The relationship between alcoholic cerebellar degeneration and cognitive and emotional functioning

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 466-485

  Fitzpatrick, L E ^a   Jackson, M ^a   Crowe, S F ^a  

^a Technology and Engineering   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Ataxia; CCAS; Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome; Cerebellum; Cognitive; Emotion

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; ATAXIA; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN DAMAGE; CEREBELLAR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE SYNDROME; CEREBELLUM DEGENERATION; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTION; HUMAN; NEUROMODULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SYNDROME DELINEATION;

AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ALCOHOL-INDUCED DISORDERS, NERVOUS SYSTEM; ALCOHOLISM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBELLUM; CHRONIC DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; ETHANOL; HUMANS; MOOD DISORDERS;

EID: 38649131412     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (274)

1. Aas J.E., and Brodal P. Demonstration of topographically organized projections from the hypothalamus to the pontine nuclei: an experimental anatomical study in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 268 (1988) 313-328
2. Abel C.G., Stein G., Pereyra S., Nano G., Arakaki T., Garreto N., et al. Neuropsychological study of 12 patients with pure degenerative cerebellar disease. Revista de Neurologia 40 (2005) 465-472
3. Akshoomoff N.A., and Courchesne E. A new role for the cerebellum in cognitive operations. Behavioral Neuroscience 106 (1992) 731-738
4. Akshoomoff N.A., Courchesne E., Press G.A., and Iragui V. Contribution of the cerebellum to neuropsychological functioning: evidence from a case of cerebellar degenerative disorder. Neuropsychologia 30 (1992) 315-328
5. Albert M.S., Butters N., and Levin J. Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's disease. Archives of Neurology 36 (1979) 211-216
6. Allen G., Buxton R.B., Wong E.C., and Courchesne E. Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement. Science 275 (1997) 1940-1943
7. Allen G., McColl R., Barnard H., Ringe W.K., Fleckenstein J., and Cullum C.M. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebellar-prefrontal and cerebellar-parietal functional connectivity. Neuroimage 28 (2005) 39-48
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text Revision. fourth ed (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
9. Anand B.K., Malhotra C.L., Singh B., and Dua S. Cerebellar projections to limbic system. Journal of Neurophysiology 22 (1959) 451-457
10. Andersen B.B. Reduction of Purkinje cell volume in cerebellum of alcoholics. Brain Research 1007 (2004) 10-18
11. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., Cizadlo T., Hurtig R., Rezai K., Watkins G.L., Ponto L.L., and Hichwa R.D. Short-term and long-term verbal memory: a positron emission tomography study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (1995) 5111-5115
12. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., Cizadlo T., Rezai K., Watkins G.L., Ponto L.L., and Hichwa R.D. I. PET studies of memory: novel and practiced free recall of complex narratives. Neuroimage 2 (1995) 284-295
13. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Rezai K., Watkins G.L., et al. II. PET studies of memory: novel versus practiced free recall of word lists. Neuroimage 2 (1995) 296-305
14. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., Cizadlo T., Hurtig R., Rezai K., Ponto L.L., and Hichwa R.D. Neural substrates of facial recognition. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 8 (1996) 139-146
15. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Rezai K., Ponto L.L., Watkins G.L., and Hichwa R.D. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: a positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (1996) 9985-9990
16. Andreasen N.C., Paradiso S., and O'Leary D.S. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24 (1998) 203-218
17. Antunez E., Estruch R., Cardenal C., Nicolas J.M., Fernandez-Sola J., and Urbano-Marquez A. Usefulness of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy. American Journal of Roentgenology 171 (1998) 1131-1137
18. Appollonio I.M., Grafman J., Schwartz V., Massaquoi S., and Hallett M. Memory in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Neurology 43 (1993) 1536-1544
19. Arria A.M., and Van Thiel D.H. The epidemiology of alcohol-related chronic disease. Alcohol Health & Research World 16 (1992) 209-217
20. Baker K.G., Harding A.J., Halliday G.M., Kril J.J., and Harper C.G. Neuronal loss in functional zones of the cerebellum of chronic alcoholics with and without Wernicke's encephalopathy. Neuroscience 91 (1999) 429-438
21. Bastian A.J. Mechanisms of ataxia. Physical Therapy 77 (1997) 672-675
22. Beatty W.W., Hames K.A., Blanco C.R., Nixon S.J., and Tivis L.J. Visuospatial perception, construction and memory in alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57 (1996) 136-143
23. Bedi A.R., and Halikas J.A. Alcoholism and affective disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 9 (1985) 133-134
24. Bench C.J., Friston K.J., Brown R.G., Scott L.C., Frackowiak R.S., and Dolan R.J. The anatomy of melancholia-focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychological Medicine 22 (1992) 607-615
25. Bergman H. Brain dysfunction related to alcoholism: some results from the KARTAD project. In: Parsons O.A., Butters N., and Nathan P.E. (Eds). Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment (1987), The Guilford Press, New York 21-44
26. Berman A.F., Berman D., and Prescott J.W. The effect of cerebellar lesions on emotional behavior in the rhesus monkey. In: Cooper I.S., Riklan M., and Snider R.S. (Eds). The Cerebellum, Epilepsy and Behavior (1978), Plenum Press, New York 277-284
27. Berman K.F., Ostrem J.L., Randolph C., Gold J., Goldberg T.E., Coppola R., Carson R.E., Herscovitch P., and Weinberger D.R. Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychologia 33 (1995) 1027-1046
28. Berquin P.C., Giedd J.N., Jacobsen L.K., Hamburger S.D., Krain A.L., Rapoport J.L., and Castellanos F.X. Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a morphometric MRI study. Neurology 50 (1998) 1087-1093
29. Beyer J.L., and Krishnan K.R. Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders. Bipolar Disorders 4 (2002) 89-104
30. Blansjaar B.A., Vielvoye G.J., van Dijk J.G., and Rijnders R.J. Similar brain lesions in alcoholics and Korsakoff patients: MRI, psychometric and clinical findings. Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery 94 (1992) 197-203
31. Booth J.R., Wood L., Lu D., Houk J.C., and Bitan T. The role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in language processing. Brain Research 1133 (2007) 136-144
32. Botez M., Gravel J., Attig E., and Vezina J.-L. Reversible chronic cerebellar ataxia after phenytoin intoxication: possible role of cerebellum in cognitive thought. Neurology 35 (1985) 1152-1157
33. Botez M.I., Leveille J., Lambert R., and Botez T. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in cerebellar disease: cerebello-cerebral diaschisis. European Neurology 31 (1991) 405-412
34. Botez-Marquard T., and Botez M.I. Cognitive behavior in heterodegenerative ataxias. European Neurology 33 (1993) 351-357
35. Botez-Marquard T., Leveille J., and Botez M.I. Neuropsychological functioning in unilateral cerebellar damage. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 21 (1994) 353-357
36. Bower J.M. Control of sensory data acquisition. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 489-513
37. Bracke-Tolkmitt R., Linden A., Canavan A.G.M., Rockstroh B., Scholz E., Wessel K., and Diener H.C. The cerebellum contributes to mental skills. Behavioral Neuroscience 103 (1989) 442-446
38. Braff D.L. Information processing and attention dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19 (1993) 233-259
39. Brodal P. The corticopontine projection in the rhesus monkey. Origin and principles of organization. Brain 101 (1978) 251-283
40. Brodal P., Bjaalie J.G., and Aas J.E. Organization of cingulo-ponto-cerebellar connections in the cat. Anatomy & Embryology 184 (1991) 245-254
41. Butters N., and Granholm E. The continuity hypothesis: some conclusions and their implications for the etiology and neuropathology of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. In: Parsons O.A., Butters N., and Nathan P.E. (Eds). Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment (1987), The Guilford Press, New York 176-206
42. Butterworth R.F. The role of liver disease in alcohol-induced cognitive defects. Alcohol Health & Research World 19 (1995) 122-129
43. Cardenas V.A., Studholme C., Gazdzinski S., Durazzo T.C., and Meyerhoff D.J. Deformation-based morphometry of brain changes in alcohol dependence and abstinence. Neuroimage 34 (2007) 879-887
44. Carlen P.L., Penn R.D., Fornazzari L., Bennett J., Wilkinson D.A., and Wortzman G. Computerized tomographic scan assessment of alcoholic brain damage and its potential reversibility. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 10 (1986) 226-232
45. Carta M., Mameli M., and Valenzuela C.F. Alcohol potently modulates climbing fiber→Purkinje neuron synapses: role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 1906-1912
46. Catsman-Berrevoets C.E., Van Dongen H.R., Mulder P.G., Paz y Geuze D., Paquier P.F., and Lequin M.H. Tumour type and size are high risk factors for the syndrome of "cerebellar" mutism and subsequent dysarthria. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 67 (1999) 755-757
47. Cavdar S., Onat F., Aker R., Sehirli U., San T., and Yananli H.R. The afferent connections of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the rat using horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Anatomy 198 (2001) 463-472
48. Cavdar S., San T., Aker R., Sehirli U., and Onat F. Cerebellar connections to the dorsomedial and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. Journal of Anatomy 198 (2001) 37-45
49. Charness M.E., and DeLaPaz R.L. Mamillary body atrophy in Wernicke's encephalopathy: antemortem identification using magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of Neurology 22 (1987) 595-600
50. Clower D.M., West R.A., Lynch J.C., and Strick P.L. The inferior parietal lobule is the target of output from the superior colliculus, hippocampus and cerebellum. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 6283-6291
51. Colin F., Ris L., and Godaux E. Neuroanatomy of the cerebellum. In: Manto M.U., and Pandolfo M. (Eds). The Cerebellum and its Disorders (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 6-29
52. Collins D.J., and Lapsley H.M. Counting the Cost: Estimates of the Social Costs of Drug Abuse in Australia in 1998-9. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series No. 49 (2002), Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra
53. Cooper I.S., Riklan M., Amin I., and Cullinan T. A long term follow-up study of cerebellar stimulation for the control of epilepsy. In: Cooper I.S. (Ed). Cerebellar Stimulation in Man (1978), Raven Press, New York 19-38
54. Courchesne E., and Allen G. Prediction and preparation, fundamental functions of the cerebellum. Learning and Memory 4 (1997) 1-35
55. Courchesne E., Yeung-Courchesne R., Press G.A., Hesselink J.R., and Jernigan T.L. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis lobules VI and VII in autism. New England Journal of Medicine 138 (1998) 1349-1354
56. Daum I., Ackermann H., Schugens M.M., Reimold C., Dichgans J., and Birbaumer N. The cerebellum and cognitive functions in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience 107 (1993) 411-419
57. Davila M.D., Shear P.K., Lane B., Sullivan E.V., and Pfefferbaum A. Mammillary body and cerebellar shrinkage in chronic alcoholics: an MRI and neuropsychological study. Neuropsychology 8 (1994) 433-444
58. Decety J., Sjoholm H., Ryding E., Sternberg G., and Ingvar D.H. The cerebellum participates in mental activity: tomographic measurements of cerebral blood flow. Brain Research 535 (1990) 313-317
59. Decker J.B., Wells C.E., and McDowell F. Cerebellar dysfunction associated with chronic alcoholism. Neurology 9 (1959)
60. Deshmukh A., Rosenbloom M.J., Pfefferbaum A., and Sullivan E.V. Clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, alcoholism and their comorbidity. Schizophrenia Research 57 (2002) 281-291
61. Desmond J.E., and Fiez J.A. Neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum: language, learning and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1998) 355-362
62. Desmond J.E., Gabrieli J.D., Wagner A.D., Ginier B.L., and Glover G.H. Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation in verbal working-memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI. Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 9675-9685
63. Desmond J.E., Chen S.H.A., DeRosa E., Pryor M.R., Pfefferbaum A., and Sullivan E.V. Increased frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1510-1520
64. Diener H.C., Dichgans J., Bacher M., and Guschlbauer B. Improvement of ataxia in alcoholic cerebellar atrophy through alcohol abstinence. Journal of Neurology 231 (1984) 258-262
65. Diener H.C., Muller A., Thron A., Poremba M., Dichgans J., and Rapp H. Correlation of clinical signs with CT findings in patients with cerebellar disease. Journal of Neurology 233 (1986) 5-12
66. Dimitrov M., Grafman J., Kosseff P., Wachs J., Alway D., Higgins J., Litvan I., Lou J.S., and Hallett M. Preserved cognitive processes in cerebellar degeneration. Behavioural Brain Research 79 (1996) 131-135
67. Di Piero V., Chollet F., Dolan R.J., Thomas D.J., and Frackowiak R. The functional nature of cerebellar diaschisis. Stroke 21 (1990) 1365-1369
68. Di Sclafani V., Ezekiel F., Meyerhoff D.J., MacKay S., Dillon W.P., Weiner M.W., and Fein G. Brain atrophy and cognitive function in older abstinent alcoholic men. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 19 (1995) 1121-1126
69. Douglas J.J., and Wilkinson D.A. Evidence of normal emotional responsiveness in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome in the presence of profound memory impairment. Addiction 88 (1993) 1637-1645
70. Doyon J., Gaudreau D., Laforce Jr. R., Castonguay M., Bedard P.J., Bedard F., and Bouchard J.P. Role of the striatum, cerebellum and frontal lobes in the learning of a visuomotor sequence. Brain & Cognition 34 (1997) 218-245
71. Drepper J., Timmann D., Kolb F.P., and Diener H.C. Non-motor associative learning in patients with isolated degenerative cerebellar disease. Brain 122 (1999) 87-97
72. Dufour, M.C., 1993. The epidemiology of alcohol-induced brain damage. In: Hunt, W.A., Nixon, S.J., (Eds.), NIAAA Research Monograph No. 22: Alcohol-Induced Brain Damage. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, pp. 3-14.
73. Dufour M.C., and Fe Caces M. Epidemiology of the medical consequences of alcohol. Alcohol Health & Research World 17 (1993) 265-272
74. Elliott F.A. Neurological findings in adult minimal brain dysfunction and the dyscontrol syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170 (1982) 680-687
75. Errico A.L., King A.C., Lovallo W.R., and Parsons O.A. Cortisol dysregulation and cognitive impairment in abstinent male alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 26 (2002) 1198-1204
76. Estrin W.J. Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration is not a dose-dependent phenomenon. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 11 (1987) 372-375
77. Evert D.L., and Oscar-Berman M. Alcohol-related cognitive impairments: an overview of how alcoholism may affect the workings of the brain. Alcohol Health & Research World 19 (1995) 89-96
78. Fein G., Bachman L., Fisher S., and Davenport L. Cognitive impairments in abstinent alcoholics. Western Journal of Medicine 152 (1990) 531-537
79. Ferrer I., Fabreques I., Pineda M., Gracia I., and Ribalta T. A Golgi study of cerebellar atrophy in human chronic alcoholism. Neuropathology & Applied Neurobiology 10 (1984) 245-253
80. Fiez J.A., and Raichle M.E. Linguistic processing. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 233-254
81. Fiez J.A., Petersen S.E., Cheney M.K., and Raichle M.E. Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study. Brain 115 (1992) 155-178
82. Flashman L.A., Flaum M., Gupta S., and Andreasen N.C. Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (1996) 526-532
83. Friston K.J., and Frith C.D. Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome?. Clinical Neuroscience 3 (1995) 89-97
84. George M.S., Ketter T.A., Gill D.S., Haxby J.V., Ungerleider L.G., Herscovitch P., and Post R.M. Brain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: an oxygen-15 PET study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 5 (1993) 384-394
85. George M.S., Ketter T.A., Parekh P.I., Horwitz B., Herscovitch P., and Post R.M. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 341-351
86. Gilman S., Adams K., Koeppe R.A., Berent S., Kluin K.J., Modell J.G., Kroll P., and Brunberg J.A. Cerebellar and frontal hypometabolism in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration studied with positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology 28 (1990) 775-785
87. Gourovitch M.L., Kirkby B.S., Goldberg T.E., Weinberger D.R., Gold J.M., Esposito G., Van Horn J.D., and Berman K.F. A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 353-360
88. Grafman J., Litvan I., Massaquoi S., Stewart M., Sirigu A., and Hallett M. Cognitive planning deficit in patients with cerebellar atrophy. Neurology 42 (1992) 1493-1496
89. Grant I., Reed R., and Adams K.M. Diagnosis of intermediate-duration and subacute organic mental disorders in abstinent alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 48 (1987) 319-323
90. Grasby P.M., Frith C.D., Friston K.J., Bench C., Frackowiak R.S., and Dolan R.J. Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory--verbal memory function. Brain 116 (1993) 1-20
91. Gray N.S., James D.V., Pickup G., Gilluley P., Spence S., Vidgen A., and Morton N. Neuropsychological deficits in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: an examination of three affected family members, one with psychosis. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 3 (1998) 259-268
92. Gupta S., Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Flaum M., Schultz S.K., Hubbard W.C., and Smith M. Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naïve and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 191-196
93. Gutzmann H., and Kühl K.P. Emotion control and cerebellar atrophy in senile dementia. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 6 (1987) 61-71
94. Habel U., Klein M., Kellermann T., Shah N.J., and Schneider F. Same or different? Neural correlates of happy and sad mood in healthy males. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 206-214
95. Haines D.E., and Dietrichs E. An HRP study of hypothalamo-cerebellar and cerebello-hypothalamic connections in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Journal of Comparative Neurology 229 (1984) 559-575
96. Harding A., Halliday G., Caine D., and Kril J. Degeneration of anterior thalamic nuclei differentiates alcoholics with amnesia. Brain 123 (2000) 141-154
97. Harper C. The incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy in Australia-a neuropathological study of 131 cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46 (1983) 593-598
98. Harper C. The neuropathology of alcohol-specific brain damage, or does alcohol damage the brain?. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 57 (1998) 101-110
99. Harper C., Dixon G., Sheedy D., and Garrick T. Neuropathological alterations in alcoholic brains. Studies arising from the New South Wales tissue resource centre. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 27 (2003) 951-961
100. Haubek A., and Lee K. Computed tomography in alcoholic cerebellar atrophy. Neuroradiology 18 (1979) 77-79
101. Hayter A.L., Langdon D.W., and Ramnani N. Cerebellar contributions to working memory. Neuroimage 36 (2007) 943-954
102. Heath R.G. Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemaker: treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 165 (1977) 300-317
103. Heath R.G., and Harper J.W. Ascending projections of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus to the hippocampus, amygdala and other temporal lobe sites: evoked potential and histological studies in monkeys and cats. Experimental Neurology 45 (1974) 268-287
104. Heath R.G., Dempsey C.W., Fontana C.J., and Myers W.A. Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus and amygdala of cats and rats. Biological Psychiatry 13 (1978) 501-529
105. Heath R.G., Franklin D.E., and Shraberg D. Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 167 (1979) 585-592
106. Heyder K., Suchan B., and Daum I. Cortico-subcortical contributions to executive control. Acta Psychologica 115 (2004) 271-289
107. Hill S.Y., and Steinhauer S.R. Postural sway in children from pedigrees exhibiting a high density of alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry 33 (1993) 313-325
108. Hill S.Y., Muddasani S., Prasad K., Nutche J., Steinhauer S.R., Scanlon J., McDermott M., and Keshavan M. Cerebellar volume in offspring from multiplex alcohol dependence families. Biological Psychiatry 61 (2007) 41-47
109. Hillbom M., Muuronen A., Holm L., and Hindmarsh T. The clinical versus radiological diagnosis of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 73 (1986) 45-53
110. Ho B.-C., Mola C., and Andreasen N.C. Cerebellar dysfunction in neuroleptic naive schizophrenia patients: clinical, cognitive and neuroanatomic correlates of cerebellar neurologic signs. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 1146-1153
111. Hokkanen L.S.K., Kauranen V., Roine R.O., Salonen O., and Kotila M. Subtle cognitive deficits after cerebellar infarcts. European Journal of Neurology 13 (2006) 161-170
112. Holmes G. The cerebellum of man. Brain 62 (1939) 1-30
113. Ichimiya T., Okubo Y., Suhara T., and Sudo Y. Reduced volume of the cerebellar vermis in neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 49 (2001) 20-27
114. Ito M. Movement and thought: identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum. Trends in Neurosciences 16 (1993) 448-450
115. Ivry R. Cerebellar timing systems. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 555-573
116. Jacobson R.R., and Lishman W.A. Cortical and diencephalic lesions in Korsakoff's syndrome: a clinical and CT scan study. Psychological Medicine 20 (1990) 63-75
117. James A.C., James S., Smith D.M., and Javaloyes A. Cerebellar, prefrontal cortex and thalamic volumes over two time points in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 1023-1029
118. Jenkins I.H., Brooks D.J., Nixon P.D., Frackowiak R.S., and Passingham R.E. Motor sequence learning: a study with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience 14 (1994) 3775-3790
119. Johnson-Greene D., Adams K.M., Gilman S., Kluin K.J., Junck L., Martorello S., and Heumann M. Impaired upper limb coordination in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration. Archives of Neurology 54 (1997) 436-439
120. Joyal C.C., Pennanen C., Tiihonen E., Laakso M.P., Tiihonen J., and Aronen H.J. MRI volumetry of the vermis and the cerebellar hemispheres in men with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 131 (2004) 115-124
121. Kagerer F.A., Bracha V., Wunderlich D.A., Stelmach G.E., and Bloedel J.R. Ataxia reflected in the simulated movements of patients with cerebellar lesions. Experimental Brain Research 121 (1998) 125-134
122. Kalashnikova L.A., Zueva Y.V., Pugacheva O.V., and Korsakova N.K. Cognitive impairments in cerebellar infarcts. Neuroscience & Behavioral Physiology 35 (2005) 773-779
123. Kim S.G., Ugurbil K., and Strick P.L. Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing. Science 265 (1994) 949-951
124. Kish S.J., el-Awar M., Schut L., Leach L., Oscar-Berman M., and Freedman M. Cognitive deficits in olivopontocerebellar atrophy: implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's dementia. Annals of Neurology 24 (1988) 200-206
125. Klein D., Milner B., Zatorre R.J., Meyer E., and Evans A.C. The neural substrates underlying word generation: a bilingual functional-imaging study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (1995) 2899-2903
126. Klingberg T., Roland P.E., and Kawashima R. The neural correlates of the central executive function during working memory-a PET study. Human Brain Mapping Suppl. 1 (1995) 414
127. Knight R.G., and Longmore B.E. Clinical Neuropsychology of Alcoholism (1994), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Hove
128. Koller W.C., Glatt S.L., Perlik S., Huckman M.S., and Fox J.H. Cerebellar atrophy demonstrated by computed tomography. Neurology 31 (1981) 405-412
129. Konarski J.Z., McIntyre R.S., Grupp L.A., and Kennedy S.H. Is the cerebellum relevant in the circuitry of neuropsychiatric disorders?. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 30 (2005) 178-186
130. Kornreich C., Philippot P., Verpoorten C., Dan B., Baert I., Le Bon O., et al. Alcoholism and emotional reactivity: more heterogeneous film-induced emotional response in newly detoxified alcoholics compared to controls-a preliminary study. Addictive Behaviors 23 (1998) 413-418
131. Kornreich C., Blairy S., Philippot P., Dan B., Foisy M., Hess U., et al. Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholism compared with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal controls. Psychiatry Research 102 (2001) 235-248
132. Kornreich C., Blairy S., Philippot P., Hess U., Noel X., Streel E., et al. Deficits in recognition of emotional facial expression are still present in alcoholics after mid- to long-term abstinence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62 (2001) 533-542
133. Kornreich C., Philippot P., Foisy M.L., Blairy S., Raynaud E., Dan B., et al. Impaired emotional facial expression recognition is associated with interpersonal problems in alcoholism. Alcohol & Alcoholism 37 (2002) 394-400
134. Kraepelin E., Barclay R.M., and Robertson G.M. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (1919), E. and S. Livingstone, Edinburgh
135. Kril J.J. Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders. Metabolic Brain Disease 11 (1996) 9-17
136. Kril J.J., Halliday G.M., Svoboda M.D., and Cartwright H. The cerebral cortex is damaged in chronic alcoholics. Neuroscience 79 (1997) 983-998
137. Langlais P.J. Alcohol-related thiamine deficiency: impact on cognitive and memory functioning. Alcohol Health & Research World 19 (1995) 113-121
138. Langohr H.D., Petruch F., and Schroth G. Vitamin B1, B2 and B6 deficiency in neurological disorders. Journal of Neurology 225 (1981) 95-108
139. Leber W.R., Jenkins R., and Parsons O.A. Recovery of visual-spatial learning and memory in chronic alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychology 37 (1981) 192-197
140. Lehman L.B., Pilich A., and Andrews N. Neurological disorders resulting from alcoholism. Alcohol Health & Research World 17 (1993) 305-310
141. Leiner H.C., and Leiner A.L. How fibers subserve computing capabilities: similarities between brains and machines. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 535-553
142. Leiner H.C., Leiner A.L., and Dow R.S. The human cerebro-cerebellar system: its computing, cognitive and language skills. Behavioural Brain Research 44 (1991) 113-128
143. Leroi I., O'Hearn E., and Margolis R.L. Psychiatric syndromes in cerebellar degeneration. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 323-329
144. Leroi I., O'Hearn E., Marsh L., Lyketsos C.G., Rosenblatt A., Ross C.A., Brandt J., and Margolis R.L. Psychopathology in patients with degenerative cerebellar diseases: a comparison to Huntington's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1306-1314
145. Levisohn L., Cronin-Golomb A., and Schmahmann J.D. Neuropsychological consequences of cerebellar tumour resection in children. Brain 123 (2000) 1041-1050
146. Lindboe C.F., and Loberg E.M. The frequency of brain lesions in alcoholics. Comparison between the 5-year periods 1975-1979 and 1983-1987. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 75 (1988) 88-107
147. Loeber R.T., Cintron C.M., and Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Morphometry of individual cerebellar lobules in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001) 952-954
148. Logan C.G., and Grafton S.T. Functional anatomy of human eyeblink conditioning determined with regional cerebral glucose metabolism and positron-emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (1995) 7500-7504
149. Lou J.S., Goldfarb L., McShane L., Gatev P., and Hallett M. Use of Buspirone for treatment of cerebellar ataxia: an open-label study. Archives of Neurology 52 (1995) 462-468
150. Margolis R.L. Cerebellum and psychiatry. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 229-231
151. Marr D.A. A theory of cerebellar cortex. Journal of Physiology 202 (1969) 437-470
152. Martin P.R., Adinoff B., Weingartner H., Mukherjee A.B., and Ekhardt M.J. Alcoholic organic brain disease: nosology and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 10 (1986) 147-164
153. Martin P.R., Singleton C.A., and Hiller-Sturmhofel S. The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease. Alcohol Research & Health 27 (2003) 134-142
154. Mauritz K.H., Dichgans J., and Hufschmidt A. Quantitative analysis of stance in late cortical cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe and other forms of cerebellar ataxia. Brain 102 (1979) 461-482
155. Melgaard B., and Ahlgren P. Ataxia and cerebellar atrophy in chronic alcoholics. Journal of Neurology 233 (1986) 13-15
156. Meyer J.S., Tanahashi N., Ishikawa Y., Hata T., Velez M., Fann W.E., Kandula P., Mortel K.F., and Rogers R.L. Cerebral atrophy and hypoperfusion improve during treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 5 (1985) 376-385
157. Middleton F.A., and Strick P.L. Cerebellar output channels. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 61-82
158. Middleton F.A., and Strick P.L. Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex in the primate. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 700-712
159. Miranda Jr. R., Meyerson L.A., Buchanan T.W., and Lovallo W.R. Altered emotion-modulated startle in young adults with a family history of alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 26 (2002) 441-448
160. Miwa H., Nakanishi I., Kodama R., and Kondo T. Cerebellar atrophy in a patient with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 36 (2004) 238-241
161. Molinari M., Leggio M.G., Solida A., Ciorra R., Misciagna S., Silveri M.C., and Petrosini L. Cerebellum and procedural learning: evidence from focal cerebellar lesions. Brain 120 (1997) 1753-1762
162. Monnot M., Nixon S., Lovallo W., and Ross E. Altered emotional perception in alcoholics: deficits in affective prosody comprehension. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 25 (2001) 362-369
163. Moselhy H.F., Georgiou G., and Kahn A. Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: a review of the literature. Alcohol & Alcoholism 36 (2001) 357-368
164. Mostofsky S.H., Mazzocco M.M., Aakalu G., Warsofsky I.S., Denckla M.B., and Reiss A.L. Decreased cerebellar posterior vermis size in fragile X syndrome: correlation with neurocognitive performance. Neurology 50 (1998) 121-130
165. Mostofsky S.H., Reiss A.L., Lockhart P., and Denckla M.B. Evaluation of cerebellar size in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology 13 (1998) 434-439
166. Neil P., Mills N.P., DelBello M.P., Caleb M., Adler C.M., and Strakowski S.M. MRI analysis of cerebellar vermal abnormalities in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1530-1533
167. Nicolas J.M., Estruch R., Salamero M., Orteu N., Fernandez-Sola J., Sacanella E., and Urbano-Marquez A. Brain impairment in well-nourished chronic alcoholics is related to ethanol intake. Annals of Neurology 41 (1997) 590-598
168. Nixon S.J., and Bowlby D. Evidence of alcohol-related efficiency deficits in an episodic learning task. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20 (1996) 21-24
169. Nixon S.J., and Parsons O.A. Alcohol-related efficiency deficits using an ecologically valid test. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15 (1991) 601-606
170. Noel X., Paternot J., Van der Linden M., Sferrazza R., Verhas M., Hanak C., et al. Correlation between inhibition, working memory and delimited frontal area blood flow measure by 99mTc-Bicisate SPECT in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol & Alcoholism 36 (2001) 556-563
171. Nopoulos P.C., Ceilley J.W., Gailis E.A., and Andreasen N.C. An MRI study of cerebellar vermis morphology in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the cognitive dysmetria concept. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 703-711
172. Nordmann R., Ribiere C., and Rouach H. Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in extrahepatic tissues. Alcohol and Alcoholism 25 (1990) 231-237
173. O'Hearn E., and Molliver M.E. Organizational principles and microcircuitry of the cerebellum. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 232-246
174. Okugawa G., Sedvall G.C., and Agartz I. Smaller cerebellar vermis but not hemisphere volumes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1614-1617
175. O'Neill J., Cardenas V.A., and Meyerhoff D.J. Effects of abstinence on the brain: quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in chronic alcohol abuse. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 25 (2001) 1673-1682
176. Oscar-Berman, M., Hutner, N., 1993. Frontal lobe changes after chronic alcohol ingestion. In: Hunt, W.A., Nixon, S.J., (Eds.), NIAAA Research Monograph No. 22: Alcohol-Induced Brain Damage. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, pp. 121-156.
177. Oscar-Berman M., Hancock M., Mildworf B., Hutner N., and Weber D.A. Emotional perception and memory in alcoholism and aging. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 14 (1990) 383-393
178. Oscar-Berman M., Kirkley S.M., Gansler D.A., and Couture A. Comparisons of Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff alcoholics on neuropsychological tests of prefrontal brain functioning. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 28 (2004) 667-675
179. Palmer M.R., and Hoffer B.J. GABAergic mechanisms in the electrophysiological actions of ethanol on cerebellar neurons. Neurochemical Research 15 (1990) 145-151
180. Pantano P., Baron J.C., Samson Y., Bousser M.G., Derouesne C., and Comar D. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis: further studies. Brain 109 (1986) 677-694
181. Paradiso S., Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., and Robinson R.G. Cerebellar size and cognition: correlations with IQ, verbal memory and motor dexterity. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 10 (1997) 1-8
182. Paradiso S., Robinson R.G., Andreasen N.C., Downhill J.E., Davidson R.J., Kirchner P.T., Watkins G.L., Ponto L.L., and Hichwa R.D. Emotional activation of limbic circuitry in elderly normal subjects in a PET study. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 384-389
183. Parsons L.M., Fox P.T., Downs J.H., Glass T., Hirsch T.B., Martin C.C., Jerabek P.A., and Lancaster J.L. Use of implicit motor imagery for visual shape discrimination as revealed by PET. Nature 375 (1995) 54-58
184. Parsons O.A. Determinants of cognitive deficits in alcoholics: the search continues. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 8 (1994) 39-58
185. Parsons O.A. Neurocognitive deficits in alcoholics and social drinkers: a continuum?. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 22 (1998) 954-961
186. Parsons O.A., and Stevens L. Previous alcohol intake and residual cognitive deficits in detoxified alcoholics and animals. Alcohol and Alcoholism 21 (1986) 137-157
187. In: Parsons O.A., Butters N., and Nathan P.E. (Eds). Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment (1987), The Guilford Press, New York
188. Paulin M.G. Neural representations of moving systems. International Review of Neurobiology 41 (1997) 515-533
189. Paulus K.S., Magnano I., Conti M., Galistu P., D'Onofrio M., Satta W., and Aiello I. Pure post-stroke cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome: a case report. Neurological Sciences 25 (2004) 220-224
190. Peters M., and Monjan A.A. Behavior after cerebellar lesions in cats and monkeys. Physiology and Behavior 6 (1971) 205-206
191. Petersen S.E., Fox P.T., Posner M.I., Mintum M.A., and Raichle M.E. Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1 (1989) 153-170
192. Pfefferbaum A., Lim K.O., Zipursky R.B., Mathalon D.H., Rosenbloom M.J., Lane B., Ha C.N., and Sullivan E.V. Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: a quantitative MRI study. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 16 (1992) 1078-1089
193. Phillips S.C., and Cragg B.G. Alcohol withdrawal causes a loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 45 (1984) 475-480
194. Phillips S.C., Harper C.G., and Kril J. A quantitative histological study of the cerebellar vermis in alcoholic patients. Brain 110 (1987) 301-314
195. Piguet O., Cramsie J., Bennett H.P., Kril J.J., Lye T.C., Corbett A.J., et al. Contributions of age and alcohol consumption to cerebellar integrity, gait and cognition in non-demented very old individuals. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 256 (2006) 504-511
196. Pollack I.F. Neurobehavioral abnormalities after posterior fossa surgery in children. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 302-312
197. Pollack I.F., Polinko P., Albright A.L., Towbin R., and Fitz C. Mutism and pseudobulbar symptoms after resection of posterior fossa tumors in children: incidence and pathophysiology. Neurosurgery 37 (1995) 885-893
198. Poloni M., Mazzarello P., Laforenza U., Caramella C., and Patrini C. Thiamine contents of cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and erythrocytes in cerebellar ataxia. European Neurology 32 (1992) 154-158
199. Pratt O.E., Rooprai H.K., Shaw G.K., and Thomson A.D. The genesis of alcoholic brain tissue injury. Alcohol & Alcoholism 25 (1990) 217-230
200. Raichle M.E., Fiez J.A., Videen T.O., Macleod A.M., Pardo J.V., Fox P.T., and Petersen S.E. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex 4 (1994) 8-26
201. Reiman E.M., Raichle M.E., Robins E., Mintun M.A., Fusselman M.J., Fox P.T., Price J.L., and Hackman K.A. Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack. Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (1989) 493-500
202. Richter S., Dimirova A., Maschke M., Gizewski E., Beck A., Aurich V., and Timmann D. Degree of cerebellar ataxia correlates with three-dimensional MRI-based cerebellar volume in pure cerebellar degeneration. European Neurology 54 (2005) 23-27
203. Riva D., and Giorgi C. The cerebellum contributes to higher functions during development: evidence from a series of children surgically treated for posterior fossa tumours. Brain 123 (2000) 1051-1061
204. Ron O.A. The brain of alcoholics: an overview. In: Parsons O.A., Butters N., and Nathan P.E. (Eds). Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment (1987), The Guilford Press, New York 11-20
205. Roebuck T.M., Simmons R.W., Mattson S.N., and Riley E.P. Prenatal exposure to alcohol affects the ability to maintain postural balance. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 22 (1998) 252-258
206. Ronning C., Sundet K., Due-Tonnessen B., Lundar T., and Helseth E. Persistent cognitive dysfunction secondary to cerebellar injury in patients treated for posterior fossa tumors in childhood. Pediatric Neurosurgery 41 (2005) 15-21
207. In: Ropper A.H., and Brown R.H. (Eds). Adams & Victors' Principles of Neurology. eighth ed (2005), McGraw-Hill, New York
208. Ryding E., Decety J., Sjoholm H., Stenberg G., and Ingvar D.H. Motor imagery activates the cerebellum regionally. A SPECT rCBF study with 99mTc-HMPAO. Cognitive Brain Research 1 (1993) 94-99
209. Sacchetti B., Scelfo B., Tempia F., and Strata P. Long-term synaptic changes induced in the cerebellar cortex by fear conditioning. Neuron 42 (2004) 973-982
210. Sanes J.N., Dimitrov B., and Hallett M. Motor learning in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Brain 113 (1990) 103-120
211. Schmahmann J.D. An emerging concept. The cerebellar contribution to higher function. Archives of Neurology 48 (1991) 1178-1187
212. Schmahmann J.D. Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 16 (2004) 367-378
213. Schmahmann J.D., and Pandya D.N. Anatomical investigation of projections to the basis pontis from posterior parietal association cortices in rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 289 (1989) 53-73
214. Schmahmann J.D., and Pandya D.N. Anatomical investigation of projections from thalamus to posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey: a WGA-HRP and fluorescent tracer study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 295 (1990) 299-326
215. Schmahmann J.D., and Pandya D.N. Projections to the basis pontis from the superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 308 (1991) 224-248
216. Schmahmann J.D., and Pandya D.N. Prelunate, occipitotemporal and parahippocampal projections to the basis pontis in rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 337 (1993) 94-112
217. Schmahmann J.D., and Pandya D.N. Prefrontal cortex projections to the basilar pons in rhesus monkey: implications for the cerebellar contribution to higher function. Neuroscience Letters 199 (1995) 175-178
218. Schmahmann J.D., and Sherman J.C. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 121 (1998) 561-579
219. Schmahmann J.D., Doyon J., McDonald D., Holmes C., Lavoie K., Hurwitz A.S., Kabani N., Toga A., Evans A., and Petrides M. Three-dimensional MRI atlas of the human cerebellum in proportional stereotaxic space. Neuroimage 10 (1999) 233-260
220. Scholz E., Diener H.C., Dichgans J., Langohr H.D., Schied W., and Schupmann A. Incidence of peripheral neuropathy and cerebellar ataxia in chronic alcoholics. Journal of Neurology 233 (1986) 212-217
221. Schutter D.J., and van Honk J. The cerebellum on the rise in human emotion. Cerebellum 4 (2005) 290-294
222. Schutter D.J.L.G., van Honk J., d'Alfonso A.A.L., Peper J.S., and Panksepp J. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic over the medial cerebellum induces a shift in the prefrontal electroencephalography gamma spectrum: a pilot study in humans. Neuroscience Letters 336 (2003) 73-76
223. Seitz R.J., and Roland P.E. Learning of sequential finger movements in man: a combined kinematic and positron emission tomography (PET) study. European Journal of Neuroscience 4 (1992) 154-165
224. Shear P.K., Sullivan E.V., Lane B., and Pfefferbaum A. Mammillary body and cerebellar shrinkage in chronic alcoholics with and without amnesia. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 20 (1996) 1489-1495
225. Shill H.A., and Hallett M. Cerebellar diseases. International Review of Psychiatry 13 (2001) 261-267
226. Silveri M.C., Leggio M.G., and Molinari M. The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: a case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion. Neurology 44 (1994) 2047-2050
227. Smart R.G., and Mann R.E. Alcohol and the epidemiology of liver cirrhosis. Alcohol Health & Research World 16 (1992) 217-223
228. Smith M.E., and Oscar-Berman M. Resource-limited information processing in alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53 (1992) 514-518
229. Soares J.C., and Mann J.J. The anatomy of mood disorders-review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biological Psychiatry 41 (1997) 86-106
230. Solomon P.R., Stowe G.T., and Pendlebury W.W. Disrupted eyelid conditioning in a patient with damage to cerebellar afferents. Behavioral Neuroscience 103 (1989) 898-902
231. Squire L.R., Amaral D.G., and Press G.A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hippocampal formation and mamillary nuclei distinguish medial temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia. Journal of Neuroscience 10 (1990) 3106-3117
232. Stern K. Thalamo-frontal projection in man. Journal of Anatomy 76 (1942) 302-307
233. Storey E., Tuck K., Hester R., Hughes A., and Churchyard A. Inter-rater reliability of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Movement Disorders 19 (2004) 190-192
234. Sullivan E.V. Compromised pontocerebellar and cerebellothalamocortical systems: speculations on their contributions to cognitive and motor impairment in nonamnesic alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 27 (2003) 1409-1419
235. Sullivan E.V., Shear P.K., Zipursky R.B., Sagar H.J., and Pfefferbaum A. Patterns of content, contextual and working memory impairment in schizophrenia and nonamnestic alcoholism. Neuropsychology 11 (1997) 195-206
236. Sullivan E.V., Deshmukh A., Desmond J.E., Lim K.O., and Pfefferbaum A. Cerebellar volume decline in normal aging, alcoholism and Korsakoff's syndrome: relation to ataxia. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 341-352
237. Sullivan E.V., Deshmukh A., Desmond J.E., Mathalon D.H., Rosenbloom M.J., Lim K.O., and Pfefferbaum A. Contribution of alcohol abuse to cerebellar volume deficits in men with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 894-902
238. Sullivan E.V., Rosenbloom M.J., Lim K.O., and Pfefferbaum A. Longitudinal changes in cognition, gait and balance in abstinent and relapsed alcoholic men: relationships to changes in brain structure. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 178-188
239. Sullivan E.V., Rosenbloom M.J., and Pfefferbaum A. Pattern of motor and cognitive deficits in detoxified alcoholic men. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 24 (2000) 611-621
240. Sullivan E.V., Fama R., Rosenbloom M.J., and Pfefferbaum A. A profile of neuropsychological deficits in alcoholic women. Neuropsychology 16 (2002) 74-83
241. Sullivan E.V., Rosenbloom M.J., Serventi K.L., Deshmukh A., and Pfefferbaum A. Effects of alcohol dependence comorbidity and antipsychotic medication on volumes of the thalamus and pons in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1110-1116
242. Sullivan E.V., Rosenbloom M.J., and Pfefferbaum A. Balance and gait deficits in schizophrenia compounded by the comorbidity of alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 751-755
243. Sultan F., Mock M., and Thier P. Functional architecture of the cerebellar system. In: Klockgether T. (Ed). Handbook of Ataxia Disorders (2000), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1-52
244. Supple Jr. W.F., Sebastiani L., and Kapp B.S. Purkinje cell responses in the anterior cerebellar vermis during Pavlovian fear conditioning in the rabbit. Neuroreport 4 (1993) 975-978
245. Szeszko P.R., Gunning-Dixon F., Goldman R.S., Bates J., Ashtari M., Snyder P.J., Lieberman J.A., and Bilder R.M. Lack of normal association between cerebellar volume and neuropsychological functions in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1884-1887
246. Tarter R.E. Psychological deficit in chronic alcoholics: a review. International Journal of Addiction 10 (1975) 327-368
247. Tarter R.E., and Edwards K.L. Multifactorial etiology of neuropsychological impairment in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 10 (1986) 128-135
248. Tavares M.A., Paula-Barbosa M.M., and Cadete-Leite A. Chronic alcohol consumption reduces the cortical layer volumes and the number of neurons of the rat cerebellar cortex. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 11 (1987) 315-319
249. Thach W.T. On the specific role of the cerebellum in motor learning and cognition: clues from PET activation and lesion studies in man. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 19 (1996) 411-431
250. Thach W.T. What is the role of the cerebellum in motor learning and cognition?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1998) 331-337
251. Thomson A.D., Jeyasingham M.D., Pratt O.E., and Shaw G.K. Nutrition and alcoholic encephalopathies. Acta Medica Scandinavica Suppl 717 (1987) 55-65
252. Timmann-Braun D., and Diener H.C. Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration (including ataxias that are due to other toxic causes). In: Klockgether T. (Ed). Handbook of Ataxia Disorders (2000), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 571-605
253. Tivis R., Beatty W.W., Nixon S.J., and Parsons O.A. Patterns of cognitive impairment among alcoholics: are there subtypes?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19 (1995) 496-500
254. Topka H., Valls-Sole J., Massaquoi S.G., and Hallett M. Eyeblink conditioning in patients with cerebellar deficits. Movement Disorders Suppl. 7 (1992) 40
255. Torvik A. Brain lesions in alcoholics: neuropathological observations. Acta Medica Scandinavica Suppl. 717 (1987) 47-54
256. Torvik A., Lindboe C.F., and Rogde S. Brain lesions in alcoholics: A neuropathological study with clinical correlations. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 56 (1982) 233-248
257. Torvik A., Torp S., and Lindboe C.F. Atrophy of the cerebellar vermis in ageing. A morphometric and histologic study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 76 (1986) 283-294
258. Townshend J.M., and Duka T. Mixed emotions: alcoholics' impairments in the recognition of specific emotional facial expressions. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 773-782
259. Trouillas P., Bruden F., and Adeleine P. Improvement of cerebellar ataxia with levorotary form of 5-hydroxytryptophan. A double-blind study with quantified data processing. Archives of Neurology 45 (1988) 1217-1222
260. Trouillas P., Takayanagi T., Hallett M., Currier R.D., Subramony S.H., Wessel K., et al. International cooperative ataxia rating scale for the pharmacological assessment of the cerebellar syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 145 (1997) 205-211
261. Turner C. Neurology. second ed (2006), Elsevier Mosby, Edinburgh
262. Turner R., and Schiavetto A. The cerebellum in schizophrenia: a case of intermittent ataxia and psychosis-clinical, cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 16 (2004) 400-408
263. Van Calenbergh F., Van de Laar A., Plets C., Goffin J., and Casaer P. Transient cerebellar mutism after posterior fossa surgery in children. Neurosurgery 37 (1995) 894-898
264. van Dongen H.R., Catsman-Berrevoets C.E., and van Mourik M. The syndrome of 'cerebellar' mutism and subsequent dysarthria. Neurology 44 (1994) 2040-2046
265. Victor M., Adams R.D., and Mancall E.L. Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration. Transactions American Neurological Association 1 (1958) 95-99
266. Victor M., Adams R.D., and Mancall E.L. A restricted form of cerebellar cortical degeneration occurring in alcoholic patients. Archives of Neurology 1 (1959) 579-688
267. Victor M., Adams R.D., and Collins G.H. The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurologic Disorders due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition. second ed (1989), FA Davis Co., Philadelphia
268. Vilensky J.A., and van Hoesen G.W. Corticopontine projections from the cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research 205 (1981) 391-395
269. Voogd J., and Glickstein M. The anatomy of the cerebellum. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1998) 307-313
270. Walker D.E., Barnes D.E., Riley J.N., Hunter B.E., and Zornetzer S.F. The neurotoxicity of chronic alcohol consumption: an animal model. In: Sandler M. (Ed). Psychopharmacology of Ethanol (1980), Raven Press, New York 17-31
271. Wallesch C.W., and Horn A. Long-term effects of cerebellar pathology on cognitive functions. Brain & Cognition 14 (1990) 19-25
272. Williams C.M., and Skinner A.E.G. The cognitive effects of alcohol abuse: a controlled study. British Journal of Addiction 85 (1990) 911-917
273. Wober C., Wober-Bingol C., Karwautz A., Nimmerrichter A., Deecke L., and Lesch O.M. Postural control and lifetime alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 99 (1999) 48-53
274. Yeo C.H., and Hesslow G. Cerebellum and conditioned reflexes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1998) 322-330