What is the role of the cerebellum in motor learning and cognition?

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Volumn 2, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 331-337

  Thach, William T ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; CEREBELLUM; CLIMBING FIBER; COGNITION; HUMAN; LEARNING; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR COORDINATION; NONHUMAN; PURKINJE CELL; REVIEW; STIMULUS RESPONSE; THEORY; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;

EID: 0031858536     PISSN: 13646613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01223-6     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Holmes G. The cerebellum of man: the Hughlings-Jackson memorial lecture. Brain. 62:1939;1-30.
2. Bower J.M. Control of sensory data acquisition. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 41:1997;213-489.
3. Brindley G.S. The use made by the cerebellum of the information that it receives from the sense organs. Int. Brain. Res. Org. Bull. 3:1964;80.
4. Marr D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J. Physiol. 202:1969;437-470.
5. Albus J.S. A theory of cerebellar function. Math. Biosci. 10:1971;22-61.
6. Eccles, J.C., Ito, M. and Szentágothai, J. (1967) The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine, Springer-Verlag.
7. Llinas, R. (1981) Electrophysiology of cerebellar networks, in Handbook of Physiology (Section 1, Volume II, Part 2) (Brooks, V.B., ed.), pp. 831-876, APS.
8. Gilbert P.F.C. A theory of memory that explains the function and structure of the cerebellum. Brain Res. 70:1974;1-18.
9. Mugnaini E. The length of cerebellar parallel fibers in chicken and rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 220:1983;7-15.
10. Thach W.T., Goodkin H.P., Keating J.G. The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:1992;403-442.
11. Asanuma C., Thach W.T., Jones E.G. Anatomical evidence for segregated focal groupings of efferent cells and their terminal ramifications in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the monkey. Brain Res. Rev. 5:1983;267-299.
12. Asanuma C., Thach W.T., Jones E.G. Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res. Rev. 5:1983;237-265.
13. Rispal-Padel L., Circirata F., Pons C. Cerebellar nuclear topography of simple and synergistic movements in the alert baboon (Papio papio). Exp. Brain Res. 47:1982;365-380.
14. Cicirata F.et al. Neocerebellar control of the motor activity: experimental analysis in the rat: comparative aspects. Brain Res. Rev. 14:1989;117-141.
15. Cicirata F.et al. Multiple representation in the nucleus lateralis of the cerebellum: an electrophysiologic study in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 89:1992;352-362.
16. Sasaki K.S.et al. Electrophysiological studies on the cerebellocerebral projections in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 24:1976;495-507.
17. Thach W.T. Timing of activity in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebral motor cortex during prompt volitional movement. Brain Res. 169:1975;168-172.
18. Thach W.T. Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 41:1978;654-676.
19. Trouche E., Beaubaton D. Initiation of goal directed movement in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 40:1980;311-321.
20. Meyer-Lohman J., Hore J., Brooks V.B. Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 40:1977;1038-1050.
21. Thach W.T. et al. (1992) Cerebellar output: multiple maps and modes of control in movement coordination, in The Cerebellum Revisited (Llinas, R. and Sotelo, C., eds), pp. 283-300, Springer-Verlag.
22. Thach W.T.et al. Cerebellar nuclei: rapid alternating movement, motor somatotopy, and a mechanism for the control of muscle synergy. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 149:1993;607-628.
23. Schieber M.H., Thach W.T. Trained slow tracking: II. Bidirectional discharge patterns of cerebellar nuclear, motor cortex, and spindle afferent neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 55:1985;1228-1270.
24. van Kan P.L., Houk J.C., Gibson A.R. Output organization of intermediate cerebellum of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 69:1993;57-73.
25. Goodkin H.P.et al. Preserved simple and impaired compound movement after infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 20(Suppl. 3):1993;S93-S104.
26. Zhang Y., Partsalis A.M., Highstein S.M. Properties of superior vestibular nucleus flocculus target neurons in the squirrel monkey: II. Signal components revealed by reversible flocculus inactivation. J. Neurophysiol. 73:1995;2279-2292.
27. Gomi, H. et al. Temporal firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar ventral paraflocculus during ocular following responses in monkeys: I. Simple spikes J. Neurophysiol. (in press).
28. Llinas, R. (1982) Radial connectivity in the cerebellar cortex: a novel view regarding the functional organization of the molecular layer, in The Cerebellum: New Vistas (Palay, S.L. and Chan-Palay. V., eds), pp. 189-192, Springer-Verlag.
29. Bower J.M., Woolston D.C. Congruence of spatial organization of tactile projections to granule-cell and Purkinje-cell layers of cerebellar hemispheres of the albino rat: vertical organization of cerebellar cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 49:1983;745-766.
30. Garwicz M., Andersson G. Spread of synaptic activity along parallel fibers in cat cerebellar anterior lobe. Exp. Brain Res. 88:1992;615-622.
31. Heck D. Sequential input to guinea pig cerebellar cortex in vitro strongly affects Purkinje cells via parallel fibers. Naturwissenschaften. 82:1995;201-203.
32. Heck D. Investigating dynamic aspects of brain function in slice preparations: spatiotemporal stimulus patterns generated with an easy to build multi-electrode array. J. Neurosci. Methods. 58:1995;81-87.
33. Mason C.R.et al. Organization of reaching and grasping movements in the primate cerebellar nuclei as revealed by focal muscimol inactivations. J. Neurophysiol. 79:1998;537-554.
34. Thach, W.T., Kane, S.A. and Goodkin, H.P. Dentate/interposed cerebellar nuclear sites coordinating reach and grasp Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. (in press).
35. Bastian, A.J. et al. Posterior vermal split syndrome Ann. Neurol. (in press).
36. Bracha V.et al. Patients with cerebellar lesions cannot acquire but are able to retain conditioned eyeblink reflexes. Brain. 120:1997;1401-1413.
37. Krupa D.J., Thompson J.K., Thompson R.F. Localization of a memory trace in the mammalian brain. Science. 260:1993;989-991.
38. Yeo C.H., Hardiman M.J., Glickstein M. Discrete lesions of the cerebellar cortex abolish classically conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. Behav. Brain Res. 13:1984;261-266.
39. McCormick D.A.et al. The engram found? Role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of nictitating membrane and eyelid responses. Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 18:1981;103-105.
40. Topka H.et al. Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Brain. 116:1993;961-969.
41. Woodruff-Pak D.S., Ivry R.B. Cerebellar involvement in eyeblink classical conditioning in humans. Neuropsychology. 10:1996;443-458.
42. Steinmetz J.E.et al. Disruption of classical eyelid conditioning after cerebellar lesions: damage to a memory trace system or a simple performance deficit? J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4403-4426.
43. Milak M.S.et al. Effects of inactivating individual cerebellar nuclei on the performance and retention of an operantly conditioned forelimb movement. J. Neurophysiol. 78:1997;939-959.
44. Timmann D.et al. Visuomotor learning in cerebellar patients. Behav. Brain Res. 81:1996;99-113.
45. Kolb F.P.et al. Conditioned and unconditioned forelimb reflex in the cat: involvement of the intermediate cerebellum. Exp. Brain Res. 114:1997;255-270.
46. Welsh J.P., Harvey J.A. Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned response. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;299-311.
47. Bloedel, J.R. and Zuo, C-C. (1989) The heterosynaptic action of climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex, in The Olivocerebellar System In Motor Control (Experimental Brain Research Series) (Strata, P., ed.), pp. 246-264, Springer-Verlag.
48. Sainburg R.L., Poizner H., Ghez C. Loss of proprioception produces deficits in interjoint coordination. J. Neurophysiol. 70:1993;2136-2147.
49. Bastian A.J.et al. Cerebellar ataxia: abnormal control of interaction torques across multiple joints. J. Neurophysiol. 76:1996;492-509.
50. Kobayashi, Y. et al. Temporal firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar ventral paraflocculs during ocular following responses in monkeys: II. Complex spikes J. Neurophysiol. (in press).
51. Shigeru Kitizawa, Tasuya Kimura, Pin-Bo Yin Cerebellar spikes encode both destinations and errors in arm movements. Nature. 392:1988;494-498.
52. Suh M., Leung H-C., Kettner R.E. Cerebellar flocculus and paraflocculus Purkinje-cell activity related to the position, velocity and acceleration of 2-D smooth eye movements. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;1288.
53. Martin T.A.et al. Throwing while looking through prisms: I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation. Brain. 119:1996;1183-1198.
54. Petersen S.E.et al. Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1:1989;153-170.
55. Raichle M.E.et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during non-motor learning. Cereb. Cortex. 4:1994;8-26.
56. Fiez J.A.et al. Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. Brain. 115:1992;155-178.
57. Van Mier H.et al. Generalization of practice-related effects in motor learning using the dominant and nondominant hand measured by PET. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:1995;1441.
58. Ivry R.B., Keele S.W., Diener H.C. Dissociation of the lateral and medial cerebellum in movement timing and movement execution. Exp. Brain. Res. 73:1988;167-180.
59. Roland P.E.et al. Changes in regional cerebral oxidative metabolism induced by tactile learning and recognition in man. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1:1988;3-17.
60. Kim S.G., Ugurbil K., Strick P.L. Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing. Science. 265:1994;949-951.
61. Joyal C.C.et al. Effects of midline and lateral cerebellar lesions on motor coordination and spatial orientation. Brain Res. 739:1996;1-11.
62. Thach W.T. On the specific role of the cerebellum in motor learning and cognition: clues from PET activation and lesion studies in humans. Behav. Brain Sci. 19:1996;411-431.
63. Landau W.M. Ataxic hindbrain thinking: the clumsy cerebellum syndrome. Neurology. 39:1989;315-323.
64. Merriam-Webster (1998) Webster's Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
65. Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M. (1995) Essentials Of Neural Science And Behavior, Appleton & Lange.
66. Wolman, B.B., ed. (1973) Dictionary Of Behavioral Science, Van Nostrand Reinhold.