Structure and biogenesis of the cell walls of grasses

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 445-476

  Carpita, Nicholas C ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell wall architecture; Cell wall biosynthesis; Cell wall polysaccharides; Cereals; Grasses

Indexed keywords

MAGNOLIOPHYTA; POACEAE;

EID: 0001196648     PISSN: 10402519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.445     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Aspinall GO. 1959. Structural chemistry of the hemicelluloses. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 14:429-68
2. Bacic A, Churms SC, Stephen AM, Cohen PB, Fincher GB. 1987. Fine structure of the arabinogalactan-protein from Lolium multiflorum. Carbohydr. Res. 162:85-93
3. Bacic A, Harris PJ, Stone BA. 1988. Structure and function of plant cell walls. In The Biochemistry of Plants, ed. J Priess, 14: 297-371. New York: Academic
4. Bacic A, Moody SF, Clarke AE. 1986. Structural analysis of secreted root slime from maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiol. 80:771-77
5. Bacic A, Stone BA. 1981. Chemistry and organization of aleurone cell wall components from wheat and barley. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8:475-95
6. Bennett MD, Smith JB. 1976. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 274:228-74
7. Bohlmann H, Apel K. 1991. Thionins. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:227-40
8. Braaten JT, Wood PJ, Scott FW, Wolynetz MS, Lowe MK, et al. 1994. Oat β-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:465-74
9. Brown JA, Fry SC. 1993. Novel O-D-galacturonoyl esters in the pectic polysaccharides of suspension-cultured plant cells. Plant Physiol. 103:993-99
10. Buchala AJ, Meier H. 1972. Hemicelluloses from the stalk of Cyperus papyrus. Phytochemistry 11:3275-78
11. Bulone V, Fincher GB, Stone BA. 1995. In vitro synthesis of a microfibrillar (1 → 3)-β-glucan by a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) endosperm (1 → 3)-β-glucan synthase enriched by product entrapment. Plant J. 8: 213-25
12. Caelles C, Delseny M, Puigdomènech P. 1992. The hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene from Oryza sativa. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:617-19
13. Carpita NC. 1983. Hemicellulosic polymers of cell walls of Zea coleoptiles. Plant Physiol 72:515-21
14. Carpita NC. 1984. Cell wall development in maize coleoptiles. Plant Physiol. 76: 205-12
15. Carpita NC. 1984. Fractionation of hemicelluloses from maize cell walls with increasing concentrations of alkali. Phytochemistry 23:1089-93
16. Carpita NC. 1986. Incorporation of proline and aromatic amino acids into cell walls of maize coleoptiles. Plant Physiol. 80: 660-66
17. Carpita NC. 1989. Pectic polysaccharides of maize coleoptiles and proso millet cells in liquid culture. Photochemistry 28: 121-25
18. Carpita NC. 1996. Structure and biogenesis of plant cell walls. In Plant Metabolism, ed. DT Dennis, DH Turpin, D LeFebre, D Layzell. London: Longman. In press
19. Carpita NC, Brown RA, Weller KM. 1982. Uptake and metabolic fate of glucose, arabinose, and xylose by Zea mays coleoptiles in relation to cell wall synthesis. Plant Physiol. 69:1173-80
20. Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM. 1993. Structural models of the primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3:1-30
21. Carpita NC, Mulligan JA, Heyser JW. 1985. Hemicelluloses of cell walls of a proso millet cell suspension culture. Plant Physiol. 79:480-84
22. Carpita NC, Whittern D. 1986. A highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan from developing maize coleoptiles. Carbohydr. Res. 146:129-40
23. Cassab GI, Varner JE. 1988. Cell wall proteins. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:321-53
24. Chaboud A, Rougier M. 1984. Identification and localization of sugar components of rice (Oryza saliva L.) root cap mucilage. J. Plant Physiol. 116:323-30
25. Chappie CCS, Vogt T, Ellis BE, Somerville CR. 1992. An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant Cell 4:1413-24
26. Chase MW, Soltis DE, Olmstead RG, Morgan D, Les DH, et al. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80:528-80
27. Chay CH, Buehler EG, Thorn JM, Whelan TM, Bedinger PA. 1992. Purification of maize pollen exines and analysis of associated proteins. Plant Physiol. 100:756-61
28. Chen L, Garrett TPJ, Varghese JN, Fincher GB, Høj PB. 1993. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of (1,3)- and ( 1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucanases from germinating barley. J. Mol. Biol. 234:888-89
29. Cherney JH, Chemey JR, Akin DE, Axtell JD. 1991. Potential of brown-midrib, low-lignin mutants for improving forage quality. Adv. Agron. 46:157-98
30. Chesson A, Gordon AH, Lomax JA. 1983. Substituent groups linked by alkali-labile bonds to arabinose and xylose residues of legume, grass, and cereal straw cell walls and their fate during digestion by rumen microorganisms. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34: 1330-40
31. Cosgrove DJ, Li ZC. 1993. Role of expansin in cell enlargement of oat coleoptiles: analysis of developmental gradients and photocontrol. Plant Physiol. 103:1321-28
32. Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT, Yeo PF. 1985. The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy. New York: Springer-Verlag
33. Darvill A, McNeil M, Albersheim P, Delmer DP. 1980. The primary cell walls of flowering plants. In The Biochemistry of Plants, ed. NE Tolbert, 1:91-162. New York: Academic
34. Darvill AG, Smith CJ, Hall MA. 1978. Cell wall structure and elongation growth in Zea mays coleoptile tissue. New Phytol. 80: 503-16
35. Delmer DP, Amor Y. 1995. Cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:987-1000
36. Duvall MR, Clegg MT, Chase MW, Clark WD, Kress WJ, et al. 1993. Phylogenetic hypotheses for the monocotyledons constructed from rbcL sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80:607-19
37. Feingold DS. 1982. Aldo (and keto) hexoses and uronic acids. In The Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, ed. FA Loewus, W Tanner, 13A:3-76. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
38. Fincher GB. 1989. Molecular and cellular biology associated with endosperm mobilization in germinating cereal grains. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 305-46
39. Fincher GB, Lock PA, Morgan MM, Lingelbach K, Wettenhall REH, et al. 1986. Primary structure of the (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan 4-glucohydrolase from barley aleurone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2081-85
40. Fincher GB, Stone BA, Clarke AE. 1983. Arabinogalactan-proteins: structure, biosynthesis, and function. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34:47-70
41. Finkle BJ, Masri MS. 1964. Methylation of polyhydroxyaromatic compounds by pampas grass O-methyltransferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 85:167-69
42. Fritz SE, Hood KR, Hood EE. 1991. Localization of soluble and insoluble fractions of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins during maize kernel development. J. Cell Sci. 98: 545-50
43. Fry SC, Northcote DH. 1983. Sugar-nucleotide precursors of arabinopyranosyl, arabinofuranosyl, and xylopyranosyl residues in spinach polysaccharides. Plant Physiol. 73:1055-61
44. Fry SC, Smith RC, Renwick KF, Martin DJ, Hodge SK, Matthews KJ. 1992. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, a new wall-loosening enzyme activity from plants. Biochem. J. 282:821-28
45. Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC. 1990. Separation of membranes by flotation centrifugation for in vitro synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Protoplasma 156:82-93
46. Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC. 1991. Tracing cell wall biogenesis in intact cells and plants: selective turnover and alteration of soluble and cell wall polysaccharides in grasses. Plant Physiol. 97:551-61
47. Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC. 1993. Synthesis of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan in the Golgi apparatus of maize coleoptiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3850-54
48. Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC. 1994. Biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. FASEB J. 8:904-15
49. Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC. 1994. Improved recovery of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan synthase activity from Golgi apparatus of Zea mays (L.) using differential flotation centrifugation. Protoplasma 180:92-97
50. Girhammerar U, Nakamura M, Nair BM. 1986. Water-soluble pentosans from wheat and rye: chemical composition and some physical properties in solution. In Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry, ed. GO Phillips, PA Wedlock, DJ Williams, pp. 123-34. London: Elsevier
51. Gleeson PA, McNamara M, Wettenhall REH, Stone BA, Fincher GB. 1989. Characterization of the hydroxyproline-rich protein core of an arabinogalactan-protein secreted from suspension-cultured Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) endosperm cells. Biochem. J. 264:857-62
52. Gordon AH, Lomax JA, Dalgarno K, Chesson A. 1985. Preparation and composition of mesophyll, epidermis, and fibre cell walls from leaves of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). J. Food Sci. Agric. 36:509-19
53. Grand C, Parmentier P, Boudet A, Boudet AM. 1985. Comparison of lignins and of enzymes involved in lignification in normal and brown midrib (bm3) mutant corn seed-lings. Physiol Vég. 23:905-11
54. Gubler F, Ashford AE, Bacic A, Blakeney AB, Stone BA. 1985. Release of ferulic acid esters from barley aleurone. II. Characterisation of the feruloyl compounds released in response to GA3. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 12:307-17
55. Hanley AB, Russell WR, Chesson A. 1993. Formation of substituted truxillic and truxinic acids in plant cell walls - a rationale. Phytochemistry 33:957-60
56. Harris PJ, Hartley RD. 1980. Phenolic constituents of the cell walls of monocotyledons. Biochem. System. Ecol. 8:153-60
57. Hatfield RD, Nevins DJ. 1987. Hydrolytic activity and substrate specificity of an endoglucanase from Zea mays seedling cell walls. Plant Physiol. 83:203-7
58. Haworth WN, Hirst EL, Oliver E. 1934. Polysaccharides. Part XVIII. The constitution of xylan. J. Chem. Soc. 1917-23
59. Henry RJ, Stone BA. 1982. Factors influencing β-glucan synthesis by paniculate enzymes from suspension-cultured Lolium multiflorum endosperm cells. Plant Physiol. 69:632-36
60. Heyn ANJ. 1986. A gas chromatographic analysis of the release of arabinose from coleoptile cell walls under the influence of auxin and dextranase preparations. Plant Sci. 45:77-82
61. Hoffmann-Benning S, Klomparens KL, Kende H. 1994. Characterization of growth-related osmiophilic particles in corn coleoptiles and deepwater rice internodes. Ann. Bot. 74:563-72
62. Høj PB, Fincher GB. 1995. Molecular evolution of plant β-slucan endohydrolases. Plant J. 7:367-79
63. Hood KR, Baasiri RA, Fritz SE, Hood EE. 1991. Biochemical and tissue print analyses of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in cell walls of sporophytic maize tissues. Plant Physiol. 96:1214-19
64. Hoson T, Masuda Y, Nevins DJ. 1992. Comparison of the inner and outer epidermis. Inhibition of auxin-induced elongation of maize coleoptiles by glucan antibodies. Plant Physiol. 98:1298-1303
65. Hoson T, Masuda Y, Sone Y, Misaki A. 1991. Xyloglucan antibodies inhibit auxin-induced elongation and cell wall loosening of azuki bean epicotyls but not of oat coleoptiles. Plant Physiol. 96:551-57
66. Hoson T, Nevins DJ. 1989. β-D-glucan antibodies inhibit auxin-induced cell elongation and changes in the cell wall of Zea coleoptile segments. Plant Physiol. 90: 1353-58
67. Huber DJ, Nevins DJ. 1981. Partial purification of endo- and exo-β-D-glucanase enzymes from Zea mays L. seedlings and their involvement in cell wall autohydrolysis. Planta 151:206-14
68. Iiyama K, Lam TBT, Meikle PJ, Ng K, Rhodes DI, Stone BA. 1993. Cell wall biosynthesis and its regulation. In Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility, ed. HG Jung, DR Buxton, RD Hatfield, J Ralph, pp. 621-83. Madison, WI: Am. Soc. Agron.
69. Iiyama K, Lam TBT, Stone BA. 1990. Phenolic acid bridges between polysaccharides and lignin in wheat internodes. Phytochemistry 29:733-37
70. Iiyama K, Lam TBT, Stone BA. 1994. Covalent cross-links in the cell wall. Plant Physiol. 104:315-20
71. Inouhe M, Nevins DJ. 1991. Inhibition of auxin-induced cell elongation of maize coleoptiles by antibodies specific for cell wall glucanases. Plant Physiol. 96:426-31
72. Ishii T. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from bamboo shoot cell walls. Carbohydr. Res. 219:15-22
73. Jarvis MC. 1984. Structure and properties of pectin gels in plant cell walls. Plant Cell Environ. 7:153-64
74. Jarvis MC, Forsyth W, Duncan HJ. 1988. A survey of the pectic content of nonlignified monocot cell walls. Plant Physiol. 88: 309-14
75. Jermyn MA, Yeow YM. 1975. A class of lectins present in the tissues of seed plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2:501-31
76. Josè-Estanyol M, Ruiz-Avila L, Puigdomènech P. 1992. A maize embryo-specific gene encodes a proline-rich and hydrophobic protein. Plant Cell 4:413-23
77. Jung HJG, Buxton DR. 1994. Forage quality variation among maize inbreds: relationships of cell-wall composition and invitro degradability for stem internodes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 66:313-22
78. Kato Y, Iki K, Matsuda K. 1981. Cell-wall polysaccharides of immature barley plants. II. Characterization of a xyloglucan. Agric. Biol. Chem. 45:2745-53
79. Kato Y, Nevins DJ. 1985. Isolation and identification of O-(5-O-feruloyl-α-L-arabinosyl) - (1→3) - O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- (1 →4)-D-xylopyranose as a component of Zea shoot cell-walls. Carbohydr. Res. 137: 139-50
80. Kato Y, Nevins DJ. 1986. Fine structure of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan from Zea shoot cell-walls. Carbohydr. Res. 147:69-85
81. Kieliszewski MJ, Kamyab A, Leykam JF, Lamport DTA. 1992. A histidine-rich extensin from Zea mays is an arabinogalactan protein. Plant Physiol. 99:538-47
82. Kieliszewski M, Lamport DTA. 1987. Purification and partial characterization of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in a graminaceous monocot, Zea mays. Plant Physiol. 85:823-27
83. Kieliszewski MJ, Lamport DTA. 1994. Extensin: repetitive motifs, functional sites, post-translocational codes, and phylogeny. Plant J. 5:157-72
84. Kieliszewski MJ, Leykam JF. Lamport DTA. 1990. Structure of the threonine-rich extensin from Zea mays. Plant Physiol. 92: 316-26
85. Kim JB, Carpita NC. 1992. Changes in esterification of the uronic acid groups of cell wall polysaccharides during elongation of maize coleoptiles. Plant Physiol. 98: 646-53
86. Kim SH, Shinkle JR, Roux SJ. 1989. Phytochrome induces changes in the immunodetectable level of a wall peroxidase that precede growth changes in maize seed-lings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 9866-70
87. Knox JP, Linstead PJ, King J, Cooper C, Roberts K. 1990. Pectin esterification is spatially regulated both within cell walls and between developing tissues of root apices. Planta 181:512-21
88. Kröger N, Bergsdorf C, Sumper M. 1994. Anew calcium binding glycoprotein family constitutes a major diatom cell wall component. EMBO J. 13:4676-83
89. Kutschera U, Bergfeld R, Schopfer P. 1987. Cooperation of epidermis and inner tissues in auxin-mediated growth of maize coleoptiles. Planta 170:168-80
90. Kutschera U, Kende H. 1988. The biophysical basis of elongation growth in internodes of deepwater rice. Plant Physiol. 88:361-66
91. Lam TBT, Iiyama K, Stone BA. 1992. Cinnamic acid bridges between cell wall polymers in wheat and phalaris internodes. Phytochemistry 32:1179-83
92. Lam TBT, Iiyama K, Stone BA. 1994. An approach to the estimation of ferulic acid bridges in unfractionated cell walls of wheat internodes. Phytochemistry 37: 327-33
93. Langenheim JH, Thimann KV. 1982. Botany: Plant Biology and its Relation to Human Affairs. New York: Wiley
94. Leah R, Kigel J, Svendsen I, Mundy J. 1995. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a barley seed β-glucosidase. J. Biol. Chem. 270:15789-97
95. Lei M, Wu R. 1991. A novel glycine-rich cell wall protein gene in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 16:187-98
96. Lewis NG, Yamamoto E, Wooten JB, Just G, Ohashi H, Towers GHN. 1987. Monitoring biosynthesis of wheat cell-wall phenylpropanoids in situ. Science 237:1344-46
97. Li ZC, Durachko DM, Cosgrove DJ. 1993. An oat coleoptile wall protein that induces wall extension in vitro and that is antigenically related to a similar protein from cucumber hypocotyls. Planta 191:349-56
98. Luttenegger DG, Kevins DJ. 1985. Transient nature of a (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan in Zea mays coleoptile walls. Plant Physiol. 77:175-78
99. MacAdam JW, Sharp RE, Nelson CJ. 1992. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue. II. Spatial distribution of apoplastic peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiol. 99:879-85
100. Markwalder HU, Neukom H. 1976. Diferulic acid as a possible crosslink in hemicelluloses from wheat germ. Photochemistry 15:836-37
101. McCann MC, Roberts K. 1992. Architecture of the primary cell wall. In The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form, ed. CW Lloyd, pp. 109-29. London: Academic
102. McCann MC, Wells B, Roberts K. 1990. Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall. J. Cell Sci. 96: 323-34
103. McDougall GJ, Fry SC. 1994. Fucosylated xyloglucan in suspension-cultured cells of the gramineous monocotyledon, Festuca arundinacea. J. Plant Physiol. 143:591-95
104. McQueen-Mason S, Cosgrove DJ. 1994. Disruption of hydrogen bonding between plant cell wall polymers by proteins that induce plant wall extension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6574-78
105. McQueen-Mason SJ, Cosgrove DJ. 1995. Expansin mode of action on cell walls: analysis of wall hydrolysis, stress relaxation, and binding. Plant Physiol. 107: 87-100
106. McQueen-Mason S, Durachko DM, Cosgrove DJ. 1992. Two endogenous proteins that induce cell wall extension in plants. Plant Cell 4:1425-33
107. McQueen-Mason SJ, Fry SC. Durachko DM, Cosgrove DJ. 1993. The relationship between xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and in-vitro cell wall extension in cucumber hypocotyls. Planta 190:327-31
108. Meikle PJ, Hoogenraad NJ, Bonig I, Clarke AE, Stone BA. 1994. A(1→3,1→4)-β-glucan-specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocytochemical location of (1→3).(1→4)-β-glucans. Plant J. 5:1-9
109. Meikle PJ, Ng KF, Johnson E, Hoogenraad NJ, Stone BA. 1991. The β-glucan synthase from Lolium multiflorum: detergent solubilization, purification using monoclonal antibodies, and photoaffinity labeling with a novel photoreactive pyrimidine analogue of undine 5′-diphosphoglucose. J. Biol. Chem. 266:22569-81
110. Miyamoto K, Ueda J, Takeda S, Ida K, Hoson T, et al. 1994. Light-induced increase in the contents of ferulic and diferulic acids in cell walls of Avena coleoptiles: its relationship to growth inhibition by light. Physiol. Plant. 92:350-55
111. Morikawa H, Senda M. 1978. Infrared analysis of oat coleoptile cell walls and oriented structure of matrix polysaccharides in the walls. Plant Cell Physiol. 19: 327-36
112. Morrison TA, Kessler JR, Hatfield RD, Buxton DR. 1994. Activity of two lignin biosynthesis enzymes during development of a maize internode. J. Sci. Food Agric. 65:133-39
113. Mueller SC, Brown RM Jr. 1980. Evidence for an intramembrane component associated with a cellulose microfibril-synthesizing complex in higher plants. J. Cell Biol. 84:315-26
114. Mueller-Harvey I, Hartley RD, Harris PJ, Curzon EH. 1986. Linkage of p-coumaroyl and feruloyl groups to cell-wall polysaccharides of barley straw, Carbohydr. Res. 148:71-85
115. Myton KE, Fry SC. 1994. Intraprotoplasmic feruloylation of arabinoxylans in Festuca arundinacea cell cultures. Planta 193: 326-30
116. Neish AC. 1961. Formation of m- and p-coumaric acids by enzymatic deamination of the corresponding isomers of tyrosine. Phytochemistry 1:1-24
117. Nishitani K, Nevins DJ. 1991. Glucuro noxylan xylanohydrolase: a unique xylanase with the requirement for appendant glucuronosyl units. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 6539-43
118. Okazawa K, Sato Y, Nakagawa T, Asada K, Kato I, et al. 1993. Molecular cloning and cDNA sequencing of endoxyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that mediates molecular grafting between matrix polysaccharides in plant cell walls. J. Biol. Chem. 268:25364-68
119. Parry DW, Hodson MJ, Sangster AG. 1984. Some recent advances in studies of silicon in higher plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 304:537-49
120. Pillonel C, Hunziker P, Binder A. 1992. Multiple forms of the constitutive wheat cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. J. Exp. Bot. 43:299-305
121. Potts JRM, Weklych R, Conn EE. 1974. The 4-hydroxylation of cinnamic acid by sorghum microsomes and the requirement of cytochrome P-450. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 5019-26
122. Pritchard J, Hetherington PR, Fry SC, Tomos AD. 1993. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity, microfibril orientation and the profiles of cell wall properties along growing regions of maize roots. J. Exp. Bot. 44:1281-89
123. Puhlmann J, Bucheli E, Swain MJ, Dunning N, Albersheim P, et al. 1994. Generation of monoclonal antibodies against plant cell-wall polysaccharides. I. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a terminal α-(1→2)-linked fucosyl-containing epitope. Plant Physiol. 104:699-710
124. Ralph J, Hatfield RD, Quideau S, Helm RF, Grabber JH, Jung HJG. 1994. Pathway of p-coumaric acid incorporation into maize lignin as revealed by NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:9448-56
125. Ralph J, Helm RF, Quideau S, Hatfield RD. 1992. Lignin-feruloyl ester cross-links in grasses. I. Incorporation of feruloyl esters into coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenation polymers. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, pp. 2961-69
126. Ralph J, Quideau S, Grabber JH, Hatfield RD. 1994. Identification and synthesis of new ferulic acid dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, pp. 3485-98
127. Raz R, Crétin C, Puigdomènech P, Martínez-Izquierdo JA. 1991. The sequence of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene from Sorghum vulgare. Plant Mol. Biol. 16:365-67
128. Redgwell RJ, Selvendran RR. 1986. Structural features of cell-wall polysaccharides in onion Allium cepa. Carbohydr. Res. 157: 183-99
129. Reid JSG, Wilkie KCB. 1969. Total hemicelluloses from oat plants at different stages of growth. Phytochemistry 8: 2059-65
130. Reinard T, Sprunck S, Altherr S, Jacobsen HJ. 1994. Biochemical properties of a novel cell wall protein associated with elongation growth in higher plants. J. Exp. Bot. 45:1593-601
131. Reiter WD, Chapple CCS, Somerville CR. 1993. Altered growth and cell walls in a fucose-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis. Science 261:1032-35
132. Roberts K. 1994. The plant extracellular matrix: in a new expansive mood. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:688-94
133. Ronde W, Rosen K, Kröger K, Salamini F. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of a Hordeum vulgare gene encoding a glycine-rich protein with homology to vertebrate cytokeratins. Plant Mol. Biol. 14:1057-59
134. Rubinstein AL, Broadwater AH, Lowrey KB, Bedinger PA. 1995. Pex1, a pollen-specific gene with an extensin-like domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3086-90
135. Rudall PJ, Caddick LR. 1994. Investigation of the presence of phenolic compounds in monocotyledonous cell walls, using UV fluorescence microscopy. Ann. Bot. 74: 483-91
136. Ruel K, Joseleau JP. 1984. Use of enzyme-gold complexes for the ultrastructural localization of hemicelluloses in the plant cell wall. Histochemistry 81:573-80
137. Sauter M, Kende H. 1992. Levels of β-glucan and lignin in elongating internodes of deepwater rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 33: 1089-97
138. Scalbert A, Monties B, Lallemand J-Y, Guittet E, Rolando C. 1985. Ether linkage between phenolic acids and lignin fractions from wheat straw. Phytochemistry 24: 1359-62
139. Schindler T, Bergfeld R, Hohl M, Schopfer P. 1994. Inhibition of Golgi-apparatus function by brefeldin A in maize coleoptiles and its consequences on auxin-mediated growth, cell-wall extensibility and secretion of cell-wall proteins. Planta 192: 404-13
140. Schindler T, Bergfeld R, Schopfer P. 1995. Arabinogalactan proteins in maize coleoptiles: developmental relationship to cell death during xylem differentiation but not to extension growth. Plant J. 7:25-36
141. Schopfer P. 1990. Cytochemical identification of arabinogalactan protein in the outer epidermal wall of maize coleoptiles. Planta 183:139-42
142. Schwarz K. 1973. A bound form of silicon in glycosaminoglycans and polyuronides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:1608-12
143. Séné CFB, McCann MC, Wilson RH, Grinter R. 1994. Fourier-transform Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. An investigation of five higher plant cell walls and their components. Plant Physiol. 106:1623-31
144. Shedletzky E, Shmuel M, Trainin T, Kaiman S, Delmer D. 1992. Cell wall structure in cells adapted to growth on the cellulose-synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. A comparison between two dicotyledonous plants and a graminaceous monocot. Plant Physiol. 100:120-30
145. Shibuya N, Misaki A. 1978. Structure of hemicellulose isolated from rice endosperm cell wall: Mode of linkages and sequences in xyloglucan, β-glucan and arabinoxylan. Agric. Biol. Chem. 42:2267-74
146. Shibuya N, Nakane R. 1984. Pectic polysaccharides of rice endosperm cell walls. Photochemistry 23:1425-29
147. Showalter AM 1993. Structure and function of plant cell wall proteins. Plant Cell 5:9-23
148. Smallwood M, Martin H, Knox JP. 1995. An epitope of rice threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein is common to cell wall and hydrophobic plasma-membrane glycoproteins. Planta 196:510-522.
149. Smith BG, Harris PJ. 1995. Polysaccharide composition of unlignified cell walls of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ] fruit. Plant Physiol. 107:1399-1409
150. Staehelin LA, Moore I. 1995. The plant Golgi apparatus: structure, functional organization and trafficking mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Piant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:261-88
151. Staudte RG. Woodward JR, Fincher GB, Stone BA. 1983. Water-soluble (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. III. Distribution of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl residues. Carbohydr. Polym. 3:299-312
152. Sitefel V, Ruiz-Avila L, Raz R, Vallés MP, Gómez J, et al. 1990. Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation. Plant Cell 2:785-93
153. Stinard PS, Kevins DJ. 1980. Distribution of noncellulosic β-D-glucans in grasses and other monocots. Phytochemistry 19: 1467-68
154. Taiz L. 1984. Plant cell expansion: regulation of cell-wall mechanical properties. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:585-657
155. Tan KS, Hoson T, Masuda Y, Kamisaka S. 1992 Involvement of cell wall-bound diferulic acid in light-induced decrease in growth rate and cell wall extensibility of Oryza sativa coleoptiles. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:103-08
156. Thomas JR, Darvill AG, Albersheim P. 1989. Rhamnogaiacturonan I, a pectic polysaccharide that is a component of monocot cell-walls. Carbohydr. Res. 185: 279-305
157. Turner LB, Mueller-Harvey I, McAllan AB. 1993. Light-induced isomerization and dimerization of cinnamic acid derivatives in cell walls. Phytochemistry 33: 791-96
158. van Hoist GJ, Fincher GB. 1984. Polyproline II conformation in the protein component of arabinogalactan-protein from Lolium multiflorum. Plant Physiol. 75:1163-64
159. Varghese JN, Garrett TPJ, Colman PM, Chen L, Høj PB, Fincher GB. 1994. Three-dimensional structures of two plant β-glucan endohydrolases with distinct substrate specificities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2785-89
160. Viëtor RJ, Kormelink FJM, Angelino SAGF, Voragen AGJ. 1994. Substitution patterns of water-unextractable arabinoxylans from barley and malt. Carbohydr. Polym. 24:113-18
161. Vignols F, Rigau J, Torres MA, Capellades M, Puigdomènech P. 1995. The brown midrib3 (bm3) mutation in maize occurs in the gene encoding caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. Plant Cell 7:407-16
162. Waldron KW, Brett CT. 1985. Interaction of enzymes involved in cell-wall heteropolysaccharide biosynthesis. In Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls, SEB Semin. Ser. 28, ed. CT Brett, JR Hillman, pp. 79-97. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
163. Whetten R, Sederoff R. 1995. Lignin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:1001-13
164. Whistler RL. 1950. Xylan. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 5:269-90
165. Wilkie KCB. 1979. The hemicelluloses of grasses and cereals. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 36:215-64
166. Wood PI, Braaten JT, Scott FW, Riedel D, Poste LM. 1990. Comparisons of viscous properties of oat and guar gum and the effects of these and oat bran on glycemic index. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38:753-57
167. 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by rapid analysis of cellulose-like regions using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase. Cereal Chem. 71:301-7
168. Woodward JR, Fincher GB. 1983. Water soluble barley β-glucans. Brew. Digest, May, pp. 28-32
169. Woodward JR, Fincher GB, Stone BA. 1983. Water soluble (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. II. Fine structure. Carbohydr. Polym. 3:207-25
170. Wu Y, Spollen WG, Sharp RE, Hetherington PR, Fry SC. 1994. Root growth maintenance at low water potentials. Increased activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and its possible regulation by abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 106:607-15
171. Xu P, Wang J, Fincher GB. 1992. Evolution and differential expression of the (1→3)-β-glucan endohydrolase-encoding gene fam