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1
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1842491776
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publication no. LFEE 2003-001 RP, MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment
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M. A. Weiss, J. B. Heywood, A. Schafer, V. K. Natarajan, Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars (publication no. LFEE 2003-001 RP, MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, 2003; available at http://lfee.mit.edu/ public/LFEE_2003-001_RP.pdf).
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(2003)
Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars
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Weiss, M.A.1
Heywood, J.B.2
Schafer, A.3
Natarajan, V.K.4
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7
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0842296552
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report no. 814, Office of the Chief Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture
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H. Shapouri, J. A. Duffield, M. Wang, The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update (report no. 814, Office of the Chief Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002; available at www.usda.gov/oce/ oepnu/aer-814.pdf).
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(2002)
The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update
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Shapouri, H.1
Duffield, J.A.2
Wang, M.3
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8
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3142586935
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D. L. Klass, C. H. Emert, Eds. (Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI)
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R. Katzen et al., in Fuels from Biomass and Wastes, D. L. Klass, C. H. Emert, Eds. (Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981), pp. 393-402.
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(1981)
Fuels from Biomass and Wastes
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Katzen, R.1
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9
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20344399344
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note
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In these calculations, we used values of the energy required for corn production, corn transportation, ethanol conversion, and ethanol transportation reported by Shapouri et al. (7); we used yields for sugar and ethanol production reported by Klass (2); and we assumed that sugars were converted to alkanes as given by a stoichiometry analogous to Eq. 3. (76).
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14
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0037494896
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J. W. Shabaker, R. R. Davda, C. W. Huber, R. D. Cortright, J. A. Dumesic, J. Catal. 215, 344 (2003).
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J. Catal.
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, pp. 344
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Shabaker, J.W.1
Davda, R.R.2
Huber, C.W.3
Cortright, R.D.4
Dumesic, J.A.5
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16
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20344405392
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note
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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17
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20344370665
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note
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Whereas the solubility of furfural-acetone (1:1) is low in water, we have determined that hydrogenation of the furan ring in the adduct increases the solubility in water to values higher than 35 wt %.
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19
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0031972714
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C. Moreau, R. Durand, D. Peyron, J. Duhamel, P. Rivalier, Ind. Crop. Prod. 7, 95 (1998).
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Ind. Crop. Prod.
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Moreau, C.1
Durand, R.2
Peyron, D.3
Duhamel, J.4
Rivalier, P.5
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22
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3042702640
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J. Lewkowski, ARKIVOC 2001, 17 (2001), available at www.arkat-usa.org/ ark/journal/2001/l01_General/ 403/0113_index.asp.
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(2001)
ARKIVOC
, vol.2001
, pp. 17
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Lewkowski, J.1
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23
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20344368520
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note
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Aqueous-phase aldol condensation reactions have previously been carried out with glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, formaldehyde, and butyraldehyde using both homogeneous and heterogeneous base catalysts (24, 28). Cross-condensation of furfural with acetone has been conducted using amino-functionalized mesoporous base catalysts (29). Mixed Mg-AI-oxides have previously been used as solid base catalysts for liquid-phase aldol-condensation reactions (25-27).
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25
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67049134575
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M. Sasaki, K. Goto, K. Tajima, T. Adschiri, K. Arai, Green Chem. 4, 285 (2002).
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(2002)
Green Chem.
, vol.4
, pp. 285
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Sasaki, M.1
Goto, K.2
Tajima, K.3
Adschiri, T.4
Arai, K.5
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26
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3042515222
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M. J. Climent, A. Corma, S. Iborra, K. Epping, A. Velty, J. Catal. 225, 316 (2004).
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(2004)
J. Catal.
, vol.225
, pp. 316
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Climent, M.J.1
Corma, A.2
Iborra, S.3
Epping, K.4
Velty, A.5
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27
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0001630473
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K. K. Rao, M. Gravelle, J. S. Valente, F. Figueras, J. Catal. 173, 115 (1998).
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J. Catal.
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Rao, K.K.1
Gravelle, M.2
Valente, J.S.3
Figueras, F.4
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30
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20344397315
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note
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Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, NSF Chemical and Transport Systems Division of the Directorate for Engineering, and Conoco-Phillips. We thank M. Mavrikakis and R. Cortright for ongoing discussions, Y.-Y. Luk for help with aldol-condensation reactions, and E. L. Sughrue (Conoco-Phillips) and D. E. Resasco (University of Oklahoma) for helpful discussions about diesel fuel
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