Cerebellar dysfunction in neuroleptic naive schizophrenia patients: Clinical, cognitive, and neuroanatomic correlates of cerebellar neurologic signs

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 55, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 1146-1153

  Ho, Beng Choon ^a,b   Mola, Carmencita ^a   Andreasen, Nancy C ^a,b,c  

^a Mental Hlth Clin Research Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebellum; imaging; magnetic resonance neurology; neurocognition; neuroleptic naive; schizophrenia; soft signs

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; BRAIN SIZE; BRAIN TISSUE; CEREBELLUM DISEASE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GAIT DISORDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; MOTOR COORDINATION; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STANDING;

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BRAIN; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; COGNITION; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 2942534284     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.020     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Allen D.N., Goldstein G., Forman S.D., Keshavan M.S., van Kammen D.P., Sanders R.D. Neurologic examination abnormalities in schizophrenia with and without a history of alcoholism. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 13:2000;184-187
2. Allen G., Buxton R.B., Wong E.C., Courchesne E. Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement. Science. 275:1997;1940-1943
3. Andreasen N.C. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. 1983;University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
4. Andreasen N.C. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. 1984;University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
5. Andreasen N.C. A unitary model of schizophrenia Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;781-787
6. Andreasen N.C., Cizadlo T., Harris G., Swayze V. 2nd, O'Leary D.S., Cohen G., et al. Voxel processing techniques for the antemortem study of neuroanatomy and neuropathology using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 5:1993;121-130
7. Andreasen N.C., Cohen G., Harris G., Cizadlo T., Parkkinen J., Rezai K., Swayze V.W. 2nd. Image processing for the study of brain structure and function Problems and programs. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 4:1992;125-133
8. Andreasen N.C., Harris G., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., O'Leary D.S., Swayze V., Flaum M. Techniques for measuring sulcal/gyral patterns in the brain as visualized through magnetic resonance scanning BRAINPLOT and BRAINMAP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91:1994;93-97
9. Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., Miller D.D., Wassink T., Flaum M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia Cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;908-920
10. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., Cizadlo T., Rezai K., Watkins G.L., et al. I. PET studies of memory Novel and practiced free recall of complex narratives. Neuroimage. 2:1995;284-295
11. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Rezai K., Ponto L.L., et al. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria A positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:1996;9985-9990
12. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Rezai K., Watkins G.L., et al. II. PET studies of memory Novel versus practiced free recall of word lists. Neuroimage. 2:1995;296-305
13. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Flaum M., Nopoulos P., Watkins G.L., Boles Ponto L.L., et al. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia Distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients. Lancet. 349:1997;1730-1734
14. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Paradiso S., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Watkins G.L., et al. The cerebellum plays a role in conscious episodic memory retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp. 8:1999;226-234
15. Andreasen N.C., Paradiso S., O'Leary D.S. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia A dysfunction in cortical- subcortical-cerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull. 24:1998;203-218
16. Andreasen N.C., Rajarethinam R., Cizadlo T., Arndt S., Swayze V.W. 2nd, Flashman L.A., et al. Automatic atlas-based volume estimation of human brain regions from MR images. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 20:1996;98-106
17. Arango C., Bartko J.J., Gold J.M., Buchanan R.W. Prediction of neuropsychological performance by neurological signs in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;1349-1357
18. Bower J.M. Control of sensory data acquisition. Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;489-513
19. Braitenberg V. Is the cerebellar cortex a biological clock in the millisecond range? Prog Brain Res. 25:1967;334-346
20. Buchanan R.W., Heinrichs D.W. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) A structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 27:1989;335-350
21. Buchanan R.W., Kirkpatrick B., Heinrichs D.W., Carpenter W.T. Jr. Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 147:1990;290-294
22. Coffman J.A., Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., Nasrallah H.A. Midsagittal cerebral anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging. The importance of slice position and thickness. Schizophr Res. 2:1989;287-294
23. Courchesne E. Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 7:1997;269-278
24. Crespo-Facorro B., Paradiso S., Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Watkins G.L., Boles Ponto L.L., Hichwa R.D. Recalling word lists reveals "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia A positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;386-392
25. Daum I., Ackermann H. Neuropsychological abnormalities in cerebellar syndromes - fact or fiction? Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;455-471
26. Dazzan P., Murray R.M. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis A systematic review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 43:2002;S50-S57
27. Deicken R.F., Feiwell R., Schuff N., Soher B. Evidence for altered cerebellar vermis neuronal integrity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 107:2001;125-134
28. DeJong R.N. The Neurological Examination. 4th ed :1970;Hoeber, New York
29. DeMyer M.K., Gilmor R.L., Hendrie H.C., DeMyer W.E., Augustyn G.T., Jackson R.K. Magnetic resonance brain images in schizophrenic and normal subjects Influence of diagnosis and education. Schizophr Bull. 14:1988;21-37
30. Deshmukh A., Rosenbloom M.J., Pfefferbaum A., Sullivan E.V. Clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, alcoholism, and their comorbidity. Schizophr Res. 57:2002;281-291
31. Desmond J.E., Fiez J.A. Neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum Language, learning and memory. Trends Cog Sci. 2:1998;355-362
32. Desmond J.E., Gabrieli J.D., Wagner A.D., Ginier B.L., Glover G.H. Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation in verbal working-memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI. J Neurosci. 17:1997;9675-9685
33. Diener H.C., Dichgans J., Guschlbauer B., Bacher M., Langenbach P. Disturbances of motor preparation in basal ganglia and cerebellar disorders. Prog Brain Res. 80:1989;481-488
34. Eastwood S.L., Cotter D., Harrison P.J. Cerebellar synaptic protein expression in schizophrenia. Neuroscience. 105:2001;219-229. ; discussion: 479-480
35. Fish B., Marcus J., Hans S.L., Auerbach J.G., Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia Sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;221-235
36. Flashman L.A., Flaum M., Gupta S., Andreasen N.C. Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 153:1996;526-532
37. Goldfarb W. Childhood Schizophrenia. 1961;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
38. Griffiths T.D., Sigmundsson T., Takei N., Rowe D., Murray R.M. Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Brain. 121:(pt 2):1998;191-203
39. Gupta S., Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Flaum M., Schultz S.K., Hubbard W.C., Smith M. Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;191-196
40. Gupta S., Rajaprabhakaran R., Arndt S., Flaum M.A., Andreasen N.C. Premorbid adjustment as a predictor of phenomenological and neurobiological indices in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 16:1995;189-197
41. Heath R.G., Franklin D.E., Shraberg D. Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 167:1979;585-592
42. Heinrichs D.W., Buchanan R.W. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 145:1988;11-18
43. Ho B.C., Alicata D., Ward J., Moser D.J., O'Leary D.S., Arndt S., Andreasen N.C. Untreated initial psychosis Relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 160:2003;142-148
44. Hollingshead A.B., Redlich F.C. Social Class and Mental Illness A Community Study. 1958;Wiley, New York
45. Holmes G. The cerebellum of man. Brain. 62:1939;1-30
46. Ito M. Movement and thought Identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci. 16:1993;448-450
47. Ito M. Cerebellar microcomplexes. Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;475-487. discussion: 453-454
48. Ito M. Neurobiology Internal model visualized. Nature. 403:2000;153-154
49. Ivry R. Cerebellar timing systems. Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;555-573
50. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Berquin P.C., Krain A.L., Hamburger S.D., Kumra S., Rapoport J.L. Quantitative morphology of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 154:1997;1663-1669
51. Johnstone E.C., Macmillan J.F., Frith C.D., Benn D.K., Crow T.J. Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes. Br J Psychiatry. 157:1990;182-189
52. Keele S.W., Ivry R. Does the cerebellum provide a common computation for diverse tasks? A timing hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 608:1990;179-207
53. Kinney D.K., Woods B.T., Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. II. Neurologic and psychiatric findings in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:1986;665-668. discussion: 207-211
54. Kinney D.K., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Woods B.T. Neurologic signs of cerebellar and cortical sensory dysfunction in schizophrenics and their relatives. Schizophr Res. 35:1999;99-104
55. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. 1919;E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland
56. Lawrie S.M., Byrne M., Miller P., Hodges A., Clafferty R.A., Cunningham Owens D.G., Johnstone E.C. Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 178:2001;524-530
57. Leiner H.C., Leiner A.L., Dow R.S. Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? Behav Neurosci. 100:1986;443-454
58. Levitt J.J., McCarley R.W., Nestor P.G., Petrescu C., Donnino R., Hirayasu Y., et al. Quantitative volumetric MRI study of the cerebellum and vermis in schizophrenia Clinical and cognitive correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;1105-1107
59. Loeber R.T., Cintron C.M., Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Morphometry of individual cerebellar lobules in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 158:2001;952-954
60. Loeber R.T., Sherwood A.R., Renshaw P.F., Cohen B.M., Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Differences in cerebellar blood volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res. 37:1999;81-89
61. Madsen A.L., Vorstrup S., Rubin P., Larsen J.K., Hemmingsen R. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients A prospective follow-up study 5 years after first admission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 100:1999;119-125
62. Magnotta V.A., Heckel D., Andreasen N.C., Cizadlo T., Corson P.W., Ehrhardt J.C., Yuh W.T. Measurement of brain structures with artificial neural networks Two- and three-dimensional applications. Radiology. 211:1999;781-790
63. Martin P., Albers M. Cerebellum and schizophrenia A selective review. Schizophr Bull. 21:1995;241-250
64. Marvel CL, Schwartz BL, Rosse RB (in press): A quantitative measure of postural sway deficits in schizophrenia. Schiz Res
65. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Cerebellar output channels. Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;61-82
66. Mukaetova-Ladinska E.B., Hurt J., Honer W.G., Harrington C.R., Wischik C.M. Loss of synaptic but not cytoskeletal proteins in the cerebellum of chronic schizophrenics. Neurosci Lett. 317:2002;161-165
67. Muller J.L., Roder C., Schuierer G., Klein H.E. Subcortical overactivation in untreated schizophrenic patients A functional magnetic resonance image finger-tapping study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 56:2002;77-84
68. Nasrallah H.A., Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., Coffman J.A. Perinatal brain injury and cerebellar vermal lobules I-X in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 29:1991;567-574
69. Neau J.P., Arroyo-Anllo E., Bonnaud V., Ingrand P., Gil R. Neuropsychological disturbances in cerebellar infarcts. Acta Neurol Scand. 102:2000;363-370
70. Nicolson R.I., Fawcett A.J., Dean P. Developmental dyslexia The cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 24:2001;508-511
71. Nopoulos P.C., Ceilley J.W., Gailis E.A., Andreasen N.C. An MRI study of cerebellar vermis morphology in patients with schizophrenia Evidence in support of the cognitive dysmetria concept. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;703-711
72. Pierson R., Corson P.W., Sears L.L., Alicata D., Magnotta V., Oleary D., Andreasen N.C. Manual and semiautomated measurement of cerebellar subregions on MR images. Neuroimage. 17:2002;61-76
73. Quitkin F., Rifkin A., Klein D.F. Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Organicity in schizophrenia with premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable character disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 33:1976;845-853
74. Rapoport M., van Reekum R., Mayberg H. The role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior A selective review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 12:2000;193-198
75. Regier D.A., Farmer M.E., Rae D.S., Locke B.Z., Keith S.J., Judd L.L., Goodwin F.K. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 264:1990;2511-2518
76. Reyes M.G., Gordon A. Cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia. Lancet. 2:1981;700-701
77. Rochford J.M., Detre T., Tucker G.J., Harrow M. Neuropsychological impairments in functional psychiatric diseases. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 22:1970;114-119
78. Rubin P., Vorstrup S., Hemmingsen R., Andersen H.S., Bendsen B.B., Stromso N., et al. Neurological abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder at first admission to hospital Correlations with computerized tomography and regional cerebral blood flow findings. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 90:1994;385-390
79. Schmahmann J.D. An emerging concept. The cerebellar contribution to higher function. Arch Neurol. 48:1991;1178-1187
80. Schmahmann J.D. Dysmetria of thought Clinical consequences of cerebellar dysfunction on cognition and affect. Trends Cog Sci. 2:1998;362-371
81. Schmahmann J.D., Sherman J.C. Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 41:1997;433-440
82. Schmahmann J.D., Sherman J.C. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain. 121:(pt 4):1998;561-579
83. Sullivan E.V., Deshmukh A., Desmond J.E., Mathalon D.H., Rosenbloom M.J., Lim K.O., et al. Contribution of alcohol abuse to cerebellar volume deficits in men with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 57:2000;894-902
84. Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. 1988;Thieme Medical, New York
85. Thompson R.F. The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science. 233:1986;941-947
86. Tran K.D., Smutzer G.S., Doty R.L., Arnold S.E. Reduced Purkinje cell size in the cerebellar vermis of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1288-1290
87. van Mier H., Tempel L.W., Perlmutter J.S., Raichle M.E., Petersen S.E. Changes in brain activity during motor learning measured with PET Effects of hand of performance and practice. J Neurophysiol. 80:1998;2177-2199
88. Volkow N.D., Levy A., Brodie J.D., Wolf A.P., Cancro R., Van Gelder P., Henn F. Low cerebellar metabolism in medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;686-688
89. Weinberger D.R., Kleinman J.E., Luchins D.J., Bigelow L.B., Wyatt R.J. Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia A controlled postmortem study. Am J Psychiatry. 137:1980;359-361
90. Wiser A.K., Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Watkins G.L., Boles P.L.L., Hichwa R.D. Dysfunctional cortico-cerebellar circuits cause "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1895-1899
91. Wolpert D.M., Miall R.C., Kawato M. Internal models in the cerebellum. Trends Cog Sci. 2:1998;338-347
92. Woods B.T., Kinney D.K., Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. I. Comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and substance abuse patients and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:1986;657-663
93. Woods R.P., Cherry S.R., Mazziotta J.C. Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 16:1992;620-633