rabenhoj L, Wettergren A, Kofod H, Holst JJ. 1994. Tissue and plasma concentrations of amidated and glycine-extended glucagon-like peptide I in humans. Diabetes 43:535-39
90. Holst JJ. 2005. Glucagon-like peptide-1: physiology and therapeutic potential. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 12:56-62
91. Chen J, Yu L, Wang L, Fang X, Li L, Li W. 2007. Stability of synthetic exendin-4 in human plasma in vitro. Protein Pept. Lett. 14:19-25
92. Turton MD, O'Shea D, Gunn I, Beak SA, Edwards CM, et al. 1996. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 379:69-72
93. Dakin CL, Small CJ, Batterham RL, Neary NM, Cohen MA, et al. 2004. Peripheral oxyntomodulin reduces food intake and body weight gain in rats. Endocrinology 145:2687-95
94. Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ. 2004. Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterology 127:546-58
95. Meeran K, O'Shea D, Edwards CM, Turton MD, Heath MM, et al. 1999. Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide or exendin(9-39) alters body weight in the rat. Endocrinology 140:244-50
96. Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, Naslund E, Beglinger C, et al. 2001. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 86:4382-89
97. Naslund E, King N, Mansten S, Adner N, Holst JJ, et al. 2004. Prandial subcutaneous injections of glucagon-like peptide-1 cause weight loss in obese human subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 91:439-46
98. Lachey JL, D'Alessio DA, Rinaman L, Elmquist JK, Drucker DJ, Seeley RJ. 2005. The role of central glucagon-like peptide-1 in mediating the effects of visceral illness: differential effects in rats and mice. Endocrinology 146:458-62
99. Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, Edwards CM, Hay DL, et al. 2001. Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology 142:4244-50
100. Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, et al. 2003. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:4696-701
101. Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Patterson M, Ellis SM, et al. 2005. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes 54:2390-95
102. Fehmann HC, Jiang J, Schweinfurth J, Wheeler MB, Boyd AE III, Goke B. 1994. Stable expression of the rat GLP-I receptor in CHO cells: activation and binding characteristics utilizing GLP-I(7-36)-amide, oxyntomodulin, exendin-4, and exendin(9-39). Peptides 15:453-56
103. Jorgensen R, Kubale V, Vrecl M, Schwartz TW, Elling CE. 2007. Oxyntomodulin differentially affects Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor beta-arrestin recruitment and signaling through G-alpha-s. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322:148-54
104. Chaudhri OB, Parkinson JR, Kuo YT, Druce MR, Herlihy AH, et al. 2006. Differential hypothalamic neuronal activation following peripheral injection of GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 350:298-306
105. Dakin CL, Small CJ, Park AJ, Seth A, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. 2002. Repeated ICV administration of oxyntomodulin causes a greater reduction in body weight gain than in pair-fed rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283:E1173-77
106. Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Meeran K, Ghatei MA, et al. 2007. Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial. Int. J. Obes. 30:1729-36
107. Yusta B, Huang L, Munroe D, Wolff G, Fantaske R, et al. 2000. Enteroendocrine localization of GLP-2 receptor expression in humans and rodents. Gastroenterology 119:744-55
108. Scott RB, Kirk D, MacNaughton WK, Meddings JB. 1998. GLP-2 augments the adaptive response to massive intestinal resection in rat. Am. J. Physiol. 275:G911-21
109. Schmidt PT, Naslund E, Gryback P, Jacobsson H, Hartmann B, et al. 2003. Peripheral administration of GLP-2 to humans has no effect on gastric emptying or satiety. Regul. Pept. 116:21-25
110. Olszewski PK, Wirth MM, Shaw TJ, Grace MK, Levine AS. 2003. Peptides that regulate food intake: effect of peptide histidine isoleucine on consummately behavior in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284:R1445-53
111. Tachibana T, Saito S, Tomonaga S, Takagi T, Saito ES, et al. 2003. Intracerebroventricular injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibits feeding in chicks. Neurosci. Lett. 339:203-6
112. Kulkosky PJ, Doyle JS, Cook VI, Glazner GW, Foderaro MA. 1989. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: behavioral effects in the rat and hamster. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 34:387-93
113. Chance WT, Balasubramaniam A, Stallion A, Fischer JE. 1993. Anorexia following the systemic injection of amylin. Brain Res. 607:185-88
114. Lutz TA, Del PE, Scharrer E. 1994. Reduction of food intake in rats by intraperitoneal injection of low doses of amylin. Physiol. Behav. 55:891-95
115. Rushing PA, Hagan MM, Seeley RJ, Lutz TA, Woods SC. 2000. Amylin: a novel action in the brain to reduce body weight. Endocrinology 141:850-53
116. Whitehouse F, Kruger DF, Fineman M, Shen L, Ruggles JA, et al. 2002. A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:724-30
117. Ratner R, Whitehouse F, Fineman MS, Strobel S, Shen L, et al. 2005. Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide lowers HbA1c without concomitant weight gain and increased risk of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes approaching glycemic targets. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 113:199-204
118. Fujimoto K, Cardelli JA, Tso P. 1992. Increased apolipoprotein A-IV in rat mesenteric lymph after lipid meal acts as a physiological signal for satiation. Am. J. Physiol. 262:G1002-6
119. Fujimoto K, Fukagawa K, Sakata T, Tso P. 1993. Suppression of food intake by apolipoprotein A-IV is mediated through the central nervous system in rats. J. Clin. Investig. 91:1830-33