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Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 285-295

Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: Novel players and insights

Author keywords

A. thaliana fucosyltransferase1; A. thaliana xylosyltransferase1; Adp glucose pyrophosphorylase; Agp; Atfut1; Atxt1; callose synthase gene; Cals; Cesa; Cfl1; cotton fks1 like1; Csc; gene encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase

Indexed keywords

CALLOSE; CELLULOSE; GLUCAN; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; POLYSACCHARIDE;

EID: 2442610818     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (243)

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    • Loss of callose synthase results in salicylic acid-dependent disease resistance
    • Arabidopsis pmr4 mutants have a lesion in a callose synthase gene and do not deposit callose in response to biotic or abiotic stress. Despite this lack of callose, the mutants are more resistant than wildtype plants to pathogen attack. Microarray experiments and double-mutant analyses reveal that this resistance is due to the activation of the salicylic acid defense signalling pathway. The authors conclude that callose or callose synthase negatively regulates the salicylic acid pathway.
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    • The Arabidopsis mutant cev1 links cell wall signaling to jasmonate and ethylene responses
    • A mutant that has constitutively expressed stress-response genes is found to carry a mutation in the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit CESA3. The stress response in this mutant includes jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling and is caused by a reduction in cellulose synthesis. The same response occurs in wildtype plants that have been treated with inhibitors of cellulose synthesis.
    • Ellis C., Karafyllidis I., Wasternack C., Turner J.G. The Arabidopsis mutant cev1 links cell wall signaling to jasmonate and ethylene responses. Plant Cell. 14:2002;1557-1566 A mutant that has constitutively expressed stress-response genes is found to carry a mutation in the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit CESA3. The stress response in this mutant includes jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling and is caused by a reduction in cellulose synthesis. The same response occurs in wildtype plants that have been treated with inhibitors of cellulose synthesis.
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    • Reduced cellulose synthesis invokes lignification and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
    • The authors show that the ectopic lignin mutations occur in the cellulose synthase gene CESA3 in Arabidopsis thaliana. These mutations cause reduced cellulose synthesis, and lead to constitutive stress responses and aberrant deposition of lignin by activating the ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling pathways. The results suggest that mechanisms that monitor cell wall integrity can activate lignification and defense responses.
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    • First evidence that a member of the CSL-gene family is involved in the synthesis of a wall polysaccharide other than cellulose. The authors cloned a cDNA encoding a CSL gene that is specifically upregulated during endosperm development in Guar seeds. They then expressed the gene in somatic embryos of soybean. Microsomal preparations of the transgenic soybean clearly exhibited a mannosyltransferase activity by transferring mannose from GDP-mannose to a β-mannase-digestable high-molecular-weight product. The authors termed this enzyme mannan synthase (ManS) although additional characterization of the product will be necessary to establish this term unambiguously.
    • Dhugga K.S., Bareirro R., Whitten B., Stecca K., Hazebroek J., Randhawa G.S., Dolan M., Kinney A.J., Tomes D., Nichols S., Anderson P. Guar seed β-mannan synthase is a member of the cellulose synthase super gene family. Science. 303:2004;363-366 First evidence that a member of the CSL-gene family is involved in the synthesis of a wall polysaccharide other than cellulose. The authors cloned a cDNA encoding a CSL gene that is specifically upregulated during endosperm development in Guar seeds. They then expressed the gene in somatic embryos of soybean. Microsomal preparations of the transgenic soybean clearly exhibited a mannosyltransferase activity by transferring mannose from GDP-mannose to a β-mannase-digestable high-molecular-weight product. The authors termed this enzyme mannan synthase (ManS) although additional characterization of the product will be necessary to establish this term unambiguously.
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    • Dhugga, K.S.1    Bareirro, R.2    Whitten, B.3    Stecca, K.4    Hazebroek, J.5    Randhawa, G.S.6    Dolan, M.7    Kinney, A.J.8    Tomes, D.9    Nichols, S.10    Anderson, P.11
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    • The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1
    • The authors identify the gene that is affected in the mur2 mutant. MUR2 encodes a xyloglucan fucosyltransferase; the mutated form mur2 is inactive. The authors provide an in-depth analysis of the xyloglucan structure of mur2 plants, which indicates a 98% reduction in the fucosylation of xyloglucan but of no other class of wall components. Interestingly, no major mur2 phenotype was observed, indicating that xyloglucan fucosylation does not influence wall strength as was believed previously.
    • Vanzin G.F., Madson M., Carpita N.C., Raikhel N.V., Keegstra K., Reiter W.D. The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:2002;3340-3345 The authors identify the gene that is affected in the mur2 mutant. MUR2 encodes a xyloglucan fucosyltransferase; the mutated form mur2 is inactive. The authors provide an in-depth analysis of the xyloglucan structure of mur2 plants, which indicates a 98% reduction in the fucosylation of xyloglucan but of no other class of wall components. Interestingly, no major mur2 phenotype was observed, indicating that xyloglucan fucosylation does not influence wall strength as was believed previously.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 3340-3345
    • Vanzin, G.F.1    Madson, M.2    Carpita, N.C.3    Raikhel, N.V.4    Keegstra, K.5    Reiter, W.D.6
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    • Analysis of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis
    • The authors gain further insights into the function of a fucosyltransferase that is involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis on a tissue level by comparing data from three analyses: an expression analysis of the corresponding gene, the determination of the enzyme activity and a structural analysis of xyloglucan using NMR spectroscopy. They used their conclusions from this comparison, together with the detailed analysis of an insertional T-DNA mutant and an overexpression line, to formulate novel hypotheses such as the influence of O-acetylation on xyloglucan fucosylation.
    • Perrin R.M., Jia Z., Wagner T.A., O'Neill M.A., Sarria R., York W.S., Raikhel N.V., Keegstra K. Analysis of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 132:2003;768-778 The authors gain further insights into the function of a fucosyltransferase that is involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis on a tissue level by comparing data from three analyses: an expression analysis of the corresponding gene, the determination of the enzyme activity and a structural analysis of xyloglucan using NMR spectroscopy. They used their conclusions from this comparison, together with the detailed analysis of an insertional T-DNA mutant and an overexpression line, to formulate novel hypotheses such as the influence of O-acetylation on xyloglucan fucosylation.
    • (2003) Plant Physiol , vol.132 , pp. 768-778
    • Perrin, R.M.1    Jia, Z.2    Wagner, T.A.3    O'Neill, M.A.4    Sarria, R.5    York, W.S.6    Raikhel, N.V.7    Keegstra, K.8
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    • Effects of the mur1 mutation on xyloglucans produced by suspension-cultured Arabidopsis thaliana cells
    • Pauly M., Eberhard S., Albersheim P., Darvill A., York W.S. Effects of the mur1 mutation on xyloglucans produced by suspension-cultured Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Planta. 214:2001;67-74
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    • Pauly, M.1    Eberhard, S.2    Albersheim, P.3    Darvill, A.4    York, W.S.5
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    • Rapid structural phenotyping of plant cell wall mutants by enzymatic oligosaccharide fingerprinting
    • Lerouxel O., Choo T.S., Seveno M., Usadel B., Faye L., Lerouge P., Pauly M. Rapid structural phenotyping of plant cell wall mutants by enzymatic oligosaccharide fingerprinting. Plant Physiol. 130:2002;1754-1763
    • (2002) Plant Physiol , vol.130 , pp. 1754-1763
    • Lerouxel, O.1    Choo, T.S.2    Seveno, M.3    Usadel, B.4    Faye, L.5    Lerouge, P.6    Pauly, M.7
  • 46
    • 0037963449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins
    • The authors identify the gene affected in the mur3 mutant. MUR3 encodes a xyloglucan galacatosyltransferase that acts on a specific xylosyl residue. They provide an in-depth analysis of the xyloglucan structure of mur3, confirming the activity found in vitro. The MUR3 gene is a member of a large multi-gene family that is likely to contain many other genes that are candidates for roles in wall biosynthesis. Interesting possibilities include genes encoding a necessary second xyloglucan galactosyltransferase and a potential arabinosyltransferase that is involved in the synthesis of xyloglucan in the Solanaceae.
    • Madson M., Dunand C., Li X., Verma R., Vanzin G.F., Caplan J., Shoue D.A., Carpita N.C., Reiter W.D. The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins. Plant Cell. 15:2003;1662-1670 The authors identify the gene affected in the mur3 mutant. MUR3 encodes a xyloglucan galacatosyltransferase that acts on a specific xylosyl residue. They provide an in-depth analysis of the xyloglucan structure of mur3, confirming the activity found in vitro. The MUR3 gene is a member of a large multi-gene family that is likely to contain many other genes that are candidates for roles in wall biosynthesis. Interesting possibilities include genes encoding a necessary second xyloglucan galactosyltransferase and a potential arabinosyltransferase that is involved in the synthesis of xyloglucan in the Solanaceae.
    • (2003) Plant Cell , vol.15 , pp. 1662-1670
    • Madson, M.1    Dunand, C.2    Li, X.3    Verma, R.4    Vanzin, G.F.5    Caplan, J.6    Shoue, D.A.7    Carpita, N.C.8    Reiter, W.D.9
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    • Tensile properties of Arabidopsis cell walls depend on both a xyloglucan cross-linked microfibrillar network and rhamnogalacturonan II-borate complexes
    • Ryden P., Sugimoto-Shirasu K., Smith A.C., Findlay K., Reiter W.D., McCann M.C. Tensile properties of Arabidopsis cell walls depend on both a xyloglucan cross-linked microfibrillar network and rhamnogalacturonan II-borate complexes. Plant Physiol. 132:2003;1033-1040
    • (2003) Plant Physiol , vol.132 , pp. 1033-1040
    • Ryden, P.1    Sugimoto-Shirasu, K.2    Smith, A.C.3    Findlay, K.4    Reiter, W.D.5    McCann, M.C.6
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    • An Arabidopsis gene encoding an alpha-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis
    • The authors clone a group of potential xyloglucan xylosyltransferase genes that were identified on the basis of an in vitro assay of pea microsomal fractions for a xyloglucan xylosyltransferase activity. The heterologous expression of these genes pointed out one gene that specifically transfers a xylosyl-residue to a cello-oligosaccharide chain, laying the foundation for more detailed studies of the xylosylation of xyloglucan.
    • Faik A., Price N.J., Raikhel N.V., Keegstra K. An Arabidopsis gene encoding an alpha-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:2002;7797-7802 The authors clone a group of potential xyloglucan xylosyltransferase genes that were identified on the basis of an in vitro assay of pea microsomal fractions for a xyloglucan xylosyltransferase activity. The heterologous expression of these genes pointed out one gene that specifically transfers a xylosyl-residue to a cello-oligosaccharide chain, laying the foundation for more detailed studies of the xylosylation of xyloglucan.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.99 , pp. 7797-7802
    • Faik, A.1    Price, N.J.2    Raikhel, N.V.3    Keegstra, K.4
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    • Molecular characterisation of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis
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    • Transfer specificity of detergent-solubilized fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase
    • Edwards M.E., Marshall E., Gidley M.J., Reid J.S.G. Transfer specificity of detergent-solubilized fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 129:2002;1391-1397
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    • Edwards, M.E.1    Marshall, E.2    Gidley, M.J.3    Reid, J.S.G.4
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    • Tobacco transgenic lines that express fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase constitutively have structurally altered galactomannans in their seed endosperm cell walls
    • Reid J.S., Edwards M.E., Dickson C.A., Scott C., Gidley M.J. Tobacco transgenic lines that express fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase constitutively have structurally altered galactomannans in their seed endosperm cell walls. Plant Physiol. 131:2003;1487-1495
    • (2003) Plant Physiol , vol.131 , pp. 1487-1495
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    • Quasimodo1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis
    • The authors isolated the qua mutant, which exhibits a dwarfed phenotype and a cell-adhesion defect. Analysis of the cell walls of this mutant revealed a reduction in homogalacturonan, the major component of the pectic polysaccharides. QUA1 encodes a putative membrane-bound GT. Although the biochemical activity of QUA1 has not been shown yet, it seems to be the first promising candidate for a GT that is involved in the synthesis of pectins.
    • Bouton S., Leboeuf E., Mouille G., Leydecker M.T., Talbotec J., Granier F., Lahaye M., Höfte H., Truong H.N. Quasimodo1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 14:2002;2577-2590 The authors isolated the qua mutant, which exhibits a dwarfed phenotype and a cell-adhesion defect. Analysis of the cell walls of this mutant revealed a reduction in homogalacturonan, the major component of the pectic polysaccharides. QUA1 encodes a putative membrane-bound GT. Although the biochemical activity of QUA1 has not been shown yet, it seems to be the first promising candidate for a GT that is involved in the synthesis of pectins.
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    • Bouton, S.1    Leboeuf, E.2    Mouille, G.3    Leydecker, M.T.4    Talbotec, J.5    Granier, F.6    Lahaye, M.7    Höfte, H.8    Truong, H.N.9
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    • A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem
    • The authors isolated a tobacco mutant (nolac-H18) that exhibits a severe defect in cell adhesion. The affected gene turns out to encode a putative membrane-bound GT (NpGUT1). A detailed analysis of the walls of the nolac-H18 mutant, in particular of the pectic polysaccharide RGII, provided evidence that NpGUT1 might be a glucuronsyl-transferase. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the structural alteration of RGII in the nolac-H18 mutant changes the RGII borate dimerization properties, which might be responsible for the cell-adhesion defect.
    • Iwai H., Masaoka N., Ishii T., Satoh S. A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:2002;16319-16324 The authors isolated a tobacco mutant (nolac-H18) that exhibits a severe defect in cell adhesion. The affected gene turns out to encode a putative membrane-bound GT (NpGUT1). A detailed analysis of the walls of the nolac-H18 mutant, in particular of the pectic polysaccharide RGII, provided evidence that NpGUT1 might be a glucuronsyl-transferase. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the structural alteration of RGII in the nolac-H18 mutant changes the RGII borate dimerization properties, which might be responsible for the cell-adhesion defect.
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    • Iwai, H.1    Masaoka, N.2    Ishii, T.3    Satoh, S.4
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    • Plant cell walls in the post-genomic era
    • Edited by Rose JCK. Sheffield: Blackwell Publishing - CRC Press;
    • Scheible W-R, Bashir S, Rose JKC: Plant cell walls in the post-genomic era. In Annual Plant Reviews, vol 8. The Plant Cell Wall. Edited by Rose JCK. Sheffield: Blackwell Publishing - CRC Press; 2003:325-375.
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    • Classification and identification of Arabidopsis cell wall mutants using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) microspectroscopy
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    • The functions of cell wall polysaccharides in composition and architecture revealed through mutations
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    • Sugar-coated microarrays: A novel slide surface for the high-throughput analysis of glycans
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    • Resistance against herbicide isoxaben and cellulose deficiency caused by distinct mutations in same cellulose synthase isoform CESA6
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    • Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis
    • The authors report the isolation of two fragile fiber (fra) Arabidopsis mutants, fra5 and fra6, which have point mutations in the AtCESA7 and AtCESA8 genes, respectively. Both homozygous mutants display reductions in the wall thickness of interfascicular fibers and the amount of cellulose, but the fra5 mutation is semidominant. Moreover, the constitutive overexpression of the fra5 allele in a wildtype background does not affect CESA7 gene expression. This overexpression does, however, aggravate phenotypes and leads to new phenotypes, including changes in plant morphology. These include the formation of a pendent stem, slight dwarfism, a reduction in the breaking strength of inflorescence stems, the appearance of collapsed xylem, and reduced stem-length caused by reduced length of pith cells. These results indicate that fra5 overexpression not only interferes with cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening but also affects cellulose synthesis during primary wall formation.
    • Zhong R., Morrison W.H., Freshour G.D., Hahn M.G., Ye Z.H. Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7 causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 132:2003;786-795 The authors report the isolation of two fragile fiber (fra) Arabidopsis mutants, fra5 and fra6, which have point mutations in the AtCESA7 and AtCESA8 genes, respectively. Both homozygous mutants display reductions in the wall thickness of interfascicular fibers and the amount of cellulose, but the fra5 mutation is semidominant. Moreover, the constitutive overexpression of the fra5 allele in a wildtype background does not affect CESA7 gene expression. This overexpression does, however, aggravate phenotypes and leads to new phenotypes, including changes in plant morphology. These include the formation of a pendent stem, slight dwarfism, a reduction in the breaking strength of inflorescence stems, the appearance of collapsed xylem, and reduced stem-length caused by reduced length of pith cells. These results indicate that fra5 overexpression not only interferes with cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening but also affects cellulose synthesis during primary wall formation.
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    • Zhong, R.1    Morrison, W.H.2    Freshour, G.D.3    Hahn, M.G.4    Ye, Z.H.5
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    • KOJAK encodes a cellulose synthase-like protein required for root hair cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis
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    • The cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutant rsw3 is defective in a gene encoding a putative glucosidase II, an enzyme processing N-glycans during ER quality control
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    • Burn, J.E.1    Hurley, U.A.2    Birch, R.J.3    Arioli, T.4    Cork, A.5    Williamson, R.E.6


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