The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis

BioEssays

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 314-327

  Vlahopoulos, Spiros A ^a   Logotheti, Stella ^a   Mikas, Dimitris ^a   Giarika, Athina ^a   Gorgoulis, Vassilis ^b   Zoumpourlis, Vassilis ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; CYCLIN A; CYCLIN D; DNA BINDING PROTEIN; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; GELATINASE A; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN C JUN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

APOPTOSIS; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER INVASION; CANCER MODEL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; GENE FUNCTION; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; LEUKEMOGENESIS; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; LUNG CANCER; LUNG CARCINOGENESIS; MAMMAL CELL; MELANOMA; NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHENOTYPE; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; STRESS; THEORETICAL STUDY; UPREGULATION;

ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DIMERIZATION; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HUMANS; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, GENETIC; NEOPLASMS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 41649111688     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bies.20734     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70.
2. Van Dyke T, Jacks T. 2002. Cancer modeling in the modern era: progress and challenges. Cell 108:135-144.
3. Echlin DR, Tae HJ, Mitin N, Taparowsky EJ. 2000. B-ATF function as a negative regulator of AP-1 mediated transcription and blocks cellular transformation by Ras and Fos. Oncogene 19:1752-1763.
4. Ronai Z, Yang YM, Fuchs SY, Adler V, Sardana M, et al. 1998. ATF2 confers radiation resistance to human melanoma cells. Oncogene 16:523-531.
5. Hai T, Hartman MG. 2001. The molecular biology and nomenclature of the activating transcription factor/cAMP responsive element binding family of transcription factors: activating transcription factor proteins and homeostasis. Gene 273:1-11.
6. Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S. 1991. Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32. Genomics 10:1103-1104.
7. Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, Fries JW, Mori R, et al. 1996. Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2 deficient mice. Nature 379:262-265.
8. Zoumpourlis V, Papassava P, Linardopoulos S, Gillespie D, Balmain A, et al. 2000. High levels of phosphorylated c-Jun, Fra-1, Fra-2 and ATF-2 proteins correlate with malignant phenotypes in the multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Oncogene 19:4011-4021.
9. Papassava P, Gorgoulis V, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, et al. 2004. Overexpression of Activated Transcription Factor 2 is required for tumour growth and progression in mouse skin tumours. Cancer Res 64:8573-8584.
10. Wang J, Cao Y, Steiner DF. 2003. Regulation of proglucagon transcription by activated transcription factor (ATF) 3 and a novel isoform, ATF3b, through the cAMP-response element/ATF site of the proglucagon gene promoter. J Biol Chem 278:32899-32904.
11. Haze K, Okada T, Yoshida H, Yanagi H, Yura T, et al. 2001. Identification of the G13 (cAMP-response-element-binding protein-related protein) gene product related to activating transcription factor 6 as a transcriptional activator of the mammalian unfolded protein response. Biochem J 355:19-28.
12. Pescini R, Kaszubska W, Whelan J, DeLamarter JF, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R. 1994. ATF-a0, a novel variant of the ATF/CREB transcription factor family, forms a dominant transcription inhibitor in ATF-a heterodimers. J Biol Chem 269:1159-1165.
13. Forgacs E, Gupta SK, Kerry JA, Semmes OJ. 2005. The bZIP transcription factor ATFx binds human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax and represses HTLV-1 long terminal repeat-mediated transcription. J Virol 79:6932-6939.
14. Masquilier D, Foulkes NS, Mattei MG, Sassone-Corsi P. 1993. Human CREM gene: evolutionary conservation, chromosomal localization, and inducibility of the transcript. Cell Growth Differ 4:931-937.
15. Liu F, Thompson MA, Wagner S, Greenberg ME, Green MR. 1993. Activating transcription factor-1 can mediate Ca(2+)- and cAMP-inducible transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 268:6714-6720.
16. Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T, Tabata S, Akiyama T, et al. 1993. Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE- BP1. J Biol Chem 268:4259-4263.
17. Gaire M, Chatton B, Kedinger C. 1990. Isolation and characterization of two novel, closely related ATF cDNA clones from HeLa cells. Nucleic Acids Res 18:3467-3473.
18. Tong WY, Nagano-Fujii M, Hidajat R, Deng L, Takigawa Y, et al. 2002. Physical interaction between hepatitis C virus NS4B protein and CREB-RP/ATF6beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:366-372.
19. Dorsey MJ, Tae HJ, Sollenberger KG, Mascarenhas NT, Johansen LM, et al. 1995. B-ATF: a novel human bZIP protein that associates with members of the AP-1 transcription factor family. Oncogene 11:2255-2265.
20. Landshulz WH, Johnson PF, McKnight SL. 1988. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science 240:1759-1764.
21. Hai T, Liu F, Coukos WJ, Green MR. 1989. Transcription factor ATF cDNA clones: An extensive family of leucine zipper proteins able to selectively form DNA-binding heterodimers. Genes Dev 3:2083-2090.
22. Vinson CR, Hai T, Boyd SM. 1993. Dimerization specificity of the leucine zipper-containing bZIP motif on DNA binding: prediction and rational design. Genes Dev 7:1047-1058.
23. Lin YS, Green MR. 1988. Interaction of a common transcription factor, ATF, with regulatory elements in both E1a-and cyclic AMP-inducible promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3396-3400.
24. Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M. 2005. Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment. J Biol Chem 94:25-38.
25. Ghoneim C, Soula-Rothut M, Blanchevoye C, Martini L, Antonicelli F, et al. 2007. Activating transcription factor-1 mediated hepatocyte growth factor-induced down-regulation of thrombospondin-1 expression leads to thyroid cancer cell invasion. J Biol Chem 282:15490-15497.
26. Igarashi T, Izumi H, Uchiumi T, Nishio K, Arao T, et al. 2007. Clock and ATF4 transcription system regulates drug resistance in human cancer cell lines. Oncogene 26:4749-4760.
27. Linnerth NM, Baldwin M, Campbell C, Brown M, McGowan H, et al. 2005. IGF-II induces CREB phosphorylation and cell survival in human lung cancer cells. Oncogene 24:7310-7319.
28. Arai M, Kondoh N, Imazeki N, Hada A, Hatsutse K, et al. 2006. Transformation-associated gene regulation by ATF6alpha during hepatocarcinogenesis. FEBS Lett 580:184-190.
29. Persengiev SP, Devireddy LR, Green MR. 2002. Inhibition of apoptosis by ATFx: A novel role for a member of the ATF/CREB family of mammalian bZIP transcription factors. Genes Dev 16:1806-1814.
30. Bandyopadhyay S, Wang Y, Zhan R, Pai SK, Watabe M, et al. 2006. The tumour metastasis suppressor gene Drg-1 down-regulates the expression of activating transcription factor 3 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 66:11983-11990.
31. Syed V, Macherjee K, Lyons-Weiler J, Lau KM, Mashima T, et al. 2005. Identification of ATF-3, caveolin-1, DLC-1, and NM23-H2 as putative antitumourigenic, progesterone-regulated genes for ovarian cancer cells by gene profiling. Oncogene 24:1774-1787.
32. Ricote M, Garcia-Tunon I, Bethencourt F, Fraile B, Onsurbe P, et al. 2006. The p38 transduction pathway in prostatic neoplasia. J Pathol 208:401-407.
33. Maekawa T, Shinagawa T, Sano Y, Sakuma T, Nomura S, et al. 2006. Reduced levels of ATF-2 predispose mice to mammary tumours. Mol Cell Biol 27:1730-1744.
34. Nagase T, Sudo T, Maekawa T, Yoshimura T, Fujisawa J, et al. 1990. Promoter region of the human CRE-BP1 gene encoding the transcriptional regulator binding to the cyclic AMP response element. J Biol Chem 265:17300-17306.
35. Li XY, Green MR. 1996. Intramolecular inhibition of activating transcription factor-2 function by its DNA-binding domain. Genes Dev 10:517-527.
36. Gupta S, Campbell D, Derijard B, Davis RJ. 1995. Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 267:389-393.
37. Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N. 1995. ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain. EMBO J 14:1785-1797.
38. Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, et al. 1995. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen activated kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J Biol Chem 270:7420-7426.
39. Beier F, Taylor AC, LuValle P. 2000. Activating transcription factor 2 is necessary for maximal activity and serum induction of the cyclin A promoter in chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 275:12948-12953.
40. Hayakawa J, Depatie C, Ohmichi M, Mercola D. 2003. The activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by DNA-damaging agents serves to promote drug resistance via activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)-dependent enhanced DNA repair. J Biol Chem 278:20582-20592.
41. Hayakawa J, Mittel S, Wang Y, Korkmaz KS, Adamson E, et al. 2004. Identification of promoters bound by c-Jun/ATF2 during rapid large scale gene activation following genotoxic stress. Mol Cell 16:521-535.
42. Vlahopoulos SA, Zoumpourlis VC. 2004. JNK: a key modulator of intracellular signaling. Biochemistry (Moscow) 69:844-854.
43. Ouwens DM, de Ruiter ND, van der Zon G, Carter AP, Schouten J, et al. 2002. Growth factors can activate ATF2 via a two-step mechanism: phosphorylation of Thr71 through the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway and of Thr69 through RalGDS-Src-p38. EMBO J 21:3782-3793.
44. Foulkes NS, Laoide BM, Schlotter F, Sassone-Corsi P. 1991. Transcriptional antagonist cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) down-regulates c-fos cAMP-induced expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5448-5452.
45. Aronheim A, Zandi E, Hennemann H, Elledge SJ, Karin M. 1997. Isolation of an AP-1 repressor by a novel method for detecting protein-protein interactions. Mol Cell Biol 17:3094-3102.
46. Wang Y, Shen J, Arenzana N, Tirasophon W, Kaufman RJ, et al. 2000. Activation of ATF6 and an ATF6 DNA binding site by the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. J Biol Chem 275:27013-27020.
47. White JH, McIllhinney RA, Wise A, Ciruela F, Chan WY, et al. 2000. The GABAB receptor interacts directly with the related transcription factors CREB2 and ATFx. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13967-13972.
48. Jin C, Ugai H, Song J, Murata T, Nili F, et al. 2001. Identification of mouse Jun dimerization protein 2 as a novel repressor of ATF-2. FEBS Lett 489:34-41.
49. Thiel G, Al Sarraj J, Vinson C, Stefano L, Bach K. 2005. Role of basic region leucine zipper transcription factors cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), CREB2, activating transcription factor 2 and CAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha in cyclic AMP response element-mediated transcription. J Neurochem 92:321-336.
50. Acharya A, Rishi V, Moll J, Vinson C. 2006. Experimental identification of homodimerizing B-ZIP families in Homo sapiens. J Struct Biol 155:130-139.
51. Hsu JC, Laz T, Mohn KL, Taub R. 1991. Identification of LRF-1, a leucine-zipper protein that is rapidly and highly induced in regenerating liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3511-3515.
52. Herdegen T, Leah JD. 1998. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 28:370-490.
53. Hai T, Curran T. 1991. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3720-3724.
54. Masquilier D, Sassone-Corsi P. 1992. Transcriptional cross-talk: nuclear factors CREM and CREB bind to AP-1 sites and inhibit activation by Jun. J Biol Chem 267:22460-22466.
55. Kerppola TK, Curran T. 1993. Selective DNA bending by a variety of bZIP proteins. Mol Cell Biol 13:5479-5489.
56. Chu HM, Tan Y, Kobierski LA, Balsam LB, Comb MJ. 1994. Activating transcription factor-3 stimulates 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 8:59-68.
57. Chatten B, Bocco JL, Goetz J, Gaire M, Lutz Y, et al. 1994. Jun and Fos heterodimerize with ATFa, a member of the ATF/CREB family and modulate its transcriptional activity. Oncogene 9:375-385.
58. Shimizu M, Nomura Y, Suzuki H, Ichikawa E, Takauchi A, et al. 1998. Activation of the rat cyclin A promoter by ATF2 and Jun family members and its suppression by A TF4. Exp Cell Res 239:93-103.
59. Castellanos Mdel C, López-Giral S, López-Cabrera M, de Landázuri MO. 2002. Multiple cis-acting elements regulate the expression of the early T cell activation antigen CD69. Eur J Immunol 32:3108-3117.
60. Benbrook DM, Jones NC. 1990. Heterodimer formation between CREB and JUN proteins. Oncogene 5:295-302.
61. Song H, Ki SH, Kim SG, Moon A. 2006. Activating transcription factor 2 mediates matrix metalloproteinase-2 transcriptional activation induced by p38 in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 66:10487-10496.
62. De Cesare D, Vallone D, Caracciolo A, Sassone-Corsi P, Nerlov C, et al. 1995. Heterodimerization of c-Jun with ATF-2 and c-Fos is required for positive and negative regulation of the human urokinase enhancer. Oncogene 11:365-376.
63. Penix LA, Sweetser M, Weaver WM, Hoeffler JP, Kerppola TK, et al. 1996. The proximal regulatory element of the interferon-γ promoter mediates selective expression in T cells. J Biol Chem 271:31964-31972.
64. Gong P, Stewart D, Hu B, Vinson C, Alam J. 2002. Multiple basic-leucine zipper proteins regulate induction of the mouse heme oxygenase-1 gene by arsenite. Arch Biochem Biophys 405:265-274.
65. Beier F, Lee RJ, Taylor AC, Pestell RG, LuValle P. 1999. Identification of the cyclin D1 gene as a target of activating transcription factor 2 in chondrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1433-1438.
66. Recio JA, Merlino G. 2002. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor activates proliferation in melanoma cells through p38 MAPK, ATF-2 and cyclin D1. Oncogene 21:1000-1008.
67. Gavrilov D, Kenzior O, Evans M, Calaluce R, Folk WR. 2001. Expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor in conjunction with the ets family and AP-1 complex transcription factors in high grade prostate cancers. Eur J Cancer 37:1033-1040.
68. Maekawa T, Bernier F, Sato M, Nomura S, Singh M, et al. 1999. Mouse ATF-2 null mutants display features of a severe type of meconium aspiration syndrome. J Biol Chem 274:17813-17819.
69. Bates RC, DeLeo MJ 3rd, Mercurio AM. 2004. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon carcinoma involves expression of IL-8 and CXCR-1-mediated Chemotaxis. Exp Cell Res 299:315-324.
70. Eliopoulos AG, Gallagher NJ, Blake SM, Dawson CW, Young LS. 1999. Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 coregulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production. J Biol Chem 274:16085-16096.
71. Laferriere J, Houle F, Taher MM, Valerie K, Huot J. 2001. Trans-endothelial migration of colon carcinoma cells requires expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells and activation of stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2/p38) in the tumour cells. J Biol Chem 276:33762-33772.
72. Read MA, Whitley MZ, Gupta S, Pierce JW, Best J, et al. 1997. Tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced E-selectin expression is activated by the nuclear factor-kappaB and c-JUN N-terminal kinase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J Biol Chem 272:2753-2761.
73. Ma Q, Li X, Vale-Cruz D, Brown ML, Beier F, et al. 2007. Activating transcription factor 2 controls Bcl-2 promoter activity in growth plate chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 101:477-487.
74. Mechta-Grigoriou F, Gerald D, Yaniv M. 2001. The mammalian Jun proteins: redundancy and specificity. Oncogene 20:2378-2389.
75. Ivashkiv LB, Liou HC, Kara CJ, Lamph WW, Verma IM, et al. 1990. mXBP/CRE-BP2 and c-Jun form a complex which binds to the cyclic AMP, but not to the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, response element. Mol Cell Biol 10:1609-1621.
76. van Dam H, Duyndam M, Rottier R, Bosch A, de Vries-Smits L, et al. 1993. Heterodimer formation of c-Jun and ATF-2 is responsible for induction of cJun by the 243 amino acid adenovirus E1A protein. EMBO J 12:479-487.
77. van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, Steffen A, Herrlich P, et al. 1995. ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents. EMBO J 14:1798-1811.
78. van Dam H, Castellazzi M. 2001. Distinct roles of Jun:Fos and Jun:ATF dimmers in oncogenesis. Oncogene 20:2453-2464.
79. Liang G, Wolfgang CD, Chen CB, Chen TH, Hai T. 1996. ATF3 gene. Genomic organization, promoter, and regulation. J Biol Chem 271: 1695-1701.
80. Lu D, Wolfgang CD, Hai T. 2006. Activating transcription factor 3, a stress-inducible gene, suppresses Ras-stimulated tumourigenesis. J Biol Chem 281:10473-10481.
81. Yan C, Lu D, Hai T, Boyd DD. 2005. Activating transcription factor 3, a stress sensor, activates p53 by blocking its ubiquitination. EMBO J 24: 2425-2435.
82. Allan AL, Albanese C, Pestell RG, LaMarre J. 2001. Activating transcription factor 3 induces DNA synthesis and expression of cyclin d1 in Hepatocytes J Biol Chem. 276:27272-27280.
83. Steinmuller L, Thiel G. 2003. Regulation of gene transcription by a constitutively active mutant of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). Biol Chem 384:667-672.
84. Steinmuller L, Cibelli G, Moll JR, Vinson C, Thiel G. 2001. Regulation and composition of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors controlling collagenase and c-Jun promoter activities. Bioch J 360: 599-607.
85. Hess J, Angel P, Schrorpp-Kistner M. 2004. AP-1 subunits: quarell and harmony among siblings J Cell Sci. 117:5965-5973.
86. Wang X, Studzinski GP. 2006. The requirement for and changing composition of the activating protein-1 transcription factor during differentiation of human leukemia HL60 cells induced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Res 66:4402-4409.
87. van Dam H, Huguier S, Kooistra K, Baguet J, Vial E, et al. 1998. Autocrine growth and anchorage independence: two complementing Jun-controlled genetic programs of cellular transformation. Genes Dev 12: 1227-1239.
88. Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Lavrentiadou SN, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. 1998. Transactivation of the ApoCIII promoter by ATF-2 and repression by members of the Jun family. Biochemistry 37:14078-14087.
89. Pyrzynska B, Mosieniak G, Kaminska B. 2000. Changes of the trans-activating potential of AP-1 transcription factor during cyclosporin A-induced apoptosis of glioma cells are mediated by phosphorylation and alterations of AP-1 composition. J Neurochem 74:42-51.
90. Yemelyanov A, Czwornog J, Chebotaev D, Karseladze A, Kulevitch E, et al. 2007. Tumour suppressor activity of glucocorticoid receptor in the prostate. Oncogene 26:1885-1896.
91. Lewis JS, Vijayanathan V, Thomas TJ, Albanese C, Gallo MA, et al. 2005. Activation of cyclin D1 by estradiol and spermine in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: a mechanism involving the p38 MAP kinase and phosphorylation of ATF-2. Oncol Res 15:113-128.
92. Xue L, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. 2005. DIM stimulates IFNgamma gene expression in human breast cancer cells via the specific activation of JNK and p38 pathways. Oncogene 24:2343-2353.
93. Wang Q, Salman H, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. 2005. Cooperation between antioxidants and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in induction of leukemia HL60 cell differentiation through the JNK/AP-1/Egr-1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 204:964-974.
94. Wu J, Suzuki H, Akhand AA, Zhou YW, Hossain K, et al. 2002. Modes of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and their roles in cepharanthine-induced apoptosis in leukaemia cells. Cell Signal 14:509-515.
95. Leppa S, Eriksson M, Saffrich R, Ansorge W, Bohmann D. 2001. Complex functions of AP-1 transcription factors in differentiation and survival of PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 21:4369-4378.
96. Tindberg N, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Simi A. 2000. Contribution of MAP kinase pathways to the activation of ATF-2 in human neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Res 25:527-531.
97. Garcia-Silva S, Aranda A. 2004. The thyroid hormone receptor is a suppressor of ras-mediated transcription, proliferation, and transformation. Mol Cell Biol 24:7514-7523.
98. Zhao LJ, Wang L, Ren H, Cao J, Li L, et al. 2005. Hepatitis C virus E2 protein promotes human hepatoma cell proliferation through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via cellular receptors. Exp Cell Res 305:23-32.
99. Woo IS, Kohno T, Inoue K, Ishii S, Yokota J. 2002. Infrequent mutations of the activating transcription factor-2 gene in human lung cancer, neuroblastoma and breast cancer. Int J Oncol 20:527-531.
100. Xie S, Price JE, Luca M, Jean D, Ronai Z, et al. 1997. Dominant-negative CREB inhibits tumour growth and metastasis of human melanoma cells. Oncogene 15:2069-2075.
101. Berger AJ, Kluger HM, Li N, Kielhorn E, Halaban R, et al. 2003. Subcellular localization of activating transcription factor 2 in melanoma specimens predicts patient survival. Cancer Res 63:8103-8107.
102. Cho Y, Bode AM, Mizuno H, Choi BY, Choi HS, et al. 2004. A novel role for mixed-lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase α in neoplastic cell transformation and tumour development. Cancer Res 64:3855-3864.
103. Zoumpourlis V, Solakidi S, Papathoma A, Papaevangeliou D. 2003. Alterations in signal transduction pathways implicated in tumour progression during multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 24:1159-1165.
104. Hansen T, Olsen L, Lindow M, Jakobsen KD, Ullum H, et al. 2007. Brain expressed microRNAs implicated in schizophrenia etiology. PLoS ONE 2:e873.
105. Bhoumik A, Ivanov V, Ronai Z. 2001. Activating transcription factor 2-derived peptides alter resistance of human tumour cell lines to ultraviolet irradiation and chemical treatment. Clin Cancer Res 7:331-342.