Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 593-613

  Presneill, Jeffrey J ^a   Nakata, Koh ^b   Inoue, Yoshikazu ^c   Seymour, John F ^d  

^a ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c NATIONAL HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION   (Japan)

^d PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IODINE 125; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; LUNG SURFACTANT;

ADENOVIRUS; AEROSOL; ALGORITHM; ANAMNESIS; ANTIBODY BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIBODY TITER; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ACTIVITY; ERYTHEMA; EXPERIMENT; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GAS EXCHANGE; GENE TARGETING; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; KINETICS; LABORATORY TEST; LIPID ANALYSIS; LUNG ALVEOLUS; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LUNG ALVEOLUS PROTEINOSIS; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG LAVAGE; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SERODIAGNOSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TOXICITY;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; AUTOANTIBODIES; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; LATEX FIXATION TESTS; MACROPHAGES, ALVEOLAR; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS; PULMONARY SURFACTANTS;

EID: 4344666700     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2004.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Seymour J.F., Presneill J.J. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: progress in the first 44 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166(2):2002;215-235
2. Ben-Dov I., Kishinevski Y., Roznman J., Soliman A., Bishara H., Zelligson E., et al. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in Israel: ethnic clustering. Isr Med Assoc J. 1:1998;75-78
3. Dirksen U., Hattenhorst U., Schneider P., Göbel U., Böcking A., et al. Defective expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3/interleukin-5 receptor common β chain in children with acute myeloid leukemia associated with respiratory failure. Blood. 92:1998;1097-1103
4. Whitsett J.A., Weaver T.E. Hydrophobic surfactant proteins in lung function and disease. N Engl J Med. 347(26):2002;2141-2148
5. Ladeb S., Fleury-Feith J., Escudier E., Tran Van Nhieu J.T., Bernaudin J.F., Cordonnier C. Secondary alveolar proteinosis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 4:1996;420-426
6. Rosen S.H., Castleman B., Liebow A.A. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med. 258:1958;1123-1143
7. Trapnell B.C., Whitsett J.A. GM-CSF regulates pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and alveolar macrophage-mediated innate host defense. Annu Rev Physiol. 64:2002;775-802
8. Asamoto H., Kitaichi M., Nishimura K., Itoh H., Izumi T. Primary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: clinical observation of 68 patients in Japan. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 33(8):1995;835-845
9. Goldstein L.S., Stoller J.K., Christie H., Curtis-McCarthy P., Lubell S., Farver C., et al. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: clinical features and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;A331
10. Chan E.D., King T.E. Jr. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Rose B.D. UpToDate. 2004;UpToDate, Wellesley (MA)
11. Shah P.L., Hansell D., Lawson P.R., Reid K.B., Morgan C. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: clinical aspects and current concepts on pathogenesis. Thorax. 55(1):2000;67-77
12. Sherter C.B., Mark E.J. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 2-2001: a 42-year-old woman with acute worsening of chronic dyspnea and cough. N Engl J Med. 344(3):2001;212-220
13. Briens E., Delaval P., Mairesse M.P., Valeyre D., Wallaert B., Lazor R., et al. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Rev Mal Respir. 19(2 Pt1):2002;166-182
14. Arcasoy S.M., Lanken P.N. Images in clinical medicine: pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med. 347(26):2002;2133
15. Lee K.N., Levin D.L., Webb W.R., Chen D., Storto M.L., Golden J.A. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: high-resolution CT, chest radiography, and functional correlations. Chest. 111:1997;989-995
16. Nishimura K., Izumi T., Kitaichi M., Nagai S., Itoh H. The diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution computed tomography in diffuse infiltrative lung diseases. Chest. 104:1993;1149-1155
17. Holbert J.M., Costello P., Li W., Hoffman R.M., Rogers R.M. CT features of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176(5):2001;1287-1294
18. Johkoh T., Itoh H., Muller N.L., Ichikado K., Nakamura H., Ikezoe J., et al. Crazy-paving appearance at thin-section CT: spectrum of disease and pathologic findings. Radiology. 211(1):1999;155-160
19. Rossi S.E., Erasmus J.J., Volpacchio M., Franquet T., Castiglioni T., McAdams H.P. Crazy-paving pattern at thin-section CT of the lungs: radiologic-pathologic overview. Radiographics. 23(6):2003;1509-1519
20. Trapnell B.C., Whitsett J.A., Nakata K. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med. 349(26):2003;2527-2539
21. Seymour J.F., Doyle I.R., Nakata K., Presneill J.J., Schoch O.D., Hamano E., et al. Relationship of anti-GM-CSF antibody concentration, surfactant protein A and B levels, and serum LDH to pulmonary parameters and response to GM-CSF therapy in patients with idiopathic alveolar proteinosis. Thorax. 58(3):2003;252-257
22. Honda Y., Takahashi H., Shijubo N., Kuroki Y., Akino T. Surfactant protein-A concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Chest. 103:1993;496-499
23. Honda Y., Kuroki Y., Matsuura E., Nagae H., Takahashi H., Akino T., et al. Pulmonary surfactant protein D in sera and bronchopulmonary lavage fluid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:1995;1860-1866
24. Doyle I.R., Nicholas T.E., Bersten A.D. Serum surfactant protein-A levels in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:1995;307-317
25. Doyle I.R., Bersten A.D., Nicholas T.E. Surfactant proteins-A and -B are elevated in plasma of patients with acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 156:1997;1217-1229
26. De Pasquale C.G., Arnolda L.F., Doyle I.R., Grant R.L., Aylward P.E., Bersten A.D. Prolonged alveolocapillary barrier damage after acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med. 31(4):2003;1060-1067
27. Iyonaga K., Suga M., Yamamoto T., Ichiyasu H., Miyakawa H., Ando M. Elevated bronchoalveolar concentrations of MCP-1 in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Eur Respir J. 14(2):1999;383-389
28. Mazzone P., Thomassen M.J., Kavuru M. Our new understanding of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: what an internist needs to know. Cleve Clin J Med. 68(12):2001;977-984
29. Hildebrand F.L. Jr., Rosenow E.C.I., Habermann T.M., Tazelaar H.D. Pulmonary complications of leukemia. Chest. 98:1990;1233-1239
30. Yousem S.A. Alveolar lipoproteinosis in lung allograft recipients. Hum Pathol. 28:1997;1383-1386
31. Fisher M., Roggli V., Merten D., Mulvihill D., Spock A. Coexisting endogenous lipoid pneumonia, cholesterol granulomas, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a pediatric population: a clinical, radiographic, and pathologic correlation. Pediatr Pathol. 12:1992;365-383
32. Santamaria F., Parenti G., Guidi G., Rotondo A., Grillo G., Larocca M.R., et al. Early detection of lung involvement in lysinuric protein intolerance: role of high resolution computed tomography and radioisotopic methods. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 153:1996;731-735
33. Xipell J.M., Ham K.N., Price C.G., Thomas D.P. Acute silicoproteinosis. Thorax. 32:1977;104-111
34. Wang B.M., Stern E.J., Schmidt R.A., Pierson D.J. Diagnosing pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a review and update. Chest. 111:1997;460-466
35. Maygarden S.J., Iacocca M.V., Funkhouser W.K., Novotny D.B. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a spectrum of cytologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural findings in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Diagn Cytopathol. 24(6):2001;389-395
36. Chou C.W., Lin F.C., Tung S.M., Liou R.D., Chang S.C. Diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: usefulness of papanicolaou- stained smears of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Arch Intern Med. 161(4):2001;562-566
37. Arbiser Z.K., Guidot D.M., Pine J.R., Giltman L.I., Gal A.A. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis mimicking idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Diagn Pathol. 7(2):2003;82-86
38. Chesnutt M.S., Nuckton T.J., Golden J., Folkesson H.G., Matthay M.A. Rapid alveolar epithelial fluid clearance following lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Chest. 120(1):2001;271-274
39. Bingisser R., Kaplan V., Zollinger A., Russi E.W. Whole-lung lavage in alveolar proteinosis by a modified lavage technique. Chest. 113(6):1998;1718- 1719
40. Cheng S.L., Chang H.T., Lau H.P., Lee L.N., Yang P.C. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: treatment by bronchofiberscopic lobar lavage. Chest. 122(4):2002;1480-1485
41. Burgess A.W., Camakaris J., Metcalf D. Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium. J Biol Chem. 252(6):1977;1998-2003
42. Gough N.M., Gough J., Metcalf D., Kelso A., Grail D., Nicola N.A., et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a murine haematopoietic growth regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Nature. 309(5971):1984;763-767
43. Bradley T.R., Metcalf D. The growth of mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 44(3):1966;287-299
44. Lieschke G.J., Burgess A.W. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (1). N Engl J Med. 327(1):1992;28-35
45. Lieschke G.J., Burgess A.W. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (2). N Engl J Med. 327(2):1992;99-106
46. Armitage J.O. Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood. 92(12):1998;4491-4508
47. Gearing D.P., King J.A., Gough N.M., Nicola N.A. Expression cloning of a receptor for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. EMBO J. 8(12):1989;3667-3676
48. Evans C.A., Ariffin S., Pierce A., Whetton A.D. Identification of primary structural features that define the differential actions of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors. Blood. 100(9):2002;3164-3174
49. Carr P.D., Gustin S.E., Church A.P., Murphy J.M., Ford S.C., Mann D.A., et al. Structure of the complete extracellular domain of the common β subunit of the human GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 receptors reveals a novel dimer configuration. Cell. 104(2):2001;291-300
50. Miyajima A., Mui A.L., Ogorochi T., Sakamaki K. Receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and interleukin-5. Blood. 82(7):1993;1960-1974
51. Ihle J.N., Witthuhn B.A., Quelle F.W., Yamamoto K., Silvennoinen O. Signaling through the hematopoietic cytokine receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 13:1995;369-398
52. Stahl N., Yancopoulos G.D. The alphas, betas, and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes. Cell. 74(4):1993;587-590
53. Quelle F.W., Sato N., Witthuhn B.A., Inhorn R.C., Eder M., Miyajima A., et al. JAK2 associates with the βc chain of the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and its activation requires the membrane-proximal region. Mol Cell Biol. 14(7):1994;4335-4341
54. c chain. J Biol Chem. 270(23):1995;13814-13818
55. Mui A.L., Wakao H., O'Farrell A.M., Harada N., Miyajima A. Interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-5 transduce signals through two STAT5 homologs. EMBO J. 14(6):1995;1166-1175
56. Doyle S.E., Gasson J.C. Characterization of the role of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor α subunit in the activation of JAK2 and STAT5. Blood. 92(3):1998;867-876
57. Lanfrancone L., Pelicci G., Brizzi M.F., Aronica M.G., Casciari C., Giuli S., et al. Overexpression of Shc proteins potentiates the proliferative response to the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and recruitment of Grb2/SoS and Grb2/p140 complexes to the β receptor subunit. Oncogene. 10(5):1995;907-917
58. Okuda K., Smith L., Griffin J.D., Foster R. Signaling functions of the tyrosine residues in the βc chain of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Blood. 90(12):1997;4759-4766
59. Stanley E., Lieschke G.J., Grail D., Metcalf D., Hodgson G., Gall J.A.M., et al. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice show no major perturbation of hematopoeisis but develop a characteristic pulmonary pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91:1994;5592-5596
60. Dranoff G., Crawford A.D., Sadelain M., Ream B., Rashid A., Bronson R.T., et al. Involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary homeostasis. Science. 264:1994;713-716
61. Reed J.A., Ikegami M., Robb L., Begley C.G., Ross G., Whitsett J.A. Distinct changes in pulmonary surfactant homeostasis in common β-chain- and GM-CSF-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 278(6):2000;L1164- L1171
62. Shibata Y., Berclaz P.Y., Chroneos Z.C., Yoshida M., Whitsett J.A., Trapnell B.C. GM-CSF regulates alveolar macrophage differentiation and innate immunity in the lung through PU.1. Immunity. 15(4):2001;557-567
63. Paine R. III, Morris S.B., Jin H., Wilcoxen S.E., Phare S.M., Moore B.B., et al. Impaired functional activity of alveolar macrophages from GM-CSF-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 281(5):2001;L1210- L1218
64. Robb L., Drinkwater C., Metcalf D., Li R., Köntgen F., Nicola N.A., et al. Hematopoietic and lung abnormalities in mice with a null mutation of the common β subunit of the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukins 3 and 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:1995;9565-9569
65. IL3 receptor-deficient mice are normal. Immunity. 2:1995;211-222
66. Pattle R.E. Properties, function and origin of the alveolar lining layer. Nature. 175:1955;1125-1126
67. Pattle R.E., Thomas L.C. Lipoprotein composition of the film lining the lung. Nature. 189:1961;844
68. Goerke J. Pulmonary surfactant: functions and molecular composition. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1408(2-3):1998;79-89
69. Johansson J., Curstedt T. Molecular structures and interactions of pulmonary surfactant components. Eur J Biochem. 244(3):1997;675-693
70. King R.J., Clements J.A. Surface active materials from dog lung. II. Composition and physiological correlations. Am J Physiol. 223(3):1972;715-726
71. Hallman M., Gluck L. Phosphatidylglycerol in lung surfactant. III. Possible modifier of surfactant function. J Lipid Res. 17(3):1976;257-262
72. Possmayer F. A proposed nomenclature for pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins. Am Rev Respir Dis. 138(4):1988;990-998
73. Hawgood S., Poulain F.R. The pulmonary collectins and surfactant metabolism. Annu Rev Physiol. 63:2001;495-519
74. Wright J.R. Pulmonary surfactant: a front line of lung host defense. J Clin Invest. 111(10):2003;1453-1455
75. Weaver T.E., Conkright J.J. Function of surfactant proteins B and C. Ann Rev Physiol. 63(1):2001;555-578
76. Huffman J.A., Hull W.M., Dranoff G., Mulligan R.C., Whitsett J.A. Pulmonary epithelial cell expression of GM-CSF corrects the alveolar proteinosis in GM-CSF-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;649-655
77. Reed J.A., Ikegami M., Cianciolo E.R., Lu W., Cho P.S., Hull W., et al. Aerosolized GM-CSF ameliorates pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in GM-CSF-deficient mice. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;L556-L563
78. Paine R. III, Preston A.M., Wilcoxen S., Jin H., Siu B.B., Morris S.B., et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the innate immune response to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. J Immunol. 164(5):2000;2602-2609
79. Ikegami M., Hull W.M., Yoshida M., Wert S.E., Whitsett J.A. SP-D and GM-CSF regulate surfactant homeostasis via distinct mechanisms. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 281(3):2001;L697-L703
80. Hawgood S., Akiyama J., Brown C., Allen L., Li G., Poulain F.R. GM-CSF mediates alveolar macrophage proliferation and type II cell hypertrophy in SP-D gene-targeted mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 280(6):2001;L1148-L1156
81. Ikegami M., Ueda T., Hull W., Whitsett J.A., Mulligan R.C., Dranoff G., et al. Surfactant metabolism in transgenic mice after granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor ablation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 270:1996;L650-L658
82. Wright J.R., Youmans D.C., Pison U. Metabolism and degradation of alveolar surfactant. Prog Respir Res. 27:1994;69-73
83. Wright J.R. Clearance and recycling of pulmonary surfactant. Am J Physiol. 259:1990;L1-L12
84. Chander A., Fisher A.B. Regulation of lung surfactant secretion. Am J Physiol. 258(6 Pt 1):1990;L241-L253
85. Mason R.J., Voelker D.R. Regulatory mechanisms of surfactant secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1408(2-3):1998;226-240
86. Ikegami M., Jobe A.H. Surfactant protein metabolism in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1408(2-3):1998;218-225
87. Fehrenbach A., Bube C., Hohlfeld J.M., Stevens P., Tschernig T., Hoymann H.G., et al. Surfactant homeostasis is maintained in vivo during keratinocyte growth factor-induced rat lung type II cell hyperplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 167(9):2003;1264-1270
88. Hermans C., Bernard A. Lung epithelium-specific proteins: characteristics and potential applications as markers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 159(2):1999;646-678
89. Jobe A.H., Rider E.D. Catabolism and recycling of surfactant. Robertson B., Van Golde L.M.G., Batenburg J.J. Pulmonary surfactant: from molecular biology to clinical practice. 1992;313-337 Elsevier, Amsterdam
90. Gurel O., Ikegami M., Chroneos Z.C., Jobe A.H. Macrophage and type II cell catabolism of SP-A and saturated phosphatidylcholine in mouse lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 280(6):2001;L1266-L1272
91. Baritussio A., Alberti A., Armanini D., Meloni F., Bruttomesso D. Different pathways of degradation of SP-A and saturated phosphatidylcholine by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 279(1):2000;L91-L99
92. Ikegami M., Jobe A.H., Huffman Reed J.A., Whitsett J.A. Surfactant metabolic consequences of overexpression of GM-CSF in the epithelium of GM-CSF-deficient mice. Am J Physiol. 273:1997;L709-L714
93. Yoshida M., Ikegami M., Reed J.A., Chroneos Z.C., Whitsett J.A. GM-CSF regulates protein and lipid catabolism by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 280:2001;L379-L386
94. Laskin D.L., Weinberger B., Laskin J.D. Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages. J Leukoc Biol. 70(2):2001;163-170
95. Thomas E.D., Ramberg R.E., Sale G.E., Sparkes R.S., Golde D.W. Direct evidence for a bone marrow origin of the alveolar macrophage in man. Science. 192(4243):1976;1016-1018
96. Blussé van Oud Alblas A., van Furth R. Origin, kinetics, and characteristics of pulmonary macrophages in the normal steady state. J Exp Med. 149(6):1979;1504-1518
97. Akagawa K.S., Kamoshita K., Tokunaga T. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and colony-stimulating factor-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of murine alveolar macrophages. J Immunol. 141(10):1988;3383-3390
98. Nakata K., Akagawa K.S., Fukayama M., Hayashi Y., Kadokura M., Tokunaga T. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes the proliferation of human alveolar macrophages in vitro. J Immunol. 147(4):1991;1266-1272
99. Chen B.D., Mueller M., Chou T.H. Role of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the regulation of murine alveolar macrophage proliferation and differentiation. J Immunol. 141(1):1988;139-144
100. Chen B.D.M., Mueller M., Olencki T. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) stimulates the clonal growth of pulmonary alveolar macrophage of the mouse: role of IL-3 in the regulation of macrophage production outside the bone marrow. Blood. 72(2):1988;685-690
101. Hashimoto S., Suzuki T., Dong H.Y., Yamazaki N., Matsushima K. Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages. Blood. 94(3):1999;837-844
102. Sibille Y., Reynolds H.Y. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis. 141(2):1990;471-501
103. Lohmann-Matthes M.L., Steinmuller C., Franke-Ullmann G. Pulmonary macrophages. Eur Respir J. 7(9):1994;1678-1689
104. Berclaz P.Y., Zsengellér Z., Shibata Y., Otake K., Strasbaugh S., Whitsett J.A., et al. Endocytic internalization of adenovirus, nonspecific phagocytosis, and cytoskeletal organization are coordinately regulated in alveolar macrophages by GM-CSF and PU.1. J Immunol. 169(11):2002;6332-6342
105. Berclaz P.Y., Shibata Y., Whitsett J.A., Trapnell B.C. GM-CSF, via PU.1, regulates alveolar macrophage FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and the IL-18/IFN-γ-mediated molecular connection between innate and adaptive immunity in the lung. Blood. 100(12):2002;4193-4200
106. Moore B.B., Coffey M.J., Christensen P., Sitterding S., Ngan R., Wilke C.A., et al. GM-CSF regulates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism. J Immunol. 165(7):2000;4032-4039
107. cchain of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Blood. 92(11):1998;4119-4127
108. Aderem A., Ulevitch R.J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature. 406(6797):2000;782-787
109. LeVine A.M., Reed J.A., Kurak K.E., Cianciolo E., Whitsett J.A. GM-CSF-deficient mice are susceptible to pulmonary group B streptococcal infection. J Clin Invest. 103(4):1999;563-569
110. Majeed M., Caveggion E., Lowell C.A., Berton G. Role of Src kinases and Syk in Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion. J Leukoc Biol. 70(5):2001;801-811
111. Coleman D.L., Chodakewitz J.A., Bartiss A.H., Mellors J.W. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances selective effector functions of tissue-derived macrophages. Blood. 72(2):1988;573-578
112. Kedzierska K., Vardaxis N.J., Jaworowski A., Crowe S.M. FcγR-mediated phagocytosis by human macrophages involves Hck, Syk, and Pyk2 and is augmented by GM-CSF. J Leukoc Biol. 70(2):2001;322-328
113. Noguchi Y., Wada H., Marino M.W., Old L.J. Regulation of IFN-γ production in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol. 28(12):1998;3980-3988
114. Xing Z., Zganiacz A., Wang J., Divangahi M., Nawaz F. IL-12-independent Th1-type immune responses to respiratory viral infection: requirement of IL-18 for IFN-γ release in the lung but not for the differentiation of viral-reactive Th1-type lymphocytes. J Immunol. 164(5):2000;2575-2584
115. Scott E.W., Simon M.C., Anastasi J., Singh H. Requirement of transcription factor PU.1 in the development of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Science. 265(5178):1994;1573-1577
116. Anderson K.L., Smith K.A., Perkin H., Hermanson G., Anderson C.G., Jolly D.J., et al. PU.1 and the granulocyte- and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptors play distinct roles in late-stage myeloid cell differentiation. Blood. 94(7):1999;2310-2318
117. Hashimoto S., Suzuki T., Dong H.Y., Yamazaki N., Matsushima K. Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages. Blood. 94(3):1999;837-844
118. Tenen D.G., Hromas R., Licht J.D., Zhang D.E. Transcription factors, normal myeloid development, and leukemia. Blood. 90(2):1997;489-519
119. DeKoter R.P., Singh H. Regulation of B lymphocyte and macrophage development by graded expression of PU.1. Science. 288(5470):2000;1439-1441
120. Dahl R., Ramirez-Bergeron D.L., Rao S., Simon M.C. Spi-B can functionally replace PU.1 in myeloid but not lymphoid development. EMBO J. 21(9):2002;2220-2230
121. Garrett-Sinha L.A., Dahl R., Rao S., Barton K.P., Simon M.C. PU.1 exhibits partial functional redundancy with Spi-B, but not with Ets-1 or Elf-1. Blood. 97(9):2001;2908-2912
122. Wang J.M., Lai M.Z., Yang-Yen H.F. Interleukin-3 stimulation of mcl-1 gene transcription involves activation of the PU.1 transcription factor through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 23(6):2003;1896-1909
123. Chen H.M., Zhang P., Voso M.T., Hohaus S., Gonzalez D.A., Glass C.K., et al. Neutrophils and monocytes express high levels of PU.1 (Spi-1) but not Spi-B. Blood. 85(10):1995;2918-2928
124. Gombart A.F., Kwok S.H., Anderson K.L., Yamaguchi Y., Torbett B.E., Koeffler H.P. Regulation of neutrophil and eosinophil secondary granule gene expression by transcription factors C/EBPε and PU.1. Blood. 101(8):2003;3265-3273
125. Henkel G.W., McKercher S.R., Maki R.A. Identification of three genes up-regulated in PU.1 rescued monocytic precursor cells. Int Immunol. 14(7):2002;723-732
126. Nishinakamura R., Wiler R., Dirksen U., Morikawa Y., Arai K., Miyajima A., et al. The pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukins 3/5 βc receptor-deficient mice is reversed by bone marrow transplantation. J Exp Med. 183:1996;2657-2662
127. Cooke K.R., Nishinakamura R., Martin T.R., Kobzik L., Brewer J., Whitsett J.A., et al. Persistence of pulmonary pathology and abnormal lung function in IL-3/GM-CSF/IL-5 βc receptor-deficient mice despite correction of alveolar proteinosis after BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 20:1997;657-662
128. Glasser S.W., Korfhagen T.R., Wert S.E., Whitsett J.A. Transgenic models for study of pulmonary development and disease. Am J Physiol. 267(5 Pt 1):1994;L489-L497
129. Duan W., Ding H., Subler M.A., Zhu W.G., Zhang H., Stoner G.D., et al. Lung-specific expression of human mutant p53-273H is associated with a high frequency of lung adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice. Oncogene. 21(51):2002;7831-7838
130. Huffman Reed J.A., Rice W.R., Zsengeller Z.K., Wert S.E., Dranoff G., Whitsett J.A. GM-CSF enhances lung growth and causes alveolar type II epithelial cell hyperplasia in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol. 273(4 Pt 1):1997;L715-L725
131. Lai C.M., Lai Y.K., Rakoczy P.E. Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors. DNA Cell Biol. 21(12):2002;895-913
132. Yang Y., Nunes F.A., Berencsi K., Furth E.E., Gonczol E., Wilson J.M. Cellular immunity to viral antigens limits E1-deleted adenoviruses for gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91(10):1994;4407-4411
133. Zsengellér Z.K., Reed J.A., Bachurski C.J., LeVine A.M., Forry-Schaudies S., Hirsch R., et al. Adenovirus-mediated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves lung pathology of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. Hum Gene Ther. 9:1998;2101-2109
134. Anderson P.M., Markovic S.N., Sloan J.A., Clawson M.L., Wylam M., Arndt C.A.S., et al. Aerosol granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a low toxicity, lung-specific biologic therapy in patients with lung metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 5:1999;2316-2323
135. Sieger L., Stratton J.A., Wasserman K. Pulmonary washings and blood in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Pediatr Res. 11:1977;579
136. Golde D.W., Territo M., Finley T.N., Cline M.J. Defective lung macrophages in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Ann Intern Med. 85:1976;304-309
137. Nakata K., Trapnell B.C., Hamano E., Uchida K., Terakawa T., Takemura T., et al. Reduced expression of PU.1 and C/EBP by alveolar macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 167(Suppl):2003;A952
138. Bonfield T.L., Malur B., Raychaudhuri B., Abraham S., Burgess S., Kavuru M.S., et al. Alveolar macrophage differentiation is decreased in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 167(Suppl):2003;A702
139. Bury T., Corhay J.L., Saint-Remy P., Radermecker M. Protéinose alvéolaire: restauration fonctionnelle des macrophages alvéolaires aprés lavage thérapeutique. Rev Mal Respir. 6:1989;373-375
140. Nugent K.M., Pesanti E.L. Macrophage function in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 127:1983;780-781
141. Harris J.O. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: abnormal in vitro function of alveolar macrophages. Chest. 76:1979;156-159
142. Scott C.L., Begley C.G. The beta common chain (βc) of the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3 and interleukin-5 receptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 31(10):1999;1011-1015
143. Müller-Quernheim J., Schopf R.E., Benes P., Schulz V., Ferlinz R. A macrophage-suppressing 40-kD protein in a case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Klin Wochenschr. 65:1987;893-897
144. Wada H., Noguchi Y., Marino M.W., Dunn A.R., Old L.J. T cell functions in granulocyte / macrophage colony-stimulating factor deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94:1997;12557-12561
145. Campbell I.K., Rich M.J., Bischof R.J., Dunn A.R., Grail D., Hamilton J.A. Protection from collagen-induced arthritis in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. J Immunol. 161(7):1998;3639-3644
146. Marusic S., Miyashiro J.S., Douhan J. III, Konz R.F., Xuan D., Pelker J.W., et al. Local delivery of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor by retrovirally transduced antigen-specific T cells leads to severe, chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Neurosci Lett. 332(3):2002;185-189
147. Kitching A.R., Huang R.X., Turner A.L., Tipping P.G., Dunn A.R., Holdsworth S.R. The requirement for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in leukocyte-mediated immune glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 13(2):2002;350-358
148. Alderuccio F., Biondo M., Toh B.H. Organ-specific autoimmunity in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) deficient mice. Autoimmunity. 35(1):2002;67-73
149. Enzler T., Gillessen S., Manis J.P., Ferguson D., Fleming J., Alt F.W., et al. Deficiencies of GM-CSF and interferon γ link inflammation and cancer. J Exp Med. 197(9):2003;1213-1219
150. Basu S., Dunn A.R., Marino M.W., Savoia H., Hodgson G., Lieschke G.J., et al. Increased tolerance to endotoxin by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. J Immunol. 159(3):1997;1412-1417
151. Zhan Y., Lieschke G.J., Grail D., Dunn A.R., Cheers C. Essential roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF in the sustained hematopoietic response of Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Blood. 91(3):1998;863-869
152. Riopel J., Tam M., Mohan K., Marino M.W., Stevenson M.M. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice have impaired resistance to blood-stage malaria. Infect Immunol. 69(1):2001;129-136
153. Tanaka N., Watanabe J., Kitamura T., Yamada Y., Kanegasaki S., Nakata K. Lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis express a factor which neutralizes granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. FEBS Lett. 442:1999;246-250
154. Kitamura T., Tanaka N., Watanabe J., Uchida K., Kanegasaki S., Yamada Y., et al. Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as an autoimmune disease with neutralizing antibody against granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. J Exp Med. 190:1999;875-880
155. Kitamura T., Uchida K., Tanaka N., Tsuchiya T., Watanabe J., Yamada Y., et al. Serological diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 162:2000;658-662
156. Uchida K., Nakata K., Trapnell B.C., Terakawa T., Hamano E., Mikami A., et al. High affinity autoantibodies specifically eliminate granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor activity in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Blood. 103:2004;1089-1098
157. Seymour J.F., Dunn A.R., Vincent J.M., Presneill J.J., Pain M.C. Efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in acquired alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1924-1925
158. Seymour J.F., Presneill J.J., Schoch O.D., Downie G.H., Moore P.E., Doyle I.R., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with idiopathic acquired alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163(2):2001;524-531
159. Seymour J.F., Begley C.G., Dirksen U., Presneill J.J., Nicola N.A., Moore P.E., et al. Attenuated hematopoietic response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Blood. 92:1998;2657-2667
160. Kavuru M.S., Sullivan E.J., Piccin R., Thomassen M.J., Stoller J.K. Exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161:2000;1143-1148
161. Mazzone P.J., Sullivan E.J., Piccin R., Stoller J.K., Thomassen M.J., Kavuru M.S. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor therapy for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161(Suppl):2000;A888
162. Bonfield T.L., Kavuru M.S., Thomassen M.J. Anti-GM-CSF titer predicts response to GM-CSF therapy in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Clin Immunol. 105(3):2002;342-350
163. Valdes L., Pose A., Alvarez D., Ventura M. GM-CSF: a therapeutic alternative to the bronchoalveolar lavage in the treatment of alveolar proteinosis. Med Clin (Barc). 120(3):2003;117
164. de Vega M.G., Sánchez-Palencia A., Ramirez A., Cervera S., Aneiros J. GM-CSF therapy in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Thorax. 57(9):2002;837
165. Barraclough R.M., Gillies A.J. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a complete response to GM-CSF therapy. Thorax. 56:2001;664-665
166. Khanjari F., Watier H., Domenech J., Asquier E., Diot P., Nakata K. GM-CSF and proteinosis. Thorax. 58(7):2003;645
167. Acosta O., Maranes I., Perez A., Hernandez A.I., Bello M.D., Lopez Y. Therapeutic efficacy of GM-CSF in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Arch Bronconeumol. 38(4):2002;191-193
168. Sherter C.B., Mark E.J. Case 2-2001: a 42-year-old woman with acute worsening of chronic dyspnea and cough. N Engl J Med. 344(3):2001;212-220
169. Rao R.D., Anderson P.M., Arndt C.A., Wettstein P.J., Markovic S.N.
170. Wylam M.E., Ten R.M., Katzmann J.A., Clawson M., Prakash U.B.S., Anderson P.M. Aerosolized GM-CSF improves pulmonary function in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161(Suppl):2000;A889
171. Tazawa R., Ishimoto O., Ohta H., Maemondo M., Ebina M., Hagiwara K., et al. Aerosolized granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and treatment for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 167(Suppl):2003;A953