Anti-angiogenesis and RGD-containing snake venom disintegrins

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 13, Issue 28, 2007, Pages 2860-2871

  Swenson, Stephen ^a   Ramu, Swapnika ^a   Markland, Francis S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti angiogenic therapy; Contortrostatin; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; Tumor progression; Vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

2,4 DIMETHYL 5 (2 OXO 1H INDOL 3 YLMETHYLENE) 3 PYRROLEPROPIONIC ACID; ACCUTIN; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; AXITINIB; BEVACIZUMAB; BORTEZOMIB; CELECOXIB; CONTORTROSTATIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DISINTEGRIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IMATINIB; INTEGRIN; IRINOTECAN; LEBESTATIN; N (2 CYCLOHEXYLOXY 4 NITROPHENYL)METHANESULFONAMIDE; OBTUSTATIN; SALMOSIN; SCLEROPROTEIN; SEMAXANIB; SNAKE VENOM; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; TRIFLAVIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VATALANIB; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; ARGINYL-GLYCYL-ASPARTIC ACID; OLIGOPEPTIDE;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTERY DISEASE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER MODEL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL INVASION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; MIGRATION INHIBITION; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; STOMACH HEMORRHAGE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; UMBILICAL VEIN; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT; ANIMAL; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY);

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; DISINTEGRINS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; OLIGOPEPTIDES; SNAKE VENOMS;

EID: 38449122195     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161207782023793     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Carmeliet P. Angiogenegis in life, disease and medicine. Nature 2005; 438: 932-6.
2. Folkman J. Tumor Angiogenesis: Therapeutic Implications. N Engl J Med 1971;285:1182-86.
3. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86: 353-64.
4. Milkiewicz M, Ispanovic E, Doyle JL, Haas TL. Regulators of angiogenesis and strategies for their therapeutic manipulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38: 333-57.
5. Ferrara N, Kerbel RS. Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target. Nature 2005; 438: 967-74.
6. Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor as a target for anti-cancer therapy. Oncologist 2004; 9(Suppl 1): 2-10.
7. Semenza GL. HIF-1 and mechanisms of hypoxia sensing. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2001; 13: 167-71.
8. McColl BK, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Molecular regulation of the VEGF family - inducers of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. APMIS 2004; 112: 463-80.
9. Lindahl P, Johansson BR, Leveen P, Betsholtz C. Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice. Science 1997; 277: 242-5.
10. Dong J, Grunstein J, Tejada M, Peale F, Frantz G, Liang WC, et al. VEGF-null cells require PDGFR alpha signaling-mediated stromal fibroblast recruitment for tumorigenesis. EMBO J 2004; 23: 2800-10.
11. Tille JC, Wood J, Mandriota SJ, Schnell C, Ferrari S, Mestan J, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 antagonists inhibit VEGF- and basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299: 1073-85.
12. Laughner E, Taghavi P, Chiles K, Mahon PC, Semenza GL. HER2 (neu) signaling increases the rate of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) synthesis: novel mechanism for HIF-1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21: 3995-4004.
13. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, et al. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science, 1997; 277: 55-60.
14. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Chen C, Folkman J. Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med 1996; 2: 689-92.
15. Maeshima Y, Sudhakar A, Lively JC, Ueki K, Kharbanda S, Kahn CR, et al. Tumstatin, an endothelial cell-specific inhibitor of protein synthesis. Science 2002; 295: 140-3.
16. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS, et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 1997; 88: 277-85.
17. Lawler J, Detmar M. Tumor progression: the effects of thrombospondin-1 and -2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 1038-45.
18. Watanabe K, Hasegawa Y, Yamashita H, Shimizu K, Ding Y, Abe M, et al. Vasohibin as an endothelium-derived negative feedback regulator of angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 898-907.
19. Baluk P, Hashizume H, McDonald DM. Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15: 102-11.
20. Hashizume H, Baluk P, Morikawa S, McLean JW, Thurston G, Roberge S, et al. Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1363-80.
21. Morikawa S, Baluk P, Kaidoh T, Haskell A, Jain RK, McDonald DM. Abnormalities in pericytes on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 985-1000.
22. Baluk P, Morikawa S, Haskell A, Mancuso M, McDonald DM. Abnormalities of basement membrane on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors. Am J Pathol 2003; 163: 1801-15.
23. Jain RK, Koenig GC, Dellian M, Fukumura D, Munn LL, Melder RJ. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and angiogenesis in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15: 495-204.
24. Gasparini G, Longo R, Fanelli M, Teicher BA. Combination of antiangiogenic therapy with other anticancer therapies: results, challenges, and open questions. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1295-311.
25. Kerbel RS, Kamen BA. The anti-angiogenic basis of metronomic chemotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 423-36.
26. Browder T, Butterfield CE, Kraling BM, Shi B, Marshall B, O'Reilly MS, et al. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1878-86.
27. Bertolini F, Paul S, Mancuso P, Monestiroli S, Gobbi A, Shaked Y, et al. Maximum tolerable dose and low-dose metronomic chemotherapy have opposite effects in the mobilization and viability of circulating endodthelial progenitor cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 4342-6.
28. Jain RK. Antiangiogenic therapy for cancer: current and emerging concepts. Oncology (Williston Park) 2005; 19: 7-16.
29. Zhong H, Bowen JP. Antiangiogenesis drug design: multiple pathways, targeting tumor vasculature. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 849-62.
30. Ribatti D, Vacca A. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in haematological malignancies. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2003; 5: 573-8.
31. Gasparini G, Longo R, Toi M, Ferrara N. Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2: 562-77.
32. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2335-42.
33. Sakamoto KM. Su-11248 Sugen. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2004; 5: 1329-39.
34. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Flaherty KT, Kaye SB, Rosner GL, et al. Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(16): 2505-12.
35. Rini BI. SU11248 and AG013736: current data and future trials in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2005; 4: 175-80.
36. Wood J M, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Cozens R, Ferrari S, Frei J, et al. PTK787/ZK 222584, a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2178-89.
37. Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, Croll SD, Ho L, Russell M, et al. VEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 11393-8.
38. Herbst RS, Mullani NA, Davis DW, Hess KR, McConkey DJ, Charnsangavej C, et al. Development of biologic markers of response and assessment of antiangiogenic activity in a clinical trial of human recombinant endostatin. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 3804-14.
39. Liotta LA, Kohn EC. The microenviromnent of the tumour-host interface. Nature 2001; 411: 375-79.
40. Cheresh DA. Structural and biologic properties of integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Clin Lab Med 1992; 12: 217-36.
41. Hynes RO. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992; 69: 11-25.
42. Ruoslahti E. Integrins. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1-5.
43. Brooks PC, Montgomery AM, Rosenfeld M, Reisfeld RA, Hu T, Klier G, et al. Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels. Cell 1994; 79: 1157-64.
44. Stromblad S, Becker JC, Yebra M, Brooks PC, Cheresh DA. Suppression of p53 Activity and p21WAF1/CIP1 Expression by Vascular Cell Integrih αvβ3 during Angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 426-33.
45. Friedlander M, Brooks PC, Shaffer RW, Kincaid CM, Varner JA, Cheresh DA. Definition of two angiogenic pathways by distinct alpha v integrins. Science 1995; 270: 1500-2.
46. Stoeltzing O, Liu W, Reinmuth N, Fan F, Parry GC, Parikh AA, et al. Inhibition of integrin alpha5beta1 function with a small peptide (ATN- 161) plus continuous 5-FU infusion reduces colorectal liver metastases and improves survival in mice. Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 496-503.
47. Bayless KJ, Salazar R, Davis GE. RGD-dependent vacuolation and lumen formation observed during endothelial cell morphogenesis in three-dimensional fibrin matrices involves the avb3 and a5b1 integrins. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1673-83.
48. Alghisi GC, Ruegg C. Vascular integrins in tumor angiogenesis: mediators and therapeutic targets. Endothelium 2006; 13: 113-35.
49. Nikolopoulos SN, Blaikie P, Yoshioka T, Guo W, Giancotti FG. Integrin beta4 signaling promotes tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2004; 6: 471-83.
50. Strohmeyer D, Rossing C, Bauerfeind A, Kaufmann O, Schlechte H, Bartsch G, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with angiogenesis and p53 expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 45: 216-24.
51. Strohmeyer D, Rossing C, Strauss F, Bauerfeind A, Kaufmann O, Loening S. Tumor angiogenesis is associated with progression after radical prostatectomy in pT2/pT3 prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 42: 26-33.
52. Huss WJ, Hanrahan CF, Barrios RJ, Simons JW, Greenberg NM. Angiogenesis and prostate cancer: identification of a molecular progression switch. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 2736-43.
53. Kato T, Kameoka S, Kimura T, Nishikawa T, Kobayashi M. The combination of angiogenesis and blood vessel invasion as a prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1900-8.
54. Moses MA, Harper J, Fernandez CA. A role for antiangiogenic therapy in breast cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2004; 6: 42-8.
55. Orre M, Lotfi-Miri M, Mamers P, Rogers P. A. Increased microvessel density in mucinous compared with malignant serous and benign tumours of the ovary. Br J Cancer 1998; 77: 2204-9.
56. Gasparini G, Bonoldi E, Viale G, Verderio P, Boracchi P, Panizzoni GA, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of tumour angiogenesis in ovarian carcinomas. Intl J Cancer 1996; 69: 205-11.
57. Figg WD, Dahut W, Duray P, Hamilton M, Tompkins A, Steinberg SM, et al. A randomized phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 1888-93.
58. Strother JM, Beer TM, Dreicer R. Novel cytotoxic and biological agents for prostate cancer: where will the money be in 2005? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 954-64.
59. Felding-Habermann B, O'Toole TE, Smith JW, Fransvea E, Ruggeri ZM, Ginsberg MH, et al. Integrin activation controls metastasis in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 1853-8.
60. Fujii Y, Okuda D, Fujimoto Z, Horii K, Morita T, Mizuno H. Crystal structure of trimestatin, a disintegrin containing a cell adhesion recognition motif RGD. J Mol Biol 2003; 332: 1115-22.
61. Pecheur I, Peyruchaud O, Serre CM, Guglielmi J, Voland C, Bourre F, et al. Integrin alpha(v)beta3 expression confers on tumor cells a greater propensity to metastasize to bone. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1266-8.
62. Bartsch JE, Staren ED, Appert HE. Adhesion and migration of extracellular matrix-stimulated breast cancer. J Surg Res 2003; 110: 287-94.
63. Clyman RI, Mauray F, Kramer RH. β1 and β3 integrins have different roles in the adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells on extracellular. Matrix Exp Cell Res 1902; 200: 272-84.
64. Huang TF, Holt JC, Kirby ER, Niewiarowski S. Trigramin: primary structure and its inhibition of von willebrand factor binding to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex on human platelets. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 661-66.
65. Dennis MS, Henzel WJ, Pitti RM, Lipari MT, Napier MA, Deisher TA, et al. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Protein Antagonists from Snake Venoms: Evidence for a Family of Platelet-aggregation Inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 2471-75.
66. Scarborough RM, Rose JW, Naughton MA, Phillips DR, Nannizzi L, Arfsten A, et al. Characterization of the integrin specificities of disintegrins isolated from american pit viper venoms. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 1058-65.
67. Olfa, KZ, Jose L, Salma D, Amine B, Najet SA, Nicolas A, et al. Lebestatin a disintegrin from Macrovipera venom, inhibits integrin-mediated cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Lab Invest 2005; 85: 1507-16.
68. Kisiel DG, Calvete JJ, Katzhendler J, Fertala A, Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C. Structural determinants of the selectivity of KTS-disintegrins for the alpha1beta1 integrin. FEBS Lett 2004; 577: 478-82.
69. Marcinkiewicz C, Weinreb PH, Calvete JJ, Kisiel DG, Mousa SA, Tuszynski GP, et al. Obtustatin: a potent selective inhibitor of alpha1beta1 integrin in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 2020-3.
70. Sanz L, Chen RQ, Perez A, Hilario R, Juarez P, Marcinkiewicz C, et al. cDNA cloning and functional expression of jerdostatin, a novel RTS-disintegrin from Trimeresurus jerdenii and a specific antagonist of the alpha1beta1 integrin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 40714-22.
71. McLane MA, Marcinkiewicz C, Vijay-Kumar S, Wierzbicka-Patynowski I, Niewiarowski S. Viper venom disintegrins and related molecules. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 219: 109-19.
72. Niewiarowski S, McLane MA, Kloczewiak M, Stewart, GJ. Disintegrins and other naturally occurring antagonists of platelet fibrinogen receptors. Semin Hematol 1994; 31: 289-300.
73. Phillips DR, Charo IF, Scarborough RM. GP IIb-IIIa: The Responsive Integrin. Cell 1991; 65: 359-62.
74. Trikha M, Rote WE, Manley PJ, Lucchesi BR, Markland FS. Purification and characterization of platelet aggregation inhibitors from snake venoms. Thrombos Res 1994; 73: 39-52.
75. Trikha M, Flores M, Markland FS. Disintegrins inhibit mammary carcinoma binding to extracellular matrix proteins. FASEB J 1994; 8: A873.
76. Sheu JR, Yen MH, Kan YC, Hung WC, Chang PT, Luk HN. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo: comparison of the relative activities of triflavin, an Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptide and anti-alpha(v)beta3 integrin monoclonal antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1336: 445-54.
77. Yeh CH, Peng HC, Huang TF. Accutin, a new disintegrin, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by acting as integrin alphavbeta3 antagonist and inducing apoptosis. Blood 1998; 92: 3268-76.
78. Kang IC, Lee YD, Kim DS. A novel disintegrin salmosin inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3754-60.
79. Zhou Q, Sherwin RP, Parrish C, Richters V, Groshen SG, Tsao-Wei D, et al. Contortrostatin, a dimeric disintegrin from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, inhibits breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 61: 249-60.
80. Zhou Q, Shieh KY, Markland FS. Contortrostatin (CN), a dimeric disintegrin inhibits invasion of ovarian cancer by blocking integrin avb5. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2000; 41: 800.
81. Golubkov V, Hawes D, Markland FS. Antiangiogenic activity of contortrostatin, a disintegrin from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix snake venom. Angiogenesis 2003; 6: 213-24.
82. Kim SI, Kim KS, Kim HS, Choi MM, Kim DS, Chung KH, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by salmosin expressed in vitro. Oncol Res 2004; 14: 227-33.
83. Kim, SI, Kim KS, Kim HS, Kim DS, Jang Y, Chung KH, et al. Inhibitory effect of the salmosin gene transferred by cationic liposomes on the progression of B16BL6 tumors. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 6458-62.
84. Swenson S, Costa F, Minea R, Sherwin RP, Ernst W, Fujii G, et al. Intravenous liposomal delivery of the snake venom disintegrin contortrostatin limits breast cancer progression. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 499-511.
85. Trikha M, De Clerck YA, Markland FS. Contortrostatin, a snake venom disintegrin, inhibits beta 1 integrin-mediated human metastatic melanoma cell adhesion and blocks experimental metastasis. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4993-8.
86. Adler M, Lazarus RA, Dennis MS, Wagner G. Solution structure of kistrin, a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor and GP IIb-IIIa antagonist. Science 1991; 253: 445-8.
87. Saudek V, Atkinson RA, Lepage P, Pelton JT. The secondary structure of echistatin from 1H-NMR. Eur J Biochem 1991; 202: 329-38.
88. Bilgrami S, Tomar S, Yadav S, Kaur P, Kumar J, Jabeen T, et al. Crystal structure of schistatin, a disintegrin homodimer from saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) at 2.5 A resolution. J Mol Biol 2004; 341: 829-37.
89. Bilgrami S, Yadav S, Kaur P, Sharma S, Perbandt M, Betzel C, et al. Crystal structure of the disintegrin heterodimer from saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) at 1.9 A resolution. Biochemistry 2005; 44: 11058-66.
90. Zhou Q, Nakada MT, Brooks PC, Swenson SD, Ritter MR, Argounova S, et al. Contortrostatin, a Homodimeric disintegrin, binds to integrin avb5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267: 350-55.
91. Markland FS, Shieh K, Zhou Q, Golubkov V, Sherwin RP, Richters V, et al. A novel snake venom disintegrin that inhibits human ovarian cancer dissemination and angiogenesis in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Haemostasis 2001; 31: 183-91.
92. Schmitmeier S, Markland FS, Chen TC. Anti-invasive effect of contortrostatin, a snake venom disintegrin, and TNF-alpha on malignant glioma cells. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 4227-33.
93. Shebuski RJ, Ramjit DR, Bencen GH, Polokoff MA. Characterization and platelet inhibitor activity of bitistatin, a potent arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing peptide from the venom of viper bitis arietans. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 21550-56.
94. Yasuda T, Gold HK, Leinbach RC, Yaoita H, Fallon JT, Guerrero L, et al. Kistrin, a polypeptide platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, enhances and sustains coronary arterial thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine preparation. Circulation 1991; 83: 1038-47.
95. Cousins GR, Sudo Y, Friedrichs GR, Markland FS, Lucchesi BR. Contortrostatin prevents reocclusion after thrombolytic therapy in a canine model of carotid artery thrombosis. FASEB J 1995; 9: A938.
96. Zhou Q, Hu P, Ritter MR, Swenson SD, Argounova S, Epstein AL, et al. Molecular cloning and functional expression of contortrostatin, a homodimeric disintegrin from southern copperhead snake venom. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 375: 278-88.
97. Frisch SM, Francis H. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol 1994; 124: 619-26.
98. Meredith JE Jr, Fazeli B, Schwartz MA. The extracellular matrix as a cell survival factor. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4: 953-61.
99. Felding-Habermann B, Cheresh DA. Vitronectin and its receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1993; 5: 864-68.
100. Wayner EA, Orlando RA, Cheresh DA. Integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 contribute to cell attachment to vitronectin but differentially distribute on the cell surface. J Cell Biol 1991; 113: 919-29.
101. Coller BS, Peerschke EI, Scudder LE, Sullivan CA. A murine monoclonal antibody that completely blocks the binding of fibrinogen to platelets produces a thrombasthenic-like state in normal platelets and binds to glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 325-38.
102. Charo IF, Bekeart LS, Phillips DR. Platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa like proteins mediate endothelial cell attachment to adhesive proteins and the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 9935-38.
103. Peerschke EI, Coller BS. A murine monoclonal antibody that blocks fibrinogen binding to normal platelets also inhibits fibrinogen interactions with chymotrypsin-treated platelets. Blood 1984; 64: 59-63.
104. Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Nelson R, Olander JV, Eppley BL, Delfino JJ, et al. Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1470-8.
105. Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, Leung DW. Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 18-32.
106. Yuan, F, Dellian M, Fukumura D, Leunig M, Berk DA, Torchilin VP, et al. Vascular permeability in a human tumor xenograft: molecular size dependence and cutoff size. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3752-6.
107. Hobbs SK, Monsky WL, Yuan F, Roberts WG, Griffith L, Torchilin VP, et al. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 4607-12.
108. Fujii G. Liposomal amphotericin B(AmBisome): realization of the drug delivery concept. Marcel Dekker: New York 1996.
109. Woodle MC. Surface-modified liposomes: assessment and characterization for increased stability and prolonged blood circulation. Chem Phys Lipids 1993; 64: 249-62.
110. Langer R. Drug delivery targeting. Nature 1998; 392: 5-10.
111. Kerbel RS. Clinical trials of antiangiogenic drugs: opportunities, problems, and assessment of initial results. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 45S-51S.
112. Kerbel RS. Molecular and physiologic mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer: an overview. Cancer Metastatis Rev 2001; 20: 1-2.
113. Minea R, Swenson S, Costa F, Chen TC, Markland FS. Development of a novel recombinant disintegrin, contortrostatin, as an effective anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic agent. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2005; 34: 177-83.