Structure studies of p- and s-conjugated polymers

Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization

Volumn 1, Issue , 2007, Pages 17-1-17-58

  Winokur, Michael J ^a  

^a Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power Electronics Consortium   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38349085120     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (433)

1. Heeger, A.J. 2001. Nobel lecture: Semiconducting and metallic polymers: The fourth generation of polymeric materials. Rev Mod Phys 73:681.
2. Hoeben, F.J.M., P. Jonkheijm, E.M. Meijer, and A.P.H. Schenning. 2005. About supramolecular assemblies of p-conjugated systems. Chem Rev 105:1491.
3. Samuelsen, E.J. and J. Mårdalen. 1997. Structure of polythiophenes. In Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers, Vol. 3, ed. H.S. Nalwa, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 87.
4. Winokur, M.J. 1998. Structural studies of conducting polymers. In The handbook of conducting polymers, 2nd ed., eds. T. Skotheim, R.L. Elsenbaumer, and J.R. Reynolds. New York: Marcel- Dekker, 123.
5. Feast, W.J., J. Tsibouklis, K.L. Pouwer, L. Groenendaal, and E.W. Meijer. 1996. Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers. Polymer 37:5017.
6. Schwab, F.H., J.R. Smith, and J. Michl. 2005. Synthesis and properties of molecular rods. Zig–Zag Rods Chem Rev 105:1197.
7. Jagur-Grodzinski, J. 2002. Electronically conductive polymers. Polym Adv Technol 13:615.
8. DaCosta, P.G., R.G. Dandrea, and E.M. Conwell. 1993. 1st-Principles calculation of the 3 dimensional band-structure of poly(phenylene vinylene). Phys Rev B 47:1800.
9. Filatov, I. and S. Larsson. 2002. Electronic structure and conduction mechanism of donor-bridge acceptor systems where PPV acts as a molecular wire. J Chem Phys 284:575.
10. Ruini, A., M.J. Caldas, G. Bussi, and E. Molinari. 2002. Solid state effects on exciton states and optical properties of PPV. Phys Rev Lett 88:206403.
11. Ferretti, A., A. Ruini, E. Molinari, and M.J. Caldas. 2003. Solid state effects on exciton states and optical properties of PPV. Phys Rev Lett 90:086401.
12. Capaz, R.B. and M.J. Caldas. 2003. Ab initio calculations of structural and dynamical properties of poly(p-phenylene) and poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Phys Rev B 67:205205.
13. Fincher, C.R., C.E. Chen, A.J. Heeger, A.G. MacDiarmid, and J.B. Hastings. 1982. Structural determination of the symmetry-breaking parameter in trans-(CH)x. Phys Rev Lett 48:100.
14. Gierschner, J. and D. Oelkrug. 2004. Optical properties of oligopheylenevinylenes. In Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 8, ed. H.S. Nalwa, New York: American Science Publication, 219–238.
15. Gierschner, J., H.G. Mack, D. Oelkrug, and I. Waldner. 2004. Modeling of the optical properties of cofacial chromophore pairs: Stilbenophane. J Phys Chem A 116:257.
16. Lim, S.H., T.G. Bjorklund, F.C. Spano, and C.J. Bardeen. 2004. Exciton delocalization and superradiance in tetracene thin films and nanoaggregates. Phys Rev Lett 92:107402.
17. Beljonne, D., J. Cornil, R. Silbey, P. Millié, and J.L. Brédas. 2000. Interchain interactions in conjugated materials: The exciton model versus the supermolecular approach. J Chem Phys 112:4749.
18. Brédas, J.L., D. Beljonne, V. Coropceanu, and J. Cornil. 2004. Charge-transfer and energy-transfer processes in pi-conjugated oligomers and polymers: A molecular picture. Chem Rev 104:4971.
19. Spano, F.C. 2002. Absorption and emission in oligo-phenylene vinylene nanoaggregates: The role of disorder and structural defects. J Chem Phys 116:5877.
20. Meinardi, F., M. Cerminara, A. Sassella, R. Bonifacio, and R. Tubino. 2003. Superradiance in molecular H aggregates. Phys Rev Lett 91:247401.
21. Nguyen, T.Q., V. Doan, and B.J. Schwartz. 1999. Conjugated polymer aggregates in solution: Control of interchain interactions. J Chem Phys 110:4068.
22. Nguyen, T.Q., I.B. Martini, J. Liu, and B.J. Schwartz. 2000. Controlling interchain interactions in conjugated polymers: The effects of chain morphology on exciton–exciton annihilation and aggregation in MEH-PPV films. J Phys Chem B 104:237.
23. Nguyen, T.Q. and B.J. Schwartz. 2002. Ionomeric control of interchain interactions, morphology, and the electronic properties of conjugated polymer solutions and films J Chem Phys 116:8198.
24. Claudio, G.C. and E.R. Bittner. 2003. Excitation transfer in aggregated and linearly confined poly(p-phenylene vinylene) chains. J Phys Chem A 107:7092.
25. Shirakawa, H. and S. Ikeda. 1971. Infrared spectra of poly(acetylene). Polym J 2:231.
26. Shirakawa, H., E.J. Louis, A.J. MacDiarmid, C.K. Chiang, and A.J. Heeger. 1977. Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers—halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 16:578.
27. Chiang, C.K., C.R. Fincher, Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, S. Gau, and A. Macdiarmid. 1977. Electrical-conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 39:1098.
28. Heeger, A.J., J.R. Schriefer, and W.-P. Su. 1988. Solitons in conducting polymers. Rev Mod Phys 40:3439.
29. Tsukamoto, J. 1992. Recent advances in highly conductive polyacetylene. Adv Phys 41:509.
30. Park, J.G., G.T. Kim, V. Krstic, B. Kim, S.H. Lee, S. Roth, M. Burghard, and Y. Park. 2001. Nanotransport in polyacetylene single fiber: Toward the intrinsic properties. Synth Met 119 (1– 3):53.
31. Aleshin, A.N., H.J. Lee, Y.W. Park, and K. Akagi. 2004. One-dimensional transport in polymer nanofibers. Phys Rev Lett 93:196601.
32. Peierls, R.E. 1939. Proc R Soc A 169:413.
33. Simionescu, C.I. and V. Percec. 1982. Progress in polyacetylene chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 8:133.
34. Ito, T., H. Shirakawa, and S. Ikeda. 1975. Thermal cis–trans isomerization and decomposition of polyacetylene. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 13:1943.
35. Shimamura, K., F.E. Karasz, J.A. Hirsch, and J.W. Chien. 1981. Crystal-structure of transpolyacetylene. Makrom Chem Rapid Commun 2:473.
36. Robin, P., J.P. Pouget, R. Comes, H.W. Gibson, and A.J. Epstein. 1983. Structural study of the cisto- trans thermal-isomerization in polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 27:3938.
37. Su, W.P., J.R. Schrieffer, and A.J. Heeger. 1979. Solitons in polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 42:1698.
38. Akagi, K., G. Piao, S. Kaneko, K. Sakamaki, H. Shirakawa, and M. Kyotani. 1998. Helical polyacetylene synthesized with a chiral nematic reaction field. Science 283:1683.
39. Baughman, R.H., S.L. Hsu, G.P. Pez, and A.J. Signorelli. 1978. Structures of cis-polyacetylene and highly conducting derivatives. J Chem Phys 68:5405.
40. Akaishi, T., K. Miyasaka, K. Ishikawa, H. Shirakawa, and S. Ikeda. 1980. Crystallinity of bulk polyacetylene. J Polym Sci B 18:745.
41. Zhu, Q., J.E. Fischer, R. Zuzok, and S. Roth. 1992. Crystal-structure of polyacetylene revisited—an x-ray study. Solid State Commun 83:179.
42. Hosemann, R. and S.N. Bagchi. 1962. Direct analysis of diffraction by matter, Amsterdam: North- Holland.
43. Granier, T., E.L. Thomas, and F.E. Karasz. 1989. Paracrystalline structure of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 27:469.
44. Zhang, X.B., G. VanTendeloo, J. VanLanduyt, D. VanDijck, J. Briers, Y. Bao, and H.J. Geise. 1996. An electron microscopic study of highly oriented undoped and FeCl3-doped poly (p-phenylenevinylene). Macromolecules 29:1554.
45. Gin, D.L. and V.P. Conticello. 1996. Poly(p-phenylene): New directions in synthesis and application. Trends Polym Sci 4:217.
46. Froyer, G., J. Goblot, J.L. Guilbert, F. Maurice, and Y. Pelous. 1983. Poly(para phenylene): Some properties related to the synthesis method. J Phys Colloq (France) 44:745.
47. Boudet, A. and P. Pradere. 1984. Morphology and structure of poly(p-phenylene) as revealed by electron-microscopy. Synth Met 9:491.
48. Willnauer, C. and U. Birkenheuer. 2004. Quantum chemical ab initio calculations of correlation effects in complex polymers: Poly(p-phenylene). J Chem Phys 120:11910.
49. Sauvajol, J.L., D. Djarado, A.J. Dianoux, N. Theophilou, and J.E. Fischer. 1991. Polarized vibrational density of states of polyacetylene from incoherent inelastic neutron-scattering. Phys Rev B 43:14305.
50. Ma, J., et al. 1991. Intrachain dynamics and interchain structures of polymers—a comparison of polyacetylene, polyethylene, polyaniline and poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Phys Rev B 44:11609.
51. Dianoux, A.J., G.R. Kneller, J.L. Sauvajol, and J.C. Smith. 1993. The polarized density-of-states of crystalline polyacetylene-molecular-dynamics analysis and comparison with neutron-scattering results. J Chem Phys 99:5586.
52. Sauvajol, J.L., P. Papanek, J.E. Fischer, A.J. Dianoux, P.M. McNeillis, C. Mathis, and B. Francios. 1997. Dynamics of pristine and doped conjugated polymers: A combined inelastic neutron scattering and computer simulation analysis. Synth Met 84:941.
53. Sasaki, S., T. Yamamoto, T. Kanbara, A. Morita, and T. Yamamoto. 1992. Crystal-structure of poly(para-phenylene) prepared by organometallic technique. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 30:293.
54. Heimel, G., et al. 2005. Breakdown of the mirror image symmetry in the optical absorption= emission spectra of oligo(para-phenylene)s. J Chem Phys 122:054501.
55. Kanbe, M. and M. Okawara. 1968. J Polym Sci A-1 6:1058.
56. Wessling, R.A. and R.G. Zimmerman. 1968. US Patent 3 401:152.
57. Mao, G., J.E. Fischer, F.E. Karasz, and M.J. Winokur. 1993. Non-planarity and ring torsion in poly(p-phenylene vinylene): A neutron diffraction study. J Chem Phys 98:712.
58. Simpson, J.H., D.M. Rice, F.E. Karasz, F.C. Rossito, and D. Lahti. 1993. A multitechnique investigation of sodium-doped poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Polymer 34:4595.
59. Simpson, J.H., D.M. Rice, and F.E. Karasz. 1991. Investigations of H2SO4-doped, ring-deuterated poly(p-phenylene vinylene) using solid-state H-2 quadrupole echo NMR-spectroscopy. Polymer 32:2340.
60. Simpson, J.H., D.M. Rice, and F.E. Karasz. 1992. Characterization of chain orientation in drawn poly(p-phenylene vinylene) by H-2 quadrupole echo. Macromolecules 25:2099.
61. de Azevedo, E.R., R.W.A. Franco, A. Marletta, R.M. Faria, and T.J. Bonagamba. 2003. Conformational dynamics of phenylene rings in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as revealed by C-13 magic-anglespinning exchange nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. J Chem Phys 119:2923.
62. Granier, T., E.L. Thomas, D.R. Gagnon, R.W. Lenz, and F.E. Karasz. 1986. Structure investigation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 24:2793.
63. Bradley, D.D.C., R.H. Friend, T. Hartmann, E.A. Marseglia, M.M. Sokolowski, and P.D. Townsend. 1987. Structural studies of oriented precursor route conjugated polymers. Synth Met 17:473.
64. Gagnon, D.R., F.E. Karasz, E.L. Thomas, and R.W. Lenz. 1987. Molecular-orientation and conductivity in highly drawn poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Synth Met 20:85.
65. Chen, D., M.J. Winokur, M.A. Masse, and F.E. Karasz. 1992. A structural study of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Polymer 33:3116.
66. Mo, Z., K.B. Lee, Y.B. Moon, M. Kobayashi, A.J. Heeger, and F. Wudl. 1985. X-ray scattering from polythiophene-crystallinity and crystallographic structure. Macromolecules 18:1972.
67. Brüchner, S. and W. Porzio. 1988. The structure of neutral polythiophene—an application of the Rietveld method. Makromol Chem 189:961.
68. Chu, X., V. Chan, L.D. Schmidt, and W.H. Smyrl. 1995. Crystalline fibers in chemically polymerized ultrathin polypyrrole films. J Appl Phys 12:6658.
69. Geiss, R.H., G.B. Street, W. Volksen, and J. Economy. 1983. Polymer structure determination using electron-diffraction techniques. IBM J Res Dev 27:321.
70. Mitchell, G.R. and A. Geri. 1987.Molecular-organization of electrochemically prepared conducting polypyrrole films. J Phys D 20:1346.
71. Groenendaal, B.L., F. Jonas, D. Freitag, H. Pielartzik, and J.R. Reynolds. 2000. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: Past, present, and future. Adv Mat 12:481.
72. Winther-Jensen, B. and K. West. 2004. Vapor-phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: A route to highly conducting polymer surface layers. Macromolecules 37:4538.
73. Mishra, S.P., R. Sahoo, A.V. Ambade, A.Q. Contractor, and A. Kumar. 2004. Synthesis and characterization of functionalized 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and its derivatives. J Mater Sci 14:1896.
74. Aasmundtveit, K.E., E.J. Samuelsen, L.A.A. Pettersson, O. Inganäs, T. Johansson, and R. Feidenhans. 1999. Structure of thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Synth Met 101:561.
75. Pettersson, L.A.A., T. Johansson, F. Carlsson, H. Arwin, and O. Inganäs. 1999. Anisotropic optical properties of doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Synth Met 101:198.
76. Breiby, D.W., E.J. Samuelsen, L. Groenendaal, and B. Struth. 2003. Smectic structures in electrochemically prepared poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 41:945.
77. Aasmundtveit, K.E., E.J. Samuelsen, O. Inganäs, L.A.A. Pettersson, T. Johansson, and S. Ferrer. 2000. Structural aspects of electrochemical doping and dedoping of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Synth Met 113:93.
78. Ionescu-Zanetti, C., A. Mechler, S.A. Carter, and R. Lal. 2004. Semiconductive polymer blends: Correlating structure with transport properties at the nanoscale. Adv Mater 5:385.
79. Kemerink, M., S. Timpanaro, M.M. de Kok, E.A. Meulenkamp, and F.J. Touwslager. 2004. Threedimensional inhomogeneities in PEDOT:PSS films. J Phys Chem B 108:18820.
80. Jukes, P.C., S.J. Martin, A.M. Higgins, M. Geoghegan, R.A.L. Jones, S. Langridge, A. Wehrum, and S. Kirchmeyer. 2004. Controlling the surface composition of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)- poly(styrene sulfonate) blends by heat treatment. Adv Mat 16:807.
81. Genies, E.M., A. Boyle, M. Lapkowski, and C. Tsintavis. 1990. Polyaniline—a historical survey. Synth Met 36:139.
82. Jòzefowicz, M.E., A.J. Epstein, J.P. Pouget, J.G. Masters, A. Ray, Y. Sun, X. Tang, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1991. X-ray structure of polyanilines. Synth Met 41–43:723.
83. Adams, P.N., P. Devasagayam, S.J. Pomfret, L. Abell, and A.P. Monkman. 1998. A new acidprocessing route to polyaniline films which exhibit metallic conductivity and electrical transport strongly dependent upon intrachain molecular dynamics. J Phys Cond Mat 10:8293.
84. Wang, H.L., R.J. Romero, B.R. Mattes, Y.T. Zhu, and M.J. Winokur. 2000. Effect of processing conditions on the properties of high molecular weight conductive polyaniline fiber. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 38:194.
85. Jòzefowicz, M.E., R. Laversanne, H.H.S. Javadi, A.J. Epstein, J.P. Pouget, X. Tang, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1989. Multiple lattice phases and polaron-lattice spinless-defect competition in polyaniline. Phys Rev B 39:12958.
86. Pouget, J.P., M.E. Jòzefowicz, A.J. Epstein, X. Tang, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1991. X-ray structure of polyaniline. Macromolecules 24:779.
87. Laridjani, M., J.P. Pouget, E.M. Scherr, A.G. MacDiarmid, M. Jòzefowicz, and A.J. Epstein. 1992. Structural aspects of the polyaniline family of electronic polmers. Synth Met 51:95.
88. Pouget, J.P., M.E. Jòzefowicz, A.J. Epstein, J.G. Masters, A. Ray, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1991. X-ray structure of the polyaniline derivative poly(ortho-toluidine)—the structural origin of charge localization. Macromolecules 24:5863.
89. Cavazzoni, C., R. Colle, R. Farchioni, and G. Grosso. 2004. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of the structure of emeraldine base polymers. Phys Rev B 69:115213.
90. Winokur, M.J. and B.R. Mattes. 1998. Structural studies of halogen acid doped polyaniline and the role of water hydration. Macromolecules 31:8183.
91. Wang, Z.H., C. Li, E.M. Scherr, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.J. Epstein. 1991. 3 Dimensionality of metallic states in conducting polymers—polyaniline. Phys Rev Lett 66:1745.
92. Epstein, A.J., et al. 1994. Inhomogeneous disorder and the modified drude state of conducting polymers. Synth Met 65:149.
93. Shacklette, L.W., J.F. Wolf, S. Gould, and R.H. Baughman. 1988. Structure and properties of polyaniline as modeled by single-crystal oligomers. J Chem Phys 88:3955.
94. Baughman, R.H., J.F. Wolf, H. Eckhardt, and L.W. Shacklette. 1988. The structure of a novel polymeric metal—acceptor-doped polyaniline. Synth Met 25:121.
95. Moon, Y.B., Y. Cao, P. Smith, and A.J. Heeger. 1989. X-ray-scattering from crystalline polyaniline. Polymer 30:196.
96. Annis, B.K., J.S. Lin, E.M. Scherr, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1989. Evidence for the development of one-dimensional array of crystallites in stretched polyaniline and the effect of Cl_ doping. Macromolecules 25:429.
97. Fischer, J.E., X. Tang, E.M. Scherr, V.B. Cajipe, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1994. Polyaniline fibers and films: Stretch-induced orientation and crystallization, morphology and the nature of the amorphous phase. Macromolecules 27:5094.
98. Colomban, P., A. Gruger, A. Novak, and A. Régis. 1994. Infrared and Raman-study of polyaniline. Hydrogen-bonding and electronic mobility in emeraldine salts. J Mol Struct 317:261.
99. Gruger, A., P. Colomban, A. Novak, and A. Régis. 1994. Infrared and Raman-study of polyaniline. Influence of ortho substituents on hydrogen-bonding and UV=vis. J Mol Struct 328:153.
100. Colomban, P., S. Folch, and A. Gruger. 1999. Vibrational study of short-range order and structure of polyaniline bases and salts. Macromolecules 32:3080.
101. Khalki, A.E. and P. Colomban. 2002. Vibrational study of short-range order and structure of polyaniline bases and salts. Macromolecules 35:5203.
102. Zheng, W., M. Angelopoulos, A.J. Epstein, and A.G. MacDiarmid. 1997. Experimental evidence for hydrogen bonding in polyaniline mechanism of aggregate formation and dependency. Macromolecules 30:2953.
103. Mattes, B.R., H.L.Wang, D. Yang, Y. Zhu, W.R. Blumenthal, and M.F. Hundley. 1997. Formation of conductive polyaniline fibers derived from highly concentrated emeraldine base solution. Synth Met 84:45.
104. Łużny, W. and E. Bañka. 2000. Relations between the structure and electric conductivity of polyaniline protonated with camphorsulfonic acid. Macromolecules 33:425.
105. Angelopoulos, M., A. Ray, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.J. Epstein. 1987. Polyaniline—processability from aqueous-solutions and effect of water-vapor on conductivity. Synth Met 21:21.
106. Boyle, A., J.F. Penneau, E. Geniѐs, and C. Riekel. 1992. The effect of heating on polyaniline powders studied by real-time synchrotron radiation diffraction, mass spectrometry and thermal analysis. Polymer 30:265.
107. Price, W.E. and G.G. Wallace. 1996. Effect of thermal treatment on the electroactivity of polyaniline. Polymer 37:917.
108. Pinto, N.J., P.D. Shah, P.K. Kahol, and B.J. McCormick. 1996. Conducting state of polyaniline films: Depencence on moisture. Phys Rev B 53:10690.
109. Kahol, P.K., A.J. Dyakonov, and B.J. McCormick. 1997. An electron-spin-resonance study of polymer interactions with moisture in polyaniline and its derivatives. Synth Met 89:1997.
110. Wolter, A., P. Rannou, J.P. Travers, B. Gilles, and D. Djurado. 1998. Model for aging in HClprotonated polyaniline: Structure, conductivity, and composition studies. Phys Rev B 58:7637.
111. MacDiarmid, A.G., Y. Min, J.M. Wiesinger, E.J. Oh, E.M. Scherr, and A.J. Epstein. 1993. Towards optimization of electrical and mechanical-properties of polyaniline—is cross-linking between chains the key. Synth Met 55:753.
112. Joo, J., S.M. Long, J.P. Pouget, E.J. Oh, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.J. Epstein. 1998. Charge transport of the mesoscopic metallic state in partially crystalline polyanilines. Phys Rev B 69:115213.
113. Miller, R.D. and J. Michl. 1989. Polysilane high polymers. Chem Rev 89:1359.
114. van der Laan, G.P., M.P. de Haas, A. Hummel, H. Frey, and M. Möller. 1996. Charge carrier mobilities in substituted polysilylenes: Influence of backbone conformation. J Phys Chem 100:5470.
115. Lacave-Goffin, B., L. Hevesi, S. Demoustier-Champange, and J. Devaux. 1999. Synthesis and properties of polysilanes: Versatile new organic materials. ACH-Mod Chem 136:214.
116. Dewar, M.J.S. 1984. Chemical implications of sigma-conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 106:669.
117. Michl, J. and R. West. 2000. Electronic structure and spectroscopy of polysilanes. In Siliconcontaining polymers: The science and technology of their synthesis and applications, eds. J. Chojnowski, R.G. Jones, and W. Ando, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 499.
118. Schepers, T. and J. Michl. 2002. Optimized ladder C and ladder H models for sigma conjugation: Chain segmentation in polysilanes. J Phys Org Chem 15:490.
119. Rooklin, D.W., T. Schepers, M.K. Raymond-Johansson, and J. Michl. 2003. Time-dependent density functional theory treatment of the first UV absorption band in all-transoid permethyloligosilanes SinMe2nþ2 (n ¼ 2–8, 10). Photochem Photobio Sci 2:511.
120. Plitt, H.S., J.W. Downing, M.K. Raymond, V. Balaji, and J. Michl. 1994. Photophysics and potential-energy hypersurfaces of permethylated oligosilanes. J Chem Soc Farad Trans 90:1653.
121. Rossi, G., R.R. Chance, and R. Silbey. 1990. Conformational disorder in conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 90:7594.
122. Pophristic, V. and L. Goodman. 2001. Hyperconjugation not steric repulsion leads to the staggered structure of ethane. Nature 411:565.
123. Trefonas, P., R. West, R.D. Miller, and D. Hofer. 1983. Organosilane high polymers-electronicspectra and photodegradation. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed 21:819.
124. Karatsu, T., R.D. Miller, R. Sooriyakumaran, and J. Michl. 1989. Mechanism of the photochemical degradation of poly(di-n-alkylsilanes) in solution. J Am Chem Soc 111:1140.
125. Baughman, R.H., J.L. Brédas, R. Chance, R.L. Elsenbaumer, and L.W. Shacklette. 1982. Structural basis for semiconducting and metallic polymer=dopant systems. Chem Rev 82:209.
126. Chemical physics of intercalation, Vol. I NATO ASI Series, eds. A.P. Legrand, and S. Flandrois, New York: Plenum. 1987.
127. Chemical physics of intercalation, Vol. II NATO ASI Series, eds. P. Bernier, J.E. Fischer, S. Roth, and S.A. Solin, New York: Plenum. 1993.
128. Kaner, R.B., H. Reiss, B.R. Mattes, and M.R. Anderson. 1991. Conjugated polymer-films for gas separations. Science 252:1412.
129. Huang, S.C., I.J. Ball, and R.B. Kaner. 1998. Polyaniline membranes for pervaporation of carboxylic acids and water. Macromolecules 31:5456.
130. Pellegrino, J. 2003. The use of conducting polymers in membrane-based separations–A review and recent developments. In Advanced membrane technology annals of the New York academy of sciences, Vol. 984, New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 289.
131. Smela, E., O. Inganäs, and I. Lundstrom. 1995. Controlled folding of micrometer-size structures. Science 268:1735.
132. Smela, E. 1999. Microfabrication of polypyrrole microactuators and other conjugated polymer devices. J Micromech Microeng 9:1.
133. Sitaram, S.P., J.O. Stoffer, and T.J. O’Keefe. 1997. Application of conducting polymers in corrosion protection. J Coating Tech 69:65.
134. See Electroactive Actuators as Artificial Muscles-Reality, Potential and Challenges, ed. Y. Bar-Cohen, Bellingham, Washington: SPIE Press. 2001.
135. See Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems, Second Edition, eds. G.M. Spinks, L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, P.R. Teasdale, and G.G. Wallace, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2003.
136. Smela, E. 2003. Conjugated polymer actuators for biomedical applications. Adv Mat 15:481.
137. Baughman, R.H., L.W. Shacklette, N.S. Murthy, G.G. Miller, and R.L. Elsenbaumer. 1985. The evolution of structure during the alkali metal doping of polyacetylene and poly(p-phenylene). Mol Cryst Liq Crys 118:253.
138. Baughman, R.H., N.S. Murthy, and G.G. Miller. 1983. The structure of metallic complexes of polyacetylene with alkali metals. J Chem Phys 79:515.
139. Baughman, R.H., N.S. Murthy, G.G. Miller, and L.W. Shacklette. 1983. Staging in polyacetylene iodine conductors. J Chem Phys 79:1065.
140. Murthy, N.S., G.G. Miller, and R.H. Baughman. 1988. Structure of polyacetylene iodine complexes. J Chem Phys 89:2523.
141. Murthy, N.S., L.W. Shacklette, R.H. Baughman, H. Fark, and J. Fink. 1991. A hexagonal structure for alkali-metal doped poly(p-phenylene). Solid State Commun 78:691.
142. Murthy, N.S., L.W. Shacklette, and R.H. Baughman. 1989. Structure of lithium-doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 40:12550.
143. Dresselhaus, M. and G. Dresselhaus. 1981. Adv Phys 30:139.
144. Djurado, D., J. Ma, N. Theophilou, and J.E. Fischer. 1989. Structural characterization of a new polyacetylene—preferred orientation and coherence length. Synth Met 30:395.
145. Djurado, D., J.E. Fischer, P.A. Heiney, J. Ma, N. Coustel, and P. Bernier. 1990. Staging in potassiumdoped polyacetylene: In situ x-ray diffraction. Synth Met 34:683.
146. Ma, J., D. Djurado, J.E. Fischer, and P.A. Heiney. 1990. Structure of cesium doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 41:2971.
147. Heiney, P.A., et al. 1991. Channel structures in alkali-metal-doped conjugated polymers—broken symmetry 2-dimensional intercalation superlattices. Phys Rev B 44:2507.
148. Winokur, M.J., J. Maron, Y. Cao, and A.J. Heeger. 1992. Disorder and staging in iodine-doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 45:9656.
149. Pouget, J.P., et al. 1985. Structural study of polyacetylene doped with tetrahedral anions. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 117:75.
150. Pouget, J.P., P. Robin, R. Comes, H.W. Gibson, A.J. Epstein, and D. Billaud. 1984. Structural properties of a conducting polymer: Doped (CH)x. Physica B & C, 127B:158.
151. Robin, P., J.P. Pouget, R. Comes, H.W. Gibson, and A.J. Epstein. 1983. X-ray-diffraction studies of iodine-doped polyacetylene. Polymer 24:1558.
152. Flandrois, S., C. Hauw, and B. Francois. 1983. Analogies between graphite intercalation compounds and doped polyacetylene. J Phys (Paris) 44:C3.
153. Chien, J.W., F.E. Karasz, and K. Shimamura. 1988. Crystal-structure of pristine and iodine-doped cis-polyacetylene. Macromolecules 15:1012.
154. Winokur, M.J., Y.B. Moon, A.J. Heeger, J. Barker, D.C. Bott, and H. Shirakawa. 1987. X-ray scattering from sodium doped polyacetylene: Incommensurate–commensurate and order–disorder transformations. Phys Rev Lett 58:2329.
155. Choi, H.-Y., E.J. Mele, J. Ma, and J.E. Fischer. 1988. Staging in doped polymers. Synth Met 27:75.
156. Choi, H.-Y., A.B. Harris, and E.J. Mele. 1989. Mean-field theory for interchain orientational ordering of conjugated polymers. Phys Rev B 40:3766.
157. Choi, H.-Y. and E.J. Mele. 1989. Doping-induced structural phase-transition in polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 40:3439.
158. Harris, A.B. 1994. Mean-field theory for alkali-metal-doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev B 50:12441.
159. Mao, G., D. Chen, M.J. Winokur, and F.E. Karasz. 1999. The generalized anisotropic planar rotor model and its application to polymer intercalation compounds. Phys Rev Lett 83:622588.
160. Mao, G. and M.J. Winokur. 1999. A Monte Carlo study of structure and intercalation in conducting polymers. Synth Met 124:101.
161. Hong, S.Y. and M. Kertesz. 1990. Dependence of young modulus of trans-polyacetylene upon charge-transfer. Phys Rev Lett 64:3031.
162. Sun, G.Y., J. Kurti, M. Kertesz, and R.H. Baughman. 2002. Dimensional changes as a function of charge injection for trans-polyacetylene: A density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 117:7691.
163. Nogami, Y., J.P. Pouget, and T. Ishiguro. 1994. Structure of highly conducting PF_ 6 -doped polypyrrole. Synth Met 62:257.
164. Graupner, W., L. Oniciu, M. Brie, and R. Turcu. 1996. Electrochemical and x-ray diffraction studies on polypyrrole films. Mat Chem Phys 46:55.
165. Majidi, M.R., L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, and G.G. Wallace. 1994. Enantioselective electropolymerization of aniline in the presence of (þ)-camphorsulfonate or (_)-camphorsulfonate ion: A facile route to conducting polymers with preferred one-screw-sense helicity. Polymer 35:3113.
166. Norris, I.D., L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, and G.G. Wallace. 1998. Thermochromism in optically active polyaniline salts. Macromolecules 31:6529.
167. Majidi, M.R., L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, and G.G. Wallace. 1998. Electrochemical synthesis of optically active polyanilines. Aust J Chem 51:23.
168. Łużny, W., E.J. Samuelsen, D. Djurado, and Y.F. Nicolau. 1997. Polyaniline protonated with camphorsulfonic acid: Modeling of its crystalline structure. Synth Met 90:19.
169. Minto, C.D.G. and A.S. Vaughan. 1997. Orientation and conductivity in polyaniline. Polymer 38:2683.
170. Winokur, M.J., H.L. Guo, and R.B. Kaner. 2001. Structural study of chiral camphorsulfonic acid doped polyaniline. Synth Met 119:403.
171. Dufour, B., P. Rannou, P. Fedorko, D. Djurado, J.P. Travers, and A. Pron. 2001. Effect of plasticizing dopants on spectroscopic properties, supramolecular structure, and electrical transport in metallic polyaniline. Chem Mat 13:4032.
172. Jana, T., J. Chatterjee, and A.K. Nandi. 2002. Sulfonic acid doped thermoreversible polyaniline gels. Structural investigations. Langmuir 18:5720.
173. Dufour, B., P. Rannou, D. Djurado, H. Janeczek, M. Zagorska, A. de Geyer, J.P. Travers, and A. Pron. 2003. Low T-g, stretchable polyaniline of metallic-type conductivity: Role of dopant engineering in the control of polymer supramolecular organization and in the tuning of its properties. Chem Mat 15:4032.
174. Yaliraki, S.N. and R.J. Silbey. 1996. Conformational disorder of conjugated polymers: Implications for optical properties. J Chem Phys 104:1245.
175. Blondin, P., J. Bouchard, S. Beaupré, M. Belletete, G. Durocher, and M. Leclerc. 2000. Molecular design and characterization of chromic polyfluorene derivatives. Macromolecules 33:5874.
176. Dufresne, G., J. Bouchard, M. Belletete, G. Durocher, and M. Leclerc. 2000. Thermochromic and solvatochromic conjugated polymers by design. Macromolecules 33:8252.
177. Tilgner, A., H.P. Trommsdorff, J.M. Zeigler, and R.M. Hochstrasser. 1992. Poly(di-normalhexylsilane) in solid-solutions-experimental and theoretical-studies of electronic excitations of a disordered linear-chain. J Chem Phys 96:781.
178. Romanovskii, Y.V., H. Bässler, and U. Scherf. 2004. Relaxation processes in electronic states of conjugated polymers studied via spectral hole-burning at low temperature. Chem Phys Lett 383:89.
179. Müller, J.G., U. Lemmer, G. Raschke, M. Anni, U. Scherf, J.M. Lupton, and J. Feldmann. 2003. Linewidth-limited energy transfer in single conjugated polymer molecules. Phys Rev Lett 91:267403.
180. Schindler, F., J.M. Lupton, J. Feldmann, and U. Scherf. 2004. A universal picture of chromophores in p-conjugated polymers derived from single-molecule spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:14695.
181. Becker, K. and J.M. Lupton. 2005. Dual species emission from single polyfluorene molecules: Signatures of stress-induced planarization of single polymer chains. J Am Chem Soc 127:7306.
182. Hutchinson, G.R., Y.J. Zhao, B. Delley, A.J. Freeman, M. Ratner, and T. Marks. 2003. Electronic structure of conducting polymers: Limitations of oligomer extrapolation approximations and effects of heteroatoms. Phys Rev B 68:035204.
183. Wang, J.F., J.K. Feng, A.M. Ren, X.D. Liu, Y.G. Ma, P. Lu, and H.X. Zhang. 2004. Theoretical studies of the absorption and emission properties of the fluorene-based conjugated polymers. Macromolecules 37:3451.
184. Setayesh, S., D. Marsitzky, and K. Müllen. 2000. Bridging the gap between polyfluorene and ladderpoly- p-phenylene: Synthesis and characterization of poly-2,8-indenofluorene. Macromolecules 33:2016.
185. Silva, C., et al. 2002. Exciton and polaron dynamics in a step-ladder polymeric semiconductor: The influence of interchain order. J Phys Cond Mat 14:9803.
186. Benincori, T., et al. 1998. Tuning of the excited-state lifetime by control of the structural relaxation in oligothiophenes. Phys Rev B 58:9082.
187. Oyaizu, K., T. Iwasaki, Y. Tsukahara, and E. Tsuchida. 2004. Linear ladder-type p-conjugated polymers composed of fused thiophene ring systems. Macromolecules 37:1257.
188. Swager, T.M. 1998. The molecular wire approach to sensory signal amplification. Acc Chem Res 31:201.
189. Petelenz, P. and M. Slawik. 1991. 2-Dimensional model of charge-transfer excitons in polyacene crystals. Chem Phys 157:169.
190. Wunderlich, B. and J. Grebowicz. 1984. Thermotropic mesophases and mesophase transitions of linear, flexible. Adv Polym Sci 60:1.
191. Plate, N.A., R.V. Talrose, and Y.S. Freidzon. 1987. Polymeric liquid-crystals-problems and trends. Polym J 19:135.
192. Brostow, W. 1990. Properties of polymer liquid crystals-choosing molecular structures and blending. Polymer 31:979.
193. Davidson, P. 1996. X-ray diffraction by liquid crystalline side-chain polymers. Prog Polym Sci 21:893.
194. McCullough, R.D. and P.C. Ewbank. 1998. In The handbook of conducting polymers, 2nd ed., eds. T. Skotheim, R. Elsenbaumer, and J. Reynolds, New York: Marcel-Dekker, 225.
195. Hotta, S., S.D.D.V. Rughooputh, A.J. Heeger, and F. Wudl. 1987. Thermochromic and solvatochromic effects in poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 20:212.
196. Leclerc, P., A. Calderone, K. Mullen, J.L. Brédas, and R. Lazzaroni. 2002. Conjugated polymer chains self-assembly: A new method to generate (semi)-conducting nanowires? Mat Sci Tech 18:749.
197. Ge, J.J., A. Zhang, K.W. McCreight, R.M. Ho, S.Y. Wang, X. Jin, F.W. Harris, and S.Z.D. Cheng. 1999. Phase structure, transition behaviors, and surface alignment of polymers containing rigidrodlike backbones with flexible side chains. Monotropic phase behavior in a main-chain=sidechain liquid crystalline polyester. Macromolecules 30:6498.
198. Cheng, X.H., et al. 2003. Calamitic bolaamphiphiles with (semi)perfluorinated lateral chains: Polyphilic block molecules with new liquid crystalline phase structures. J Am Chem Soc 125:10977.
199. Beenken, W.J.D. and T. Pullerits. 2004. Spectroscopic units in conjugated polymers: A quantum chemically founded concept J Phys Chem B 108:6164.
200. Chunwachirasiri, W., B. Tanto, D.L. Huber, and M.J. Winokur. 2005. Chain conformations and photoluminescence in poly(di-n-octylfluorene). Phys Rev Lett 94:107402.
201. Keller, A. and S.Z.D. Cheng. 1998. The role of metastability in polymer phase transitions. Polymer 39:4461.
202. Cheng, S.Z.D. and A. Keller. 1998. The role of metastable states in polymer phase transitions: Concepts, principles, and experimental observations. Ann Rev Mat Sci 28:533.
203. Blomenhofer, M., et al. 2005. “Designer” nucleating agents for polypropylene. Macromolecules 38:3688.
204. Gorman, C.B., E.J. Ginsburg, and R.H. Grubbs. 1993. Soluble, highly conjugated derivatives of polyacetylene from the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of monosubstituted cyclooctatetraenes— synthesis and the relationship between polymer structure and physical-properties. J Am Chem Soc 115:1397.
205. Oh, S.Y., R. Ezaki, K. Akagi, and H. Shirakawa. 1993. Polymerization of monosubstituted acetylenes with a liquid-crystalline moiety by Ziegler-Natta and metathesis catalysts. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 31:2977.
206. Tada, K., R. Hidayat, M. Hirohata, M. Teraguchi, T. Masuda, and K. Yoshino. 1996. Optical properties and blue and green electroluminescence in soluble disubstituted acetylene polymers. Jpn J Appl Phys 35:1138.
207. Huang, Y.M., W.K. Ge, J.W.Y. Lam, and B.Z. Tang. 1999. Strong photoluminescence from monosubstituted polyacetylenes containing biphenylyl chromophores. Appl Phys Lett 75:4094.
208. Lam, J.W. and B.Z. Tang. 2003. Liquid crystalline and light emitting polyacetylenes. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 41:2067.
209. Ciardell, F., S. Lanzillo, and O. Pieroni. 1974. Optically active polymers of 1-alkynes. Macromolecules 7:174.
210. Mitsuyama, M. and K. Kondo. 2001. Induced chiral helical effect on the main chain of aliphatic polyacetylenes. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 39:913.
211. Tabata, M., T. Sone, and Y. Sadahiro. 1999. Precise synthesis of monosubstituted polyacetylenes using Rh complex catalysts. Control of solid structure and p-conjugation length. Macro Chem Phys 200:265.
212. Chen, S.A. and E.C. Chang. 1998. Structure and properties of cyano-substituted poly(2,5-dialkoxyp- phenylene vinylene)s. Macromolecules 31:4899.
213. Winokur, M.J. and W. Chunwachirasiri. 2003. Nanoscale structure=property relationships in conjugated polymers: Implications for current and future device applications. J Polym Sci 41:2630.
214. Collison, C.J., L.J. Rothberg, V. Treemaneekarn, and Y. Li. 2001. Conformational effects on the photophysics of conjugated polymers: A two species model for MEH-PPV spectroscopy and dynamics. Macromolecules 34:2346.
215. Marseglia, E.A., B.A. Weir, S.M. Chang, and A.B. Holmes. 1999. Changes in structure and morphology in the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV. Synth Met 101:154.
216. Shi, Y., J. Liu, and Y. Yang. 2000. Device performance and polymer morphology in polymer light emitting diodes: The control of thin film morphology and device quantum effciency. J Appl Phys 87:4254.
217. Chen, S., A. Su, Y.F. Huang, C.H. Su, K.Y. Peng, and S.A. Chen. 2002. Supramolecular aggregation in bulk poly(2-methoxy-5-(20-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene). Macromolecules 35:4229.
218. Yang, C.Y., F. Hide, M.A. Diaz-Garcia, A.J. Heeger, and Y. Cao. 1998. Microstructure of thin films of photoluminescent semiconducting polymers. Polymer 39:2299.
219. Chen, S., A. Su, H.L. Chou, K.Y. Peng, and S.A. Chen. 2004. Phase behavior and molecular aggregation in bulk poly(2-methoxy-5-(20-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene). Macromolecules 37:167.
220. Claudio, G.C. and E.R. Bittner. 2001. Random growth statistics of long-chain single molecule poly- (p-phenylene vinylene). J Chem Phys 115:9585.
221. Nguyen, T.Q., J. Wu, V. Doan, B.J. Schwartz, and S.H. Tolbert. 2000. Control of energy transfer in oriented conjugated polymer-mesoporous silica composites. Science 288:652.
222. Krebs, F.C. and M. Jørgensen. 2003. High carrier mobility in a series of new semiconducting PPVtype polymers. Macromolecules 36:4374.
223. Chen, S.A. and J.M. Ni. 1992. Structure properties of conjugated conductive polymers: 1. Neutral poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. Macromolecules 25:6081.
224. Rughooputh, S.D.D.V., S. Hotta, A.J. Hegger, and F. Wudl. 1987. Chromism of soluble polythienylenes. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 25:1071.
225. Garnier, F., G. Tourillon, J.Y. Barraud, and H. Dexpert. 1985. First evidence of crystalline structure in conducting polythiophene. J Mat Sci 20:2687.
226. Winokur, M.J., D. Spiegel, Y.H. Kim, S. Hotta, and A.J. Heeger. 1989. Structural and absorption studies of the thermochromic transition in poly(3-hexylthiophene). Synth Met 28:C419.
227. Winokur, M.J., P. Wamsley, J. Moulton, P. Smith, and A.J. Heeger. 1991. Structural evolution in iodine-doped poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Macromolecules 24:3812.
228. Prosa, T.J., M.J. Winokur, J. Moulton, P. Smith, and A.J. Heeger. X-ray studies of poly(3-alkylthiophenes): An example of an inverse comb. Macromolecules 25:4364.
229. Kawai, T., M. Nakazono, R. Sugimoto, and K. Yoshino. 1992. Crystal structure of poly(3-alkythiophene) and its doping effect. J Phys Soc Jpn 6:3400.
230. Tashiro, K., K. Ono, Y. Minagawa, K. Kobayashi, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1991. Structuralchanges in the thermochromic solid-state phase-transition on poly(3-alkylthiophene). Synth Met 41:571.
231. Tashiro, K., K. Ono, Y. Minagawa, K. Kobayashi, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1991. Structure and thermochromic solid-state phase-transition of poly(3-alkylthiophene). J Polym Sci Polym Phys 29:1223.
232. Tashiro, K., Y. Minagawa, K. Kobayashi, S. Morita, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1992. Crystal structure change of poly(3-alkylthiophene) induced by iodine doping. Polym Prepr Jpn 41:4595.
233. Gustafsson, G., O. Inganäs, S. Stafström, H. Ӧsterholm, and J. Laakso. 1991. Stretch-oriented poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Synth Met 41:593.
234. Porzio, W., A. Bolognesi, S. Destri, M. Catellani, and B. Bajo. 1991. Molecular-organization in polyalkylthiophene films. Synth Met 41:537.
235. Bolognesi, A., M. Catellani, S. Destri, and W. Porzio. 1991. Evidence of chain planarity in PAT: Low-temperature structural analysis of poly(3-decylthiophene). Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 12:9.
236. Gustafsson, G., O. Inganäs, H. Ӧsterholm, and J. Laakso. 1991. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy studies of oriented poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Polymer 32:1574.
237. Mårdalen, J., E.J. Samuelsen, O.R. Gautun, and P.H. Carlsen. 1991. Molecular-structure of stretch oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) studied by an extended X-ray diffraction. Solid State Commun 80:687.
238. Mårdalen, J., E.J. Samuelsen, O.R. Gautun, and P.H. Carlsen. 1991. Chain configuration of poly(3- hexylthiophene) as revealed by X-ray diffraction studies. Solid State Commun 77:337.
239. Łużny, W., Niżioł, S., Zagorska, M., and Proñ, A. 1993. X-ray-diffraction comparative-study of poly(3-decylthiophenes) and poly(4,40-didecyl-2,20-bithiophenes). Synth Met 55:359.
240. Tashiro, K., K. Kobayashi, K. Morita, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1995. An organized combination of X-ray-diffraction, infrared-spectroscopy, and computer-simulation in a study of crystal structuralchange in thermochromic phase-transition of poly(3-alkyl thiophene)s. Synth Met 69:397.
241. Chen, S.A. and S.J. Lee. 1995. The importance of molecular-dynamics in the determination of crystalline-structure of poly(3-dodecylthiophene). Polymer 36:1719.
242. Busing, W. 1990. X-ray-diffraction study of disorder in allied Spectra-1000 polyethylene fibers. Macromolecules 23:4068.
243. Corish, J., D.E. Feeley, D.A. Morton-Blake, F. Beniere, and M. Marchetti. 1997. Atomistic investigation of thermochromism in a poly(3-alkylthiophene). J Phys Chem B 101:10075.
244. O’Dwyer, S., H.W. Xie, J. Corish, and D.A. Morton-Blake. 2001. An atomistic simulation of the effect of pressure on conductive polymers. J Phys Cond Mat 13:2395.
245. Xie, H.W., S. O’Dwyer, J. Corish, and D.A. Morton-Blake. 2001. The thermochromism of poly(3- alkylthiophene)s: The role of the side chains. Synth Met 122:287.
246. Ihn, K.J., J. Moulton, and P. Smith. 1993. Whiskers of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Polym Sci Polym Phys 31:735.
247. Mena-Osteritz, E., A. Meyer, B.M.W. Langeveld-Voss, R.A.J. Janssen, E.W. Meijer, and P. Bauerle. 2000. Two-dimensional crystals of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s: Direct visualization of polymer folds in submolecular resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:2680.
248. Brun, M., R. Demadrille, P. Rannou, A. Pron, J.P. Travers, and B. Grévin. 2004. Multi-scale scanning tunneling microscopy study of self-assembly phenomena in two-dimensional polycrystals of p-conjugated polymers: The case of regioregular poly(dioctylbithiophenealt-fluore-none). Adv Mat 16:2087.
249. Kiriy, N., et al. 2003. One-dimensional aggregation of regioregular polyalkylthiophenes. Nano Lett 3:707.
250. Kawai, T., M. Nakazono, and K. Yoshino. 1992. Effects of doping on the crystal structions of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. J Mater Chem 2:903.
251. Prosa, T.J., M.J. Winokur, J. Moulton, P. Smith, and A.J. Heeger. 1995. X-ray diffraction studies of the 3-dimensional structure within iodine-intercalated poly(3-octylthiophene). Phys Rev B 51:159.
252. Tashiro, K., K. Kobayashi, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1997. Crystal structural change in poly(3-alkyl thiophene)s induced by iodine doping as studied by an organized combination of X-ray diffraction, infrared=Raman spectroscopy and computer simulation techniques. Polymer 38:2867.
253. Hotta, S. 1997. In Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers, Vol. 2, ed. H.S. Nalwa, New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 309.
254. McCullough, R.D. and R.D. Lowe. 1992. Enhanced electrical-conductivity in regioselectively synthesized poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1:72.
255. McCullough, R.D., S. Tristram-Nagle, S.P. Williams, R.D. Lowe, and M. Jayaraman. 1993. Selforienting head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophenes)—new insights on structure–property relationships in conducting polymers. J Am Chem Soc 115:4910.
256. Chen, T.A., X. Wu, and R.D. Rieke. 1995. Regiocontrolled synthesis of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) mediated by rieke zinc—their characterization and solid-state properties. J Am Chem Soc 117:233.
257. McCullough, R.D. 1998. The chemistry of conducting polythiophenes. Adv Mat 10:93.
258. Maior, R.M.S., K. Hinkelmann, H. Eckert, and F. Wudl. 1990. Synthesis and characterization of two regiochemically defined poly(dialkylbithiophenes): A comparative study. Macromolecules 23:1268.
259. Aasmundtveit, K.E., E.J. Samuelsen, K. Hoffmann, E. Bakken, and P.H.J. Carlsen. 2000. Structural studies of polyalkylthiophenes with alternating side chain positioning. Synth Met 113:7.
260. Zen, A., et al. 2004. Effect of molecular weight and annealing of poly(3-hexylthiophene)s on the performance of organic field-effect transitors. Adv Funct Mat 14:757.
261. Kline, R.J., M.D. McGehee, E.N. Kadnikova, J.S. Liu, J.M.J. Frechet, and M.F. Toney. 2005. Dependence of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) film morphology and field-effect mobility on molecular weight. Macromolecules 38:3312.
262. Curtis, M.D., J. Cao, and J.W. Kampf. 2004. Solid-state packing of conjugated oligomers: From pistacks to the herringbone structure. J Am Chem Soc 123:4328.
263. Bolognesi, A., W. Porzio, F. Provasoli, and T. Ezquerra. 1993. The thermal-behavior of low molecular-weight poly(3-decylthiophene). Makromol Chem 194:817.
264. Bolognesi, A., W. Porzio, G. Zjuo, and T. Ezquerra. 1996. The thermal behaviour of poly(3- octylthienylene) synthesized by an Ni-based catalyst: DSC, optical microscopy and XRD analyses. Eur Polym J 32:1097.
265. Prosa, T.J., R.D. McCullough, and M.J. Winokur. 1996. Evidence of a novel side chain structure in regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Macromolecules 29:3654.
266. Meille, S.V., V. Romita, T. Caronna, A.J. Lovinger, M. Catellani, and L. Belobrzeckaja. 1997. Influence of molecular weight and regioregularity on the polymorphic behavior of poly(3- decylthiophenes). Macromolecules 30:7898.
267. Liu, S.L. and T.S. Chung. 2000. Crystallization and melting behavior of regioregular poly(3- dodecythiophene). Polymer 41:2781.
268. Zhao, Y., G.X. Yuan, P. Roche, and M. Leclerc. 1995. A calorimetric study of the phase-transitions in poly(3-hexylthiophene). Polymer 36:2211.
269. Zhao, Y., D. Keroack, G.X. Yuan, A. Massicotte, R. Hanna, and M. Leclerc. 1997. Melting behavior of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with long alkyl side-chains. Macromol Chem Phys 198:1035.
270. Park, K. and K. Levon. 1997. Order–disorder transition in the electroactive polymer poly(3- dodecylthiophene). Macromolecules 30:3175.
271. Causin, V., C. Marega, A. Marigo, L. Valentini, and J.M. Kenny. 2005. Crystallization and melting behavior of poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), and poly(3-dodecylthiophene). Macromolecules 38:409.
272. Nakazono, M., T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1994. Effects of heat treatment on properties of poly(3- alkylthiophene). Chem. Mater 6:864.
273. Prosa, T.J., J. Moulton, A.J. Heeger, and M.J. Winokur. 1999. Diffraction line-shape analysis of poly(3-dodecylthiophene): A study of layer disorder through the liquid crystalline polymer transition. Macromolecules 32:4000.
274. Elmaci, N. and E. Yurtsever. 2002. Thermochromism in oligothiophenes: The role of the internal rotation. J Phys Chem 106:11981.
275. Brown, P.J., D.S. Thomas, A. Köhler, J.S. Wilson, J.S. Kim, C.M. Ramsdale, H. Sirringhaus, and R.H. Friend. 2003. Effect of interchain interactions on the absorption and emission of poly(3- hexylthiophene). Phys Rev B 67:064203.
276. Spano, F.C. 2005. Modeling disorder in polymer aggregates: The optical spectroscopy of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films. J Chem Phys 122:234701.
277. Spano, F.C. 2005. Private communication.
278. Bongiovanni, G., C. Botta, J.L. Brédas, D.R. Ferro, A. Mura, A. Piaggi, and R. Tubino. 1997. Conformational analysis and optical characterization of oligothiophene inclusion compounds. Chem Phys Lett 278:146.
279. Gierschner, J., L. Lüer, D. Oelkrug, E. Musluoglu, B. Behnisch, and M. Hananck. 2000. Preparation and optical properties of oligophenylenevinylene=perydrotriphenylene inclusion compounds. Adv Mater 12:757.
280. Ong, B.S., Y.L. Wu, P. Liu, and S. Gardner. 2004. High-performance semiconducting polythiophenes for organic thin-film transistors. J Am Chem Soc 126:3378.
281. Wu, Y.O., P. Liu, B.S. Ong, T. Srikumar, N. Zhao, G. Botton, and S.P. Zhu. 2005. Controlled orientation of liquid-crystalline polythiophene semiconductors for high-performance organic thin-film transistors. Appl Phys Lett 86.
282. Dong, X.M., J.C. Tyson, and D.M. Collard. 2000. Controlling the macromolecular architecture of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s by alternating alkyl and fluoroalkyl substituents. Macromolecules 33:3502.
283. Dong, X.M. and D.M. Collard. 2000. Liquid crystalline regioregular semifluoroalkyl-substituted polythiophenes. Macromolecules 33:6916.
284. Ling, L. and D.M. Collard. 2005. Tuning the electronic structure of conjugated polymers with fluoroalkyl substitution: Alternating alkyl=perfluoroalkyl-substituted polythiophene. Macromolecules 38:372.
285. Greve, D.R., et al. 1999. Directed self-assembly of amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes on the nanometer scale. Synth Met 1–3:1502.
286. Reitzel, N., et al. 2000. Self-assembly of conjugated polymer at the air=water interface. Structure and properties of Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films and amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 122:5788.
287. Goto, H., X.M. Dai, H. Narihiro, and K. Akagi. 2005. Synthesis of polythiophene derivatives bearing ferroelectric liquid crystalline substituents. Macromolecules 37:2353.
288. Politis, J.K., J.C. Nemes, and M.D. Curtis. 2001. Synthesis and characterization of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-octylfuran). J Am Chem Soc 123:2537.
289. Costantini, N. and J.M. Lupton. 2003. Infrared spectroscopic study of polaron formation in electrochemically synthesised poly(3-alkypyrroles). Phys Chem Chem Phys 5:749.
290. Orecchini, A., C. Petrillo, G. Ruggeri, and R. Cagnolati. 2003. Neutron and x-ray scattering study of fully deuterated poly(3-n-decylpyrrole). J Chem Phys 118:7690.
291. Collard, D.M. and M.S. Stoakes. 1991. A lamellar conjugated polymer by self-assembly of an electropolymerizable monomer. J Am Chem Soc 113:9414.
292. Collard, D.M. and M.S. Stoakes. 1994. Lamellar conjugated polymers by electrochemical polymerization of heteroarene-containing surfactants-potassium 3-(3-alkylpyrrol-1yl)propanesulfonates. Chem Mat 6:850.
293. Tashiro, K., Y. Minagawa, K. Kobayashi, S. Morita, T. Kawai, and K. Yoshino. 1994. Crystal structure change of poly(3-alkylthiophene) induced by iodine doping as revealed by X-ray diffraction and infrared=Raman spectroscopic measurements. Jpn J Appl Phys 33:L1023.
294. Muthukumar, M., C.K. Ober, and E.L. Thomas. 1997. Competing interactions and levels of ordering in self-organizing polymeric materials. Science 277:1225.
295. Thunemann, A.F. 2002. Polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (synthesis, structure and materials aspects). Prog Polym Sci 27:1473.
296. ten Brinke, G. and O. Ikkala. 1997. Ordered structures of molecular bottlebrushes. Trends Polym Sci 5:213.
297. Ikkala, O. and G. ten Brinke. 2004. Hierarchical self-assembly in polymeric complexes: Towards functional materials. Chem Commun 16:2131.
298. Cao, Y., P. Smith, and A.J. Heeger. 1992. Counter-ion induced processibility of conducting polyaniline. Synth Met 48:91.
299. Reghu, M., Y. Cao, D. Moses, and A.J. Heeger. 1993. Counterion-induced processibility of polyaniline— transport at metal-insulator boundary. Phys Rev B 47:1758.
300. Yang, C.Y., P. Smith, A.J. Heeger, Y. Cao, and J. Ӧsterholm. 1994. Electron-diffraction studies of the structure of polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Polymer 35:1143.
301. Choi, J.W., M.G. Han, S.Y. Kim, S.G. Oh, and S.S. Im. 2004. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles prepared in aqueous DBSA solutions. Synth Met 141:293.
302. Zheng, W.Y., K. Levon, J. Laakso, and J.E. Ӧsterholm. 1994. Characterization and solid-state properties of processable n-alkylated polyanilines in the neutral state. Macromolecules 27:7755.
303. Zheng, W.Y., K. Levon, T. Taka, J. Laakso, and J.E. Ӧsterholm. 1996. Doping-induced layered structure in n-alkylated polyanilines. Polym J 28:412.
304. Ikkala, O.T., L. Pietilä, L. Ahjopalo, H. Ӧsterholm, and P.J. Passiniemi. 1995. On the molecular recognition and associations between electrically conduction polyaniline and solvents. J Chem Phys 103:9855.
305. Vikki, T., et al. 1996. Molecular recognition solvents for electrically conductive polyaniline. Macromolecules 29:2945.
306. Ikkala, O.T., L.O. Pietilac, P. Passiniemi, T. Vikki, H. Osterholm, L. Ahjopalo, and J.E. Osterholm. 1997. Processible polyaniline complexes due to molecular recognition: Supramolecular structures based on hydrogen bonding and phenyl stacking. Synth Met 84:55.
307. Ruokolainen, J., M. Torkkeli, R. Serimaa, S. Vahvaselka, M. Saariaho, G. ten Brinke, and O. Ikkala. 1996. Critical interaction strength for surfactant-induced mesomorphic structures in polymersurfactant systems. Macromolecules 29:6621.
308. Tiitu, M., N. Volk, M. Torkkeli, R. Serimaa, G. ten Brinke, and O. Ikkala. 2004. Cylindrical selfassembly and flow alignment of comb-shaped supramolecules of electrically conducting polyaniline. Macromolecules 37:7364.
309. Samuelsen, E.J., A.P. Monkman, L.A.A. Pettersson, L.E. Horsburgh, K.E. Aasmundtveit, and S. Ferrer. 2001. The structure of polypyridine. Synth Met 124:393.
310. Knaapila, M., et al. 2002. Polarized luminescence from self-assembled, aligned, and cleaved supramolecules of highly ordered rodlike polymers. Appl Phys Lett 81:1489.
311. Stepanyan, R., A. Subbotin, M. Knaapila, O. Ikkala, and G. ten Brinke. 2003. Self-organization of Hairy-rod polymers. Macromolecules 3760.
312. Knaapila, M., et al. 2003. Structure and phase equilibria of polyelectrolytic hairy-rod supramolecules in the melt state. J Phys Chem B 107:14199.
313. Teetsov, J. and M.A. Fox. 1999. Photophysical characterization of dilute solutions and ordered thin films of alkyl-substituted polyfluorenes. J Mater Chem 9:2117.
314. Grell, M., D.D.C. Bradley, G. Ungar, J. Hill, and K.S. Whitehead. 1999. Interplay of physical structure and photophysics for a liquid crystalline polyfluorene. Macromolecules 32:5810.
315. Lieser, G., M. Oda, T. Miteva, A. Meisel, H.G. Nothofer, and U. Scherf. 2000. Ordering, graphoepitaxial orientation, and conformation of a polyfluorene derivative of the “hairy-rod” type on an oriented substrate of polyimide. Macromolecules 33:4490.
316. Grell, M., D.D.C. Bradley, M. Inbasekaran, G. Ungar, K.S. Whitehead, and E.P. Woo. 2000. Intrachain ordered polyfluorene. Syth Met 111:579.
317. Kawana, S., et al. 2002. X-ray diffraction study of the structure of thin polyfluorene films. Polymer 43:1907.
318. Knaapila, M., et al. 2003. X-ray diffraction studies of multiple orientation in poly(9,9-bis(2- ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl) thin films. J Phys Chem 107:12425.
319. Tanto, B., S. Guha, C.M. Martin, U. Scherf, and M.J. Winokur. 2004. Structural and spectroscopic investigations of bulk poly[bis(2-ethyl)hexylfluorene]. Macromolecules 37:9438.
320. Chen, S.H., H.L. Chou, A.C. Su, and S.A. Chen. 2004. Molecular packing in crystalline poly(9,9-din- octyl-2,7-fluorene). Macromolecules 37:6833.
321. Chen, S.H., A.C. Su, C.H. Su, and S.A. Chen. 2004. Crystalline forms and emission behavior of poly(9,9-di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene). Macromolecules 38:379.
322. Knaapila, M., et al. 2005. The influence of the molecular weight on the thermotropic alignment and self-organized structure formation of branched side chain hairy-rod polyfluorene in thin films. Macromolecules 38:2744.
323. Oda, M., H.G. Nothofer, U. Scherf, V. Sunjic, D. Richter, W. Regenstein, and D. Neher. 2002. Chiroptical properties of chiral substituted polyfluorenes. Macromolecules 35:6792.
324. Prins, L.J., P. Timmerman, and D.N. Reinhoudt. 2001. Amplification of chirality: The sergeants and soldiers principle applied to dynamic hydrogen-bonded assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 123:10153.
325. Knaapila, M., et al. 2004. Influence of molecular weight on self-organization, uniaxial alignment, and surface morphology of hairy-rodlike polyfluorene in thin films. J Phys Chem B 108:10711.
326. Knaapila, M., et al. 2005. Influence of molecular weight on the phase behavior and structure formation of branched side-chain hairy-rod polyfluorene in bulk phase. Phys Rev E 71.
327. Grell, M., D.D.C. Bradley, X. Long, T. Chamberlain, M. Inbasekaran, and E.P. Woo. 1998. Chain geometry, solution aggregation and enhanced dichroism in the liquid-crystalline conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). Acta Polym 49:439.
328. Cadby, A.J., et al. 2000. Film morphology and photophysics of polyfluorene. Phys Rev B 62:15604.
329. Ariu, M., et al. 2003. Exciton migration in beta-phase poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). Phys Rev B 67:195333.
330. Winokur, M.J., J. Slinker, and D.L. Huber. 2003. Structure, photophysics and the order–disorder transition to the beta phase in poly(9,9-(di-n, n-octyl)fluorene). Phys Rev B 67:184106.
331. Port, H., H. Nissler, and R. Silbey. 1987. Optical-line broadening of triplet excitons in dibromonaphthalene- isotopic impurity and phonon-scattering. J Chem Phys 87:1994.
332. Gulliet, T., J. Berrehar, R. Grousson, J. Kovensky, C. Lapersonne-Meyer, M. Schott, and V. Voliotis. 2001. Emission of a single conjugated polymer chain isolated in its single crystal monomer matrix. Phys Rev Lett 87:087401.
333. Dubin, F., J. Berrehar, R.T.G. Grousson, C. Lapersonne-Meyer, M. Schott, and V. Voliotis. 2002. Optical evidence of a purely one-dimensional exciton density of states in a single conjugated polymer chain. Phys Rev B 66:113202.
334. Ariu, M., D.G. Lidzey, M. Sims, A.J. Cadby, P.A. Lane, and D.D.C. Bradley. 2002. The effect of morphology on the temperature-dependent photoluminescence quantum effciency of the conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). J Phys Cond Mat 14:9975.
335. Leclerc, M., M. Ranger, and F. Belanger-Gariepy. 1998. 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorenechloroform (1=0.25). Acta Cryst C 54:799.
336. He, Z. and R.E. Prud’homme. 1999. Conformational and packing modeling of optically active polyesters. Helical structure of an isotactic polyactone. Macromolecules 32:7655.
337. Katz, S.M., J.A. Reichl, and D.H. Berry. 1998. Catalytic synthesis of poly(arylmethylgermanes) by demethanative coupling: A mild route to sigma-conjugated polymers. J Am Chem Soc 38:9844.
338. Patnaik, S.S., A.J. Greso, and B.L. Farmer. 1992. The low-temperature structure of poly(di-n-hexyl germane). Polymer 33:5115.
339. Bukalov, S.S., L.A. Leites, I.A. Krylova, and M.P. Egorov. 2001. UV and Raman study of thermochromic phase transition in poly(di-n-hexylgermane). J Organomet Chem 636:164.
340. West, R. 1994. Organopolysilanes, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemisty, Vol. 2, ed. A.G. Davies, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 77.
341. Ganicz, T. and W.A. Stanczyk. 2003. Organosilicon mesomorphic polymer systems. Prog Polym Sci 28:303.
342. Weber, P., D. Guillon, A. Skoulios, and R.D. Miller. 1989. Liquid-crystalline nature of poly(dinormal- hexylsilane). J Physq 50:793.
343. Lovinger, A.J., F.C. Schilling, F.A. Bovey, and J.M. Zeigler. 1986. Characterization of poly(di-nhexylsilane) in the solid-state 1. X-ray and electron diffraction studies. Macromolecules 19:2657.
344. Schilling, F.C., A.J. Lovinger, J.M. Zeigler, D.D. Davis, and F.A. Bovey. 1989. Solid-state structures and thermochromism of poly(di-n-butylsilylene) and poly(di-n-pentylsilylene). Macromolecules 22:3055.
345. Lovinger, A.J., D.D. Davis, F.C. Schilling, F.A. Bovey, and J.M. Zeigler. 1989. Structures of poly(diethyl silylene) and poly(di-n-propyl silylene). Polym Comm 30:356.
346. Lovinger, A.J., D.D. Davis, F.C. Schilling, F.J. Padden, F.A. Bovey, and J.M. Zeigler. 1991. Solid-state structure and phase-transitions of poly(dimethylsilylene). Macromolecules 24:132.
347. Karikari, E.K., A. Greso, B.L. Farmer, R.D. Miller, and J.F. Rabolt. 1993. Studies of the conformation and packing of polysilanes. Macromolecules 26:3937.
348. Patnaik, S.S. and B.L. Farmer. 1992. X-ray structure determination of poly(di-n-hexyl silane). Polymer 33:4443.
349. Yuan, C.-H. and R. West. 1994. Side chain effect on the nature of thermochromism of polysilanes. Macromolecules 27:629.
350. Takeuchi, K. and S. Furukawa. 1993. The Crystal-structure of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) and its orientation in the film. J Phys Cond Mat 5:L601.
351. Furukawa, S., K. Takeuchi, and M. Shimana. 1994. Crystal-structures of poly(di-n-butylsilane) and poly(di-n-pentylsilane). J Phys Cond Mat 6:11007.
352. KariKari, E.K., B.L. Farmer, C.L. Hoffman, and J.F. Rabolt. 1994. Polymorphism of poly(di-npentylsilane). Macromolecules 27:7185.
353. Jambe, B., A. Jonas, and J. Devaux. 1997. Crystalline structure of poly(methyl-n-propylsilane). J Polym Sci Polym Phys 35:1533.
354. Furukawa, S. 1998. Structure and orientation control of organopolysilanes and their application to electronic devices. Thin Solid Films 331:222.
355. Kanai, T., H. Ishibashi, Y. Hayashi, T. Ogawa, S. Furukawa, R.West, T. Dohmaru, and K. Oka. 2000. A new cooling-rate dependent thermochromism of poly(dioctylsilane). Chem Lett 6:650.
356. Chunwachirasiri, W., I. Kanaglekar, M.J. Winokur, J.C. Koe, and R. West. 2001. Structure and chain conformation in poly(methyl-n-alkyl)silanes. Macromolecules 34:6719.
357. Chunwachirasiri, W., R. West, and M.J. Winokur. 2000. Polymorphism, structure and chromism in poly(di-n-octylsilane) and poly(di-n-decylsilane). Macromolecules 33:9720.
358. Winokur, M.J. and R. West. 2003. X-ray diffraction and molecular modeling studies of poly(di-nalkylsilanes): The near planar type phases of poly(di-n-butylsilane) and poly(di-n-hexylsilane). Macromolecules 36:7338.
359. Patnaik, S.S. and B.L. Farmer. 1992. Energy calculations of the crystal-structure of poly(di-methyl silane). Polymer 33:5121.
360. Leites, L.A., T.S. Yadritseva, S.S. Bukalov, T.M. Frunze, B.A. Antipova, and V.V. Demet’ev. 1992. Synthesis, structure and conformations of side-chains of polydiethylsilane from the data of vibrational and electronic-spectra, Vysokomol Soedin Aþ 34:104.
361. Rathgeber, S., T. Pakula, A. Wilk, K. Matyjaszewski, and K.L. Beers. 2005. On the shape of bottle-brush macromolecules: Systematic variation of architectural parameters. J Chem Phys 122:124904.
362. Bukalov, S.S., L.A. Leites, R. West, and T. Asuke. 1996. A detailed UVand Raman study of poly(nbutyl- n-hexylsilylene) phase transitions. Macromolecules 29:907.
363. Mueller, C., H. Frey, and C. Schmidt. 1999. Phase behaviour of poly(di-n-decylsilane). Monatsh Chem 130:175.
364. West, R. 2003. A new theory for rotational isomeric states: Polysilanes lead the way. J Organomet Chem 685:6.
365. Abdallah, D.J., R.E. Bachman, J. Perlstein, and R.G. Weiss. 1999. Crystal structures of symmetrical tetra-n-alkyl ammonium and phosphonium halides. Dissection of competing interactions leading to biradial and tetraradial shapes. J Phys Chem 103:9269.
366. Klemann, B., R. West, and J.A. Koutsky. 1993. Structure and properties of poly(n-pentyl-nalkylsilanes) 1. Macromolecules 26:1042.
367. Klemann, B., R. West, and J.A. Koutsky. 1996. Structure and properties of poly(n-pentyl-nalkylsilanes) 2. Macromolecules 29:198.
368. Fujiki, M. 1994. Ideal exciton spectra in single- and double-screw-sense helical polysilanes. J Am Chem Soc 116:6017.
369. Fujiki, M. 1996. A correlation between global conformation of polysilane and UV absorption Characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 118:7424.
370. Fujiki, M. 2001. Optically active polysilylenes: State-of-the-art chiroptical polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 22:539.
371. Fujiki, M. 2000. Helix magic: Thermo-driven chiroptical switching and screw-sense inversion of flexible rod helical polysilylenes. J Am Chem Soc 122:3336.
372. Koe, J.R., M. Fujiki, M. Motonaga, and H. Nakashima. 2000. Temperature-dependent helix–helix transition of an optically active poly(diarylsilylene). Chem Commun 5:389.
373. Saxena, A., G.Q. Guo, M. Fujiki, Y.G. Yang, A. Ohira, K. Okoshi, and M. Naito. 2004. Helical polymer command surface: Thermodriven chiroptical transfer and amplification in binary polysilane film system. Macromolecules 37:3081.
374. Neumann, F., H. Teramae, J.M. Downing, and J. Michl. 1998. Gauche, ortho, and anti conformations of saturated A(4)X(10) chains: When will all six conformers exist? J Am Chem Soc 120:573.
375. Albinsson, B., D. Antic, F. Neumann, and J. Michl. 1999. Conformers of n-Si5 Me12: A comparison of ab initio and molecular mechanics methods. J Phys Chem 103:2184.
376. Fogarty, H.A., C.-H. Ottoson, and J. Michl. 2000. Conformations of oligosilanes with ethyl and methyl substituents. J Mol Struct 556:105.
377. Fogarty, H.A., C.-H. Ottoson, and J. Michl. 2000. The five favored backbone conformations of n- Si4Et10. J Mol Struct (Theochem) 506:243.
378. Chakrabarti, P. and D. Pal. 2001. The interrelationships of side-chain and main-chain conformations in proteins. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 76:1.
379. Sasanuma, Y., H. Kato, and A. Kaito. 2003. Conformational analysis of poly(di-n-butylsilane), poly(di-n-hexylsilane), and poly(methyl-n-propylsilane) by a rotational isomeric state scheme with molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 107:11852.
380. Wegner, G. 1971. Topochemical reactions of monomers with conjugated triple-bonds, 4. polymerization of bis-(para-toluene sulfonate) of 2,4-hexadiin-1,6-diol. Makromol Chem 145:85.
381. Lapersonne-Meyer, C. 2001. Excitons on a 1D periodic conjugated polymer chain: Two electronic structures of polydiacetylene chains. Int J Mod Phys 15:28.
382. Katagiri, H., Y. Shimoi, and S. Abe. 2004. A density functional study of backbone structures of polydiacetylene: Destabilization of butatriene structure. Chem Phys 306:191.
383. Baughman, R.H. 1972. Solid-state polymerization of diacetylenes. J Appl Phys 43:4362.
384. Liao, J. and D.C. Martin. 1993. Direct imaging of the diacetylene solid-state monomer–polymer phase transformation. Science 260:1489.
385. Day, D. and J.B. Lando. 1980. Morphology of crystalline diacetylene monolayers polymerized at the gas–water interface. Macromolecules 13:1478.
386. Carpick, R.W., D.Y. Sasaki, and A.R. Burns. 2000. First observation of mechanochromism at the nanometer scale. Langmuir 16:1270.
387. Hoofman, R.J.O., G.H. Gelinck, L.D.A. Siebbeles, M.P. de Haas, J.M. Warman, and D. Bloor. 2000. Influence of backbone conformation on the photoconductivity of polydiacetylene chains. Macromolecules 33:9289.
388. Young, R.J., R.T. Read, D.N. Batchelder, and D. Bloor. 1981. Structure and morphology of heavily deformed single crystals of a polydiacetylene. I. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 19:293.
389. Lee, D.C., S.K. Sahoo, A.L. Cholli, and D.J. Sandman. 2002. Structural aspects of the thermochromic transition in urethane-substituted polydiacetylenes. Macromolecules 35:4347.
390. Carpick, R.W., T.M. Mayer, D.Y. Sasaki, and A.R. Burns. 2000. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and fluorescence study of thermochromism in an ultrathin poly(diacetylene) film: Reversibility and transition kinetics. Langmuir 16:4639.
391. Carpick, R.W., D.Y. Sasaki, M.S. Marcus, M.A. Eriksson, and A.R. Burns. 2004. Polydiacetylene films: A review of recent investigations into chromogenic transitions and nanomechanical properties. J Phys Cond Mat 16:R679.
392. Bunz, U.H.F. 2000. Poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Syntheses, properties, structures, and applications. Chem Mater 100:1605.
393. Zhou, Q. and T.M. Swager. 1995. Methodology for enhancing the sensitivity of fluorescent chemosensors—energy migration in conjugated polymers. J Am Chem Soc 117:7017.
394. Zhou, Q. and T.M. Swager. 1995. Fluorescent chemosensors based on energy migration in conjugated polymers: The molecular wire approach to increased sensitivity. J Am Chem Soc 117:12593.
395. Ofer, D., T.M. Swager, and M.S. Wrighton. 1995. Solid-state ordering and potential dependence of conductivity in poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenyleneethynylene). Chem Mater 7:418.
396. Weder, C. and M.S. Wrighton. 1996. Effcient solid-state photoluminescence in new poly(2,5dialkoxy- p-phenyleneethynylene)s. Macromolecules 29:5157.
397. Bunz, U.H.F., V. Enkelmann, L. Kloppenburg, D. Jones, K.D. Shimizu, J.B. Claridge, H.C. zur Loye, and G. Lieser. 1999. Solid-state structures of phenyleneethynylenes: Comparisons of monomers and polymers. Chem Mat 11:1416.
398. Perahia, D., T. Traiphol, and U.H.F. Bunz. 2001. From molecules to supramolecular structure: Self assembling of wire-like poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s. Macromolecules 34:151.
399. Egbe, D.A.M., B. Carbonnier, L.M. Ding, D. Muhlbacher, E. Birckner, T. Pakula, F.E. Karasz, and U.W. Grummt. 2004. Supramolecular ordering, thermal behavior, and photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties of alkoxy-substituted yne-containing poly(phenylene-vinylene) s. Macromolecules 37:7451.
400. Carbonnier, B., T. Pakula, and D.A.M. Egbe. 2005. Self-organization of comb-like macromolecules comprised of four-fold alkoxy substituted (PPV-PPE) rigid backbone repeat units: Role of length variation of side chains attached on phenylene ring surrounded by vinylene moieties. J Mat Chem 15:880.
401. Moggio, I., J. Le Moigne, E. Arias-Marin, D. Issautier, A. Thierry, D. Comoretto, G. Dellepiane, and C. Cuniberti. 2001. Orientation of polydiacetylene and poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) films by epitaxy and rubbing. Macromolecules 34:7091.
402. Klug, H.P. and L.E. Alexander. 1974. X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials, New York: Wiley-Interscience.
403. Narten, A.H. 1989. Radial distribution of carbon atoms in crystalline and molten polyethylene. J Chem Phys 90:5857.
404. Narten, A.H. and A. Habenschuss. 1990. X-ray diffraction study of some liquid alkanes. J Chem Phys 92:5692.
405. Mao, G.M., M.L. Saboungi, D.L. Price, M.B. Armand, and W.S. Howells. 2000. Structure of liquid PEO-LiTFSI electrolyte. Phys Rev Lett 84:5536.
406. Annis, B.K., O. Borodin, G.D. Smith, C.J. Benemore, A.K. Soper, and J.D. Londono. 2001. The structure of a poly(ethylene oxide) melt from neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 115:10998.
407. Carlsson, P., D. Andersson, J. Swenson, R.L. McGreevy, W. Howells, and L. Borjesson. 2004. Structural investigations of polymer electrolyte poly(propylene oxide)-LiClO4 using diffraction experiments. J Chem Phys 121:12026.
408. Annis, B.K., A.H. Narten, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.F. Richter. 1988. A covalent bond to bromine in HBr-treated polyaniline from from X-ray diffraction. Synth Met 22:191.
409. Laridjani, M., J.P. Pouget, E.M. Scherr, A.G. MacDiarmid, M. Jòzefowicz, and A.J. Epstein. 1992. Amorphography—the relationship between amorphous and crystalline order 1. The memory effects in polyaniline. Macromolecules 25:4106.
410. Laridjani, M., J.P. Pouget, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.J. Epstein. 1992. Structural study of amorphous polyaniline. J Phys 1, 2:1003.
411. Maron, J., M.J. Winokur, and B.R. Mattes. 1995. Processing-induces changes in the local-structure of amorphous polyaniline by radial-distribution-function analysis of X-ray scattering data. Macromolecules 28:4475.
412. Winokur, M.J. and B.R. Mattes. 1996. Determination of the local molecular structure in amorphous polyaniline. Phys Rev B 54:12637.
413. Winokur, M.J. and B.R. Mattes. 1997. Differential anomalous scattering studies of amorphous HBr-doped polyaniline. Synth Met 84:725.
414. Resel, R., G. Leising, F. Lunzer, and C. Marschner. 1998. Structure in amorphous polysilanes determined by diffuse X-ray scattering. Polymer 39:5257.
415. Barham, P.J. and A. Keller. 1985. High-strength polyethylene fibers from solution and gel spinning. J Mat Sci 20:2281.
416. Voss, K.F., et al. 1991. Enhanced order and electronic delocalization in conjugated polymers oriented by gel processing in polyethylene. Phys Rev B 43:5109.
417. Murthy, N.S., H. Minor, C. Bednarczyk, and S. Krimm. 1993. Structure of the amorphous phase in oriented polymers. Macromolecules 26:1712.
418. Ou, R.Q., R.A. Gerhardt, and R.J. Samuels. 2003. Structure-electrical property study of anisotropic polyaniline films. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 41:823.
419. Alexander, L.E. 1969. X-Ray Diffraction Methods in Polymer Science, New York: Wiley-Interscience.
420. Erb, T., S. Raleva, U. Zhokhavets, G. Gobsch, B. Stuhn, M. Spode, andO. Ambacher. 2004. Structural and optical properties of both pure poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) and P3OT=fullerene films. Thin Solid Films 450:97.
421. Łużny, W., E.J. Samuelsen, and D.W. Breiby. 2001. Polyaniline thin films-structural anisotropy study by use of synchrotron radiation surface diffraction. Synth Met 119:203.
422. Aasmundtveit, K.E., et al. 2000. Structural anisotropy of poly(alkylthiophene) films. Macromolecules 33:3120.
423. Breiby, D.W., E.J. Samuelsen, O. Konovalov, and B. Struth. 2004. Ultrathin films of semiconducting polymers of water. Langmuir 20:4116.
424. Breiby, D.W. and E.J. Samuelsen. 2003. Quantification of preferential orientation in conjugated polymers using X-ray diffraction. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 41:2375.
425. Zhokhavets, U., G. Gobsch, H. Hoppe, and N.S. Sariciftci. 2005. A systematic study of the anisotropic optical properties of thin poly(3-octylthiophene)-films in dependence on growth parameters. Thin Solid Films 451:69.
426. Sirringhaus, H., et al. 1999. Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers. Nature 401:685.
427. Wittman, J.C. and P. Smith. 1992. Highly oriented thin-films of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) as a substrate for oriented growth of materials. Nature 352:414.
428. Misaki, M., Y. Ueda, S. Nagamatsu, Y. Yoshida, N. Tanigaki, and K. Yase. 2004. Formation of singlecrystal- like poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) thin film by the friction-transfer technique with subsequent thermal treatments. Macromolecules 37:6926.
429. Misaki, M., M. Chikamatsu, N. Tanigaki, M. Yamashita, Y. Ueda, and K. Yase. 2005. Polymersupported anisotropic submicrometer-patterned electrodes for displays. Adv Mat 17:297.
430. Nagamatsu, S., W. Takashima, K. Kaneto, Y. Yoshida, N. Tanigaki, K. Yase, and K. Omote. 2003. Backbone arrangement in friction-transferred regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. Macromolecules 36:5252.
431. Fukuda, K., T. Seki, and K. Ichimura. 2002. Photoalignment of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) by azobenzene monolayer. Preparative conditions of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) spin cast film. Macromolecules 35:2177.
432. Knaapila, M., R. Stepanyan, B.P. Lyons, M. Torkkeli, and A.P. Monkman. 2006. Towards general guidelines for aligned, nanoscale assemblies of Hairy-rod polyfluorenes. Adv Funct Mat 16:599.
433. Sumpter, B.G., P. Kumar, A. Mehta, M.D. Barnes, W.A. Shelton, and R.J. Harrison. 2005. Computational study of the structure, dynamics, and photophysical properties of conjugated polymers and oligomers under nanoscale confinement. J Phys Chem B 109:7671.