메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 150, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 3-17

Non-lethal effects of predation in birds

Author keywords

Indirect effects; Predation risk; Starvation risk; Trait mediated effects; Trait mediated interactions

Indexed keywords

ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; AVOIDANCE REACTION; BIRD; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; PREDATION RISK; REPRODUCTION; STARVATION; SURVIVAL;

EID: 38049043563     PISSN: 00191019     EISSN: 1474919X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00793.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (291)

References (157)
  • 1
    • 0021631149 scopus 로고
    • Foraging time optimization and interactions in food webs
    • Abrams, P.A. 1984. Foraging time optimization and interactions in food webs. Am. Nat. 124 : 80 96.
    • (1984) Am. Nat. , vol.124 , pp. 80-96
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 0026312446 scopus 로고
    • Strengths of indirect effects generated by optimal foraging
    • Abrams, P.A. 1991. Strengths of indirect effects generated by optimal foraging. Oikos 62 : 167 176.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.62 , pp. 167-176
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 0027460980 scopus 로고
    • Why predation rate should not be proportional to predator density
    • Abrams, P.A. 1993. Why predation rate should not be proportional to predator density. Ecology 74 : 726 733.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 726-733
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 4
    • 0027954761 scopus 로고
    • The fallacies of 'ratio-dependent' predation
    • Abrams, P.A. 1994. The fallacies of 'ratio-dependent' predation. Ecology 75 : 1842 1850.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1842-1850
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 5
    • 0028976107 scopus 로고
    • Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities
    • Abrams, P.A. 1995. Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. Am. Nat. 146 : 112 134.
    • (1995) Am. Nat. , vol.146 , pp. 112-134
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 6
    • 0035850895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species
    • Agrawal, A.A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. Science 294 : 321 326.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 321-326
    • Agrawal, A.A.1
  • 7
    • 33845895257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for determining the fitness consequences of antipredator behavior
    • Ajie, B.C., Pintor, L.M., Watters, J., Kerby, J.L., Hammond, J.I. Sih, A. 2007. A framework for determining the fitness consequences of antipredator behavior. Behav. Ecol. 18 : 267 270.
    • (2007) Behav. Ecol. , vol.18 , pp. 267-270
    • Ajie, B.C.1    Pintor, L.M.2    Watters, J.3    Kerby, J.L.4    Hammond, J.I.5    Sih, A.6
  • 8
    • 30644472010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Larval competition differentially affects arbovirus infection in Aedes mosquitoes
    • Alto, B.W., Lounibos, L.P., Higgs, S. Juliano, S.A. 2005. Larval competition differentially affects arbovirus infection in Aedes mosquitoes. Ecology 86 : 3279 3288.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 3279-3288
    • Alto, B.W.1    Lounibos, L.P.2    Higgs, S.3    Juliano, S.A.4
  • 9
    • 84991145376 scopus 로고
    • Apparent predator-limited distribution of Galapagos Red-footed Boobies Sula sula
    • Anderson, D.J. 1991. Apparent predator-limited distribution of Galapagos Red-footed Boobies Sula sula. Ibis 133 : 26 29.
    • (1991) Ibis , vol.133 , pp. 26-29
    • Anderson, D.J.1
  • 10
    • 0033508548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral responses of coyotes to wolf recolonization in northwestern Montana
    • Arjo, W.M. Pletscher, D.H. 1999. Behavioral responses of coyotes to wolf recolonization in northwestern Montana. Can. J. Zool. 77 : 1919 1927.
    • (1999) Can. J. Zool. , vol.77 , pp. 1919-1927
    • Arjo, W.M.1    Pletscher, D.H.2
  • 11
    • 4344578484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat structure mediates the non-lethal effects of predation on enclosed populations of house mice
    • Arthur, A.D., Pech, R.P. Dickman, C.R. 2004. Habitat structure mediates the non-lethal effects of predation on enclosed populations of house mice. J. Anim. Ecol. 73 : 867 877.
    • (2004) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.73 , pp. 867-877
    • Arthur, A.D.1    Pech, R.P.2    Dickman, C.R.3
  • 12
    • 0032984903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural, morphological and dietary response of rabbits to predation risk from foxes
    • Banks, P.B., Hume, I.D. Crowe, O. 1999. Behavioural, morphological and dietary response of rabbits to predation risk from foxes. Oikos 85 : 247 256.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.85 , pp. 247-256
    • Banks, P.B.1    Hume, I.D.2    Crowe, O.3
  • 13
    • 2442681411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced flocking by birds on islands with relaxed predation
    • Beauchamp, G. 2004. Reduced flocking by birds on islands with relaxed predation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271 : 1039 1042.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.271 , pp. 1039-1042
    • Beauchamp, G.1
  • 14
    • 0000817785 scopus 로고
    • Kingbird aggression: Does it deter predation?
    • Blancher, P.J. Robertson, R.J. 1982. Kingbird aggression: does it deter predation? Anim. Behav. 30 : 929 930.
    • (1982) Anim. Behav. , vol.30 , pp. 929-930
    • Blancher, P.J.1    Robertson, R.J.2
  • 15
    • 0038699853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions
    • Bolker, B., Holyoak, M., Krivan, V., Rowe, L. Schmitz, O. 2003. Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions. Ecology 84 : 1101 1114.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1101-1114
    • Bolker, B.1    Holyoak, M.2    Krivan, V.3    Rowe, L.4    Schmitz, O.5
  • 16
    • 26044433053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource competition modifies the strength of trait-mediated predator-prey interactions: A meta-analysis
    • Bolnick, D.I. Preisser, E.L. 2005. Resource competition modifies the strength of trait-mediated predator-prey interactions: a meta-analysis. Ecology 86 : 2771 2779.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 2771-2779
    • Bolnick, D.I.1    Preisser, E.L.2
  • 17
    • 0033390422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal compensation of predation and harvesting
    • Boyce, M.S., Sinclair, A.R.E. White, G.C. 1999. Seasonal compensation of predation and harvesting. Oikos 87 : 419 426.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.87 , pp. 419-426
    • Boyce, M.S.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    White, G.C.3
  • 18
    • 0002170877 scopus 로고
    • Predator avoidance and antipredator mechanisms-distinct pathways to survival
    • Brodie, E.D. Formanowicz, D.R. 1991. Predator avoidance and antipredator mechanisms-distinct pathways to survival. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 3 : 73 77.
    • (1991) Ethol. Ecol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 73-77
    • Brodie, E.D.1    Formanowicz, D.R.2
  • 19
    • 0027036849 scopus 로고
    • Ectoparasitism as a cause of natal dispersal in Cliff Swallows
    • Brown, C.R. Brown, M.B. 1986. Ectoparasitism as a cause of natal dispersal in Cliff Swallows. Ecology 73 : 1718 1723.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1718-1723
    • Brown, C.R.1    Brown, M.B.2
  • 20
    • 0001295491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: Foraging under predation risk
    • Brown, J.S. 1999. Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1 : 49 71.
    • (1999) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 49-71
    • Brown, J.S.1
  • 21
    • 5344279171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation
    • Brown, J.S. Kotler, B.P. 2004. Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecol. Lett. 7 : 999 1014.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 999-1014
    • Brown, J.S.1    Kotler, B.P.2
  • 22
    • 0024186446 scopus 로고
    • The effects of owl predation on the foraging behaviour of heteromyid rodents
    • Brown, J.S., Kotler, B.P., Smith, R.J. Wirtz, W.O. 1988. The effects of owl predation on the foraging behaviour of heteromyid rodents. Oecologia 76 : 408 415.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.76 , pp. 408-415
    • Brown, J.S.1    Kotler, B.P.2    Smith, R.J.3    Wirtz, W.O.4
  • 23
    • 0001346990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions
    • Brown, J.S., Laundre, J.W. Gurung, M. 1999. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J. Mammalogy 80 : 385 399.
    • (1999) J. Mammalogy , vol.80 , pp. 385-399
    • Brown, J.S.1    Laundre, J.W.2    Gurung, M.3
  • 24
    • 0002356074 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator behaviour and breeding success in Greater Golden Plover and Eurasian Dotterel
    • Byrkjedal, I. 1987. Antipredator behaviour and breeding success in Greater Golden Plover and Eurasian Dotterel. Condor 89 : 40 47.
    • (1987) Condor , vol.89 , pp. 40-47
    • Byrkjedal, I.1
  • 25
    • 0000920036 scopus 로고
    • The functions of stotting in Thomson's Gazelles: Some tests of the predictions
    • Caro, T.M. 1986. The functions of stotting in Thomson's Gazelles: some tests of the predictions. Anim. Behav. 34 : 663 684.
    • (1986) Anim. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 663-684
    • Caro, T.M.1
  • 27
    • 0026351707 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ectoparasites on Cliff Swallow growth and survival
    • In. Loye, J.E. Zuk, M. (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Chapman, B.R. George, J.E. 1991. The effects of ectoparasites on Cliff Swallow growth and survival. In Loye, J.E. Zuk, M. (eds) Bird-Parasite Interactions : 69 92. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
    • (1991) Bird-Parasite Interactions , pp. 69-92
    • Chapman, B.R.1    George, J.E.2
  • 28
    • 0001606438 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past
    • Connell, J.H. 1980. Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos 35 : 131 138.
    • (1980) Oikos , vol.35 , pp. 131-138
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 29
    • 30644460392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves
    • Creel, S., Winnie, J., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K. Creel, M. 2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86 : 3387 3397.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 3387-3397
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie, J.2    Maxwell, B.3    Hamlin, K.4    Creel, M.5
  • 30
    • 33847116779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of Elk
    • Creel, S., Christianson, D., Liley, S. Winnie, J.A., Jr. 2007. Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of Elk. Science 315 : 960.
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 960
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2    Liley, S.3    Winnie J.A., Jr.4
  • 31
    • 0002532539 scopus 로고
    • Escape responses by Redshanks, Tringa totanus, on attack by avian predators
    • Cresswell, W. 1993. Escape responses by Redshanks, Tringa totanus, on attack by avian predators. Anim. Behav. 46 : 609 611.
    • (1993) Anim. Behav. , vol.46 , pp. 609-611
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 32
    • 0028180906 scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent choice of Redshank (Tringa totanus) feeding location: Profitability or risk?
    • Cresswell, W. 1994a. Age-dependent choice of Redshank (Tringa totanus) feeding location: profitability or risk? J. Anim. Ecol. 63 : 589 600.
    • (1994) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 589-600
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 33
    • 0028177013 scopus 로고
    • Flocking is an effective anti-predation strategy in Redshanks, Tringa totanus
    • Cresswell, W. 1994b. Flocking is an effective anti-predation strategy in Redshanks, Tringa totanus. Anim. Behav. 47 : 433 442.
    • (1994) Anim. Behav. , vol.47 , pp. 433-442
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 34
    • 0028176617 scopus 로고
    • Song as a pursuit-deterrent signal, and its occurrence relative to other anti-predation behaviours of skylark (Alauda arvensis) on attack by merlins (Falco columbarius
    • Cresswell, W. 1994c. Song as a pursuit-deterrent signal, and its occurrence relative to other anti-predation behaviours of skylark (Alauda arvensis) on attack by merlins (Falco columbarius). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34 : 217 223.
    • (1994) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.34 , pp. 217-223
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 35
    • 0030303887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surprise as a winter hunting strategy in Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus, Peregrines Falco peregrinus and Merlins F. columbarius
    • Cresswell, W. 1996. Surprise as a winter hunting strategy in Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus, Peregrines Falco peregrinus and Merlins F. columbarius. Ibis 138 : 684 692.
    • (1996) Ibis , vol.138 , pp. 684-692
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 36
    • 0031973487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in Blackbirds Turdus merula: Consequences for mass-dependent predation risk
    • Cresswell, W. 1998. Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in Blackbirds Turdus merula: consequences for mass-dependent predation risk. J. Anim. Ecol. 67 : 78 90.
    • (1998) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.67 , pp. 78-90
    • Cresswell, W.1
  • 37
    • 38049019433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How starvation risk in Redshanks results in predation mortality from Sparrowhawks
    • in press.
    • Cresswell, W. Whitfield, D.P. 2008. How starvation risk in Redshanks results in predation mortality from Sparrowhawks. Ibis in press.
    • (2008) Ibis
    • Cresswell, W.1    Whitfield, D.P.2
  • 38
    • 0037286305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do the energetic demands of incubation constrain incubation scheduling in a biparental species?
    • Cresswell, W., Holt, S., Reid, J.M., Whitfield, D.P. Mellanby, R.J. 2003. Do the energetic demands of incubation constrain incubation scheduling in a biparental species? Behav. Ecol. 14 : 97 102.
    • (2003) Behav. Ecol. , vol.14 , pp. 97-102
    • Cresswell, W.1    Holt, S.2    Reid, J.M.3    Whitfield, D.P.4    Mellanby, R.J.5
  • 39
    • 0037371472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple prey traits, multiple predators: Keys to understanding complex community dynamics
    • DeWitt, T.J. Langerhans, R.B. 2003. Multiple prey traits, multiple predators: keys to understanding complex community dynamics. J. Sea Res. 49 : 143 155.
    • (2003) J. Sea Res. , vol.49 , pp. 143-155
    • Dewitt, T.J.1    Langerhans, R.B.2
  • 40
    • 0026540207 scopus 로고
    • Regulation and stability of a free-living host-parasite system - Trichostrongylus tenuis in Red Grouse. 2. Population models
    • Dobson, A.P. Hudson, P.J. 1992. Regulation and stability of a free-living host-parasite system - Trichostrongylus tenuis in Red Grouse. 2. Population models. J. Anim. Ecol. 61 : 487 498.
    • (1992) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.61 , pp. 487-498
    • Dobson, A.P.1    Hudson, P.J.2
  • 41
    • 33645333402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds
    • Drewitt, A.L. Langston, R.H.W. 2006. Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis 148 (Suppl. 1 29 42.
    • (2006) Ibis , vol.148 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-42
    • Drewitt, A.L.1    Langston, R.H.W.2
  • 42
    • 0034580831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living with the enemy: Avoidance of Hyenas and Lions by Cheetahs in the Serengeti
    • Durant, S.M. 2000. Living with the enemy: avoidance of Hyenas and Lions by Cheetahs in the Serengeti. Behav. Ecol. 11 : 624 632.
    • (2000) Behav. Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 624-632
    • Durant, S.M.1
  • 43
    • 0024857149 scopus 로고
    • Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the evidence
    • Elgar, M.A. 1989. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the evidence. Biol. Rev. 64 : 13 33.
    • (1989) Biol. Rev. , vol.64 , pp. 13-33
    • Elgar, M.A.1
  • 44
    • 0000242757 scopus 로고
    • Predation and vertebrate populations
    • Errington, P.L. 1946. Predation and vertebrate populations. Q. Rev. Biol. 21 : 144 177.
    • (1946) Q. Rev. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 144-177
    • Errington, P.L.1
  • 45
    • 0347270310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for interactions between predation and habitat change to cause population declines of farmland birds
    • Evans, K.L. 2004. The potential for interactions between predation and habitat change to cause population declines of farmland birds. Ibis 146 : 1 13.
    • (2004) Ibis , vol.146 , pp. 1-13
    • Evans, K.L.1
  • 46
    • 0033752747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores
    • Fedriani, J.M., Fuller, T.K., Sauvajot, R.M. York, E.C. 2000. Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores. Oecologia 125 : 258 270.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.125 , pp. 258-270
    • Fedriani, J.M.1    Fuller, T.K.2    Sauvajot, R.M.3    York, E.C.4
  • 47
    • 38249022103 scopus 로고
    • A cost to individuals with reduced vigilance in groups of Thomson's Gazelles hunted by Cheetahs
    • Fitzgibbon, C.D. 1989. A cost to individuals with reduced vigilance in groups of Thomson's Gazelles hunted by Cheetahs. Anim. Behav. 37 : 508 510.
    • (1989) Anim. Behav. , vol.37 , pp. 508-510
    • Fitzgibbon, C.D.1
  • 48
    • 0344780910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of territory change and breeding dispersal distance in the Black Kite
    • Forero, M.G., Donazar, J.A., Blas, J. Hiraldo, F. 1999. Causes and consequences of territory change and breeding dispersal distance in the Black Kite. Ecology 80 : 1298 1310.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1298-1310
    • Forero, M.G.1    Donazar, J.A.2    Blas, J.3    Hiraldo, F.4
  • 49
    • 33749657228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From plankton to top predators: Bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels
    • Frederiksen, M., Edwards, M., Richardson, A.J., Halliday, N.C. Wanless, S. 2006. From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels. J. Anim. Ecol. 75 : 1259 1268.
    • (2006) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.75 , pp. 1259-1268
    • Frederiksen, M.1    Edwards, M.2    Richardson, A.J.3    Halliday, N.C.4    Wanless, S.5
  • 50
    • 0034890957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of disturbance on habitat use by Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa
    • Gill, J.A., Norris, K. Sutherland, W.J. 2001. The effects of disturbance on habitat use by Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa. J. Appl. Ecol. 38 : 846 856.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.38 , pp. 846-856
    • Gill, J.A.1    Norris, K.2    Sutherland, W.J.3
  • 52
    • 0030389779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competitive and predatory interactions among raptors: An observational and experimental study
    • Hakkarainen, H. Korpimaki, E. 1996. Competitive and predatory interactions among raptors: an observational and experimental study. Ecology 77 : 1134 1142.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1134-1142
    • Hakkarainen, H.1    Korpimaki, E.2
  • 53
    • 0035039663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental increase of predation risk induces breeding dispersal of Tengmalm's Owl
    • Hakkarainen, H., Ilmonen, P., Koivunen, V. Korpimaki, E. 2001. Experimental increase of predation risk induces breeding dispersal of Tengmalm's Owl. Oecologia 126 : 355 359.
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.126 , pp. 355-359
    • Hakkarainen, H.1    Ilmonen, P.2    Koivunen, V.3    Korpimaki, E.4
  • 54
    • 0015061168 scopus 로고
    • Geometry for the selfish herd
    • Hamilton, W.D. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol. 31 : 295 311.
    • (1971) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 295-311
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 56
    • 25844514802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging in the 'landscape of fear' and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of Elk Cervus elaphus and Bison Bison bison
    • Hernandez, L. Laundre, J.W. 2005. Foraging in the 'landscape of fear' and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of Elk Cervus elaphus and Bison Bison bison. Wildlife Biol. 11 : 215 220.
    • (2005) Wildlife Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 215-220
    • Hernandez, L.1    Laundre, J.W.2
  • 57
    • 84970585962 scopus 로고
    • Does the risk of predation influence population-dynamics-evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares
    • Hik, D.S. 1995. Does the risk of predation influence population-dynamics- evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares. Wildlife Res. 22 : 115 129.
    • (1995) Wildlife Res. , vol.22 , pp. 115-129
    • Hik, D.S.1
  • 58
    • 19344364553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects induced by piscivorous predators
    • Holker, F. Mehner, T. 2005. Simulation of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects induced by piscivorous predators. Basic Appl. Ecol. 6 : 289 300.
    • (2005) Basic Appl. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 289-300
    • Holker, F.1    Mehner, T.2
  • 59
    • 0000563332 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical investigation of the fat reserves and the mortality levels of small birds in winter
    • Houston, A.I. McNamara, J.M. 1993. A theoretical investigation of the fat reserves and the mortality levels of small birds in winter. Ornis Scand. 24 : 205 219.
    • (1993) Ornis Scand. , vol.24 , pp. 205-219
    • Houston, A.I.1    McNamara, J.M.2
  • 60
    • 0000139212 scopus 로고
    • General results concerning the trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation
    • Houston, A.I., McNamara, J.M. Hutchinson, J.M.C. 1993. General results concerning the trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 341 : 375 397.
    • (1993) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.341 , pp. 375-397
    • Houston, A.I.1    McNamara, J.M.2    Hutchinson, J.M.C.3
  • 61
    • 0022876554 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a parasitic nematode on the breeding production of Red Grouse
    • Hudson, P.J. 1986. The effect of a parasitic nematode on the breeding production of Red Grouse. J. Anim. Ecol. 55 : 85 92.
    • (1986) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.55 , pp. 85-92
    • Hudson, P.J.1
  • 62
    • 0027070125 scopus 로고
    • Do parasites make prey vulnerable to predation? Red Grouse and parasites
    • Hudson, P.J., Dobson, A.P. Newborn, D. 1992. Do parasites make prey vulnerable to predation? Red Grouse and parasites. J. Anim. Ecol. 61 : 681 692.
    • (1992) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.61 , pp. 681-692
    • Hudson, P.J.1    Dobson, A.P.2    Newborn, D.3
  • 63
    • 0034016025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of Arctic Ground Squirrels
    • Karels, T.J., Byrom, A.E., Boonstra, R. Krebs, C.J. 2000. The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of Arctic Ground Squirrels. J. Anim. Ecol. 69 : 235 247.
    • (2000) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.69 , pp. 235-247
    • Karels, T.J.1    Byrom, A.E.2    Boonstra, R.3    Krebs, C.J.4
  • 64
    • 0035709709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipredator responses and defensive behavior: Ecological and ethological approaches for the neurosciences
    • Kavaliers, M. Choleris, E. 2001. Antipredator responses and defensive behavior: ecological and ethological approaches for the neurosciences. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25 : 577 586.
    • (2001) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 577-586
    • Kavaliers, M.1    Choleris, E.2
  • 66
    • 0027011566 scopus 로고
    • Predator facilitation - The combined effect of snakes and owls on the foraging behavior of gerbils
    • Kotler, B.P., Blaustein, L. Brown, J.S. 1992. Predator facilitation - the combined effect of snakes and owls on the foraging behavior of gerbils. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 29 : 199 206.
    • (1992) Ann. Zool. Fenn. , vol.29 , pp. 199-206
    • Kotler, B.P.1    Blaustein, L.2    Brown, J.S.3
  • 68
    • 5144232517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait and density mediated indirect interactions in simple food webs
    • Krivan, V. Schmitz, O.J. 2004. Trait and density mediated indirect interactions in simple food webs. Oikos 107 : 239 250.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.107 , pp. 239-250
    • Krivan, V.1    Schmitz, O.J.2
  • 69
    • 8744300998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do short-term behavioural responses of consumers in tri-trophic food chains persist at the population time-scale?
    • Krivan, V. Sirot, E. 2004. Do short-term behavioural responses of consumers in tri-trophic food chains persist at the population time-scale? Evol. Ecol. Res. 6 : 1063 1081.
    • (2004) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.6 , pp. 1063-1081
    • Krivan, V.1    Sirot, E.2
  • 70
    • 0036222695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and Goshawk Accipiter gentilis: Trade-offs revealed by a field experiment
    • Kruger, O. 2002. Interactions between Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and Goshawk Accipiter gentilis: trade-offs revealed by a field experiment. Oikos 96 : 441 452.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.96 , pp. 441-452
    • Kruger, O.1
  • 71
    • 0030390886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired predator evasion in fat Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla
    • Kullberg, C., Fransson, T. Jakobsson, S. 1996. Impaired predator evasion in fat Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263 : 1671 1675.
    • (1996) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.263 , pp. 1671-1675
    • Kullberg, C.1    Fransson, T.2    Jakobsson, S.3
  • 72
    • 0344185354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of predation danger on migration strategies of sandpipers
    • Lank, D.B., Butler, R.W., Ireland, J. Ydenberg, R.C. 2003. Effects of predation danger on migration strategies of sandpipers. Oikos 103 : 303 319.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.103 , pp. 303-319
    • Lank, D.B.1    Butler, R.W.2    Ireland, J.3    Ydenberg, R.C.4
  • 73
    • 0026021586 scopus 로고
    • Anti-predator behaviour and mating systems in waders: Aggressive nest defence selects for monogamy
    • Larsen, T. 1991. Anti-predator behaviour and mating systems in waders: aggressive nest defence selects for monogamy. Anim. Behav. 41 : 1057 1062.
    • (1991) Anim. Behav. , vol.41 , pp. 1057-1062
    • Larsen, T.1
  • 74
    • 0022835664 scopus 로고
    • Predation risk and unpredictable feeding conditions: Determinants of body mass in birds
    • Lima, S.L. 1986. Predation risk and unpredictable feeding conditions: determinants of body mass in birds. Ecology 67 : 377 385.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 377-385
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 75
    • 0026499444 scopus 로고
    • Strong preference for apparently dangerous habitats - A consequence of differential escape from predators
    • Lima, S.L. 1992. Strong preference for apparently dangerous habitats - a consequence of differential escape from predators. Oikos 64 : 597 600.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.64 , pp. 597-600
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 76
    • 77956717127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: Recent developments from behavioural, reproductive and ecological perspectives
    • Lima, S.L. 1998a. Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioural, reproductive and ecological perspectives. Adv. Stud. Behav. 27 : 215 290.
    • (1998) Adv. Stud. Behav. , vol.27 , pp. 215-290
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 77
    • 0031440770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions - What are the ecological effects of anti-predator decision-making?
    • Lima, S.L. 1998b. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions - What are the ecological effects of anti-predator decision-making? Bioscience 48 : 25 34.
    • (1998) Bioscience , vol.48 , pp. 25-34
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 78
    • 0036468682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions
    • Lima, S.L. 2002. Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17 : 70 75.
    • (2002) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 70-75
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 79
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus
    • Lima, S.L. Dill, L.M. 1990. Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 68 : 619 640.
    • (1990) Can. J. Zool. , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 80
    • 23944465183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the fitness consequences of anti-predation behaviour
    • Lind, J. Cresswell, W. 2005. Determining the fitness consequences of anti-predation behaviour. Behav. Ecol. 16 : 945 956.
    • (2005) Behav. Ecol. , vol.16 , pp. 945-956
    • Lind, J.1    Cresswell, W.2
  • 81
    • 0032979724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced take-off ability in Robins (Erithacus rubecula) due to migratory fuel load
    • Lind, J., Fransson, T., Jakobsson, S. Kullberg, C. 1999. Reduced take-off ability in Robins (Erithacus rubecula) due to migratory fuel load. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 46 : 65 70.
    • (1999) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.46 , pp. 65-70
    • Lind, J.1    Fransson, T.2    Jakobsson, S.3    Kullberg, C.4
  • 82
    • 22744450530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are scared prey as good as dead?
    • Luttbeg, B. Kerby, J.L. 2005. Are scared prey as good as dead? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 : 416 418.
    • (2005) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.20 , pp. 416-418
    • Luttbeg, B.1    Kerby, J.L.2
  • 83
    • 0345172389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey state and experimental design affect relative size of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects
    • Luttbeg, B., Rowe, L. Mangel, M. 2003. Prey state and experimental design affect relative size of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects. Ecology 84 : 1140 1150.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1140-1150
    • Luttbeg, B.1    Rowe, L.2    Mangel, M.3
  • 84
    • 16244376511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass change strategies in Blackbirds Turdus merula: The starvation-predation risk trade-off
    • MacLeod, R., Barnett, P., Clark, J.A. Cresswell, W. 2005. Body mass change strategies in Blackbirds Turdus merula: the starvation-predation risk trade-off. J. Anim. Ecol. 74 : 292 302.
    • (2005) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.74 , pp. 292-302
    • MacLeod, R.1    Barnett, P.2    Clark, J.A.3    Cresswell, W.4
  • 85
    • 33644927527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass-dependent predation risk as a mechanism for House Sparrow declines?
    • MacLeod, R., Barnett, P., Clark, J.A. Cresswell, W. 2006. Mass-dependent predation risk as a mechanism for House Sparrow declines? Biol. Lett. 2 : 43 46.
    • (2006) Biol. Lett. , vol.2 , pp. 43-46
    • MacLeod, R.1    Barnett, P.2    Clark, J.A.3    Cresswell, W.4
  • 86
    • 34548528933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass regulation in response to predation risk can indicate population declines
    • MacLeod, R., Lind, J., Clark, J.A. Cresswell, W. 2007. Mass regulation in response to predation risk can indicate population declines. Ecol. Lett. 10 : 945 955.
    • (2007) Ecol. Lett. , vol.10 , pp. 945-955
    • MacLeod, R.1    Lind, J.2    Clark, J.A.3    Cresswell, W.4
  • 87
    • 0024258617 scopus 로고
    • The impact of predation on boreal tetraonids during vole cycles - An experimental study
    • Marcstrom, V., Kenward, R.E. Engren, E. 1988. The impact of predation on boreal tetraonids during vole cycles - an experimental study. J. Anim. Ecol. 57 : 859 872.
    • (1988) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.57 , pp. 859-872
    • Marcstrom, V.1    Kenward, R.E.2    Engren, E.3
  • 88
    • 0002038837 scopus 로고
    • Nest predation and nest-site selection of a western population of Hermit Thrush
    • Martin, T.E. Roper, J.J. 1988. Nest predation and nest-site selection of a western population of Hermit Thrush. Condor 90 : 51 57.
    • (1988) Condor , vol.90 , pp. 51-57
    • Martin, T.E.1    Roper, J.J.2
  • 89
    • 0023482693 scopus 로고
    • Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size
    • McNamara, J.M. Houston, A.I. 1987. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology 68 : 1515 1519.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1515-1519
    • McNamara, J.M.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 90
    • 0038714824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control
    • Meserve, P.L., Kelt, D.A., Milstead, W.B. Gutierrez, J.R. 2003. Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control. Bioscience 53 : 633 646.
    • (2003) Bioscience , vol.53 , pp. 633-646
    • Meserve, P.L.1    Kelt, D.A.2    Milstead, W.B.3    Gutierrez, J.R.4
  • 91
    • 33646598360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviourally mediated indirect effects: Interference competition increases predation mortality in foraging Redshanks
    • Minderman, J., Lind, J. Cresswell, W. 2006. Behaviourally mediated indirect effects: interference competition increases predation mortality in foraging Redshanks. J. Anim. Ecol. 75 : 713 723.
    • (2006) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.75 , pp. 713-723
    • Minderman, J.1    Lind, J.2    Cresswell, W.3
  • 92
    • 33746506598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disruption of an ant-aphid mutualism increases the effects of birds on pine herbivores
    • Mooney, K.A. 2006. The disruption of an ant-aphid mutualism increases the effects of birds on pine herbivores. Ecology 87 : 1805 1815.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 1805-1815
    • Mooney, K.A.1
  • 93
    • 3042823953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk, host immune response, and parasitism
    • Navarro, C., de Lope, F., Marzal, A. Moller, A.P. 2004. Predation risk, host immune response, and parasitism. Behav. Ecol. 15 : 629 635.
    • (2004) Behav. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 629-635
    • Navarro, C.1    De Lope, F.2    Marzal, A.3    Moller, A.P.4
  • 94
    • 4444306050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior
    • Nelson, E.H., Matthews, C.E. Rosenheim, J.A. 2004. Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior. Ecology 85 : 1853 1858.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 1853-1858
    • Nelson, E.H.1    Matthews, C.E.2    Rosenheim, J.A.3
  • 95
    • 0028162902 scopus 로고
    • The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds - A review
    • Newton, I. 1994. The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds - a review. Biol. Cons. 70 : 265 276.
    • (1994) Biol. Cons. , vol.70 , pp. 265-276
    • Newton, I.1
  • 97
    • 0034490887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of predation risk from small mustelids on prey populations
    • Norrdahl, K. Korpimaki, E. 2000. The impact of predation risk from small mustelids on prey populations. Mammal Rev. 30 : 147 156.
    • (2000) Mammal Rev. , vol.30 , pp. 147-156
    • Norrdahl, K.1    Korpimaki, E.2
  • 98
    • 2942592252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rodent foraging is affected by indirect, but not by direct, cues of predation risk
    • Orrock, J.L., Danielson, B.J. Brinkerhoff, R.J. 2004. Rodent foraging is affected by indirect, but not by direct, cues of predation risk. Behav. Ecol. 15 : 433 437.
    • (2004) Behav. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 433-437
    • Orrock, J.L.1    Danielson, B.J.2    Brinkerhoff, R.J.3
  • 99
    • 0036790997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking individuals with ecosystems: Experimentally identifying the relevant organizational scale for predicting trophic abundances
    • Ovadia, O. Schmitz, O.J. 2002. Linking individuals with ecosystems: experimentally identifying the relevant organizational scale for predicting trophic abundances. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99 : 12927 12931.
    • (2002) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 12927-12931
    • Ovadia, O.1    Schmitz, O.J.2
  • 100
    • 33645107177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manifold interactive influences on the population dynamics of a multispecies ungulate assemblage
    • Owen-Smith, N. Mills, M.G.L. 2006. Manifold interactive influences on the population dynamics of a multispecies ungulate assemblage. Ecol. Monogr. 76 : 73 92.
    • (2006) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.76 , pp. 73-92
    • Owen-Smith, N.1    Mills, M.G.L.2
  • 101
    • 0033061035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores
    • Palomares, F. Caro, T.M. 1999. Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. Am. Nat. 153 : 492 508.
    • (1999) Am. Nat. , vol.153 , pp. 492-508
    • Palomares, F.1    Caro, T.M.2
  • 102
    • 0037648753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment
    • Peacor, S.D. 2003. Phenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment. Oikos 100 : 409 415.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.100 , pp. 409-415
    • Peacor, S.D.1
  • 103
    • 0035957319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator
    • Peacor, S.D. Werner, E.E. 2001. The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98 : 3904 3908.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 3904-3908
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 104
    • 7544233074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context dependence of nonlethal effects of a predator on prey growth
    • Peacor, S.D. Werner, E.E. 2004a. Context dependence of nonlethal effects of a predator on prey growth. Israel J. Zool. 50 : 139 167.
    • (2004) Israel J. Zool. , vol.50 , pp. 139-167
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 105
    • 7544227161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web?
    • Peacor, S.D. Werner, E.E. 2004b. How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web? Ecology 85 : 2754 2763.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2754-2763
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 106
    • 0031905714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators
    • Peckarsky, B.L. McIntosh, A.R. 1998. Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators. Oecologia 113 : 565 576.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.113 , pp. 565-576
    • Peckarsky, B.L.1    McIntosh, A.R.2
  • 107
    • 0027844397 scopus 로고
    • Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory Stoneflies on Mayfly growth and fecundity
    • Peckarsky, B.L., Cowan, C.A., Penton, M.A. Anderson, C. 1993. Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory Stoneflies on Mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74 : 1836 1846.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1836-1846
    • Peckarsky, B.L.1    Cowan, C.A.2    Penton, M.A.3    Anderson, C.4
  • 108
    • 0345604453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive habitat use in size-structured populations: Linking individual behavior to population processes
    • Persson, L. de Roos, A.M. 2003. Adaptive habitat use in size-structured populations: linking individual behavior to population processes. Ecology 84 : 1129 1139.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1129-1139
    • Persson, L.1    De Roos, A.M.2
  • 109
    • 0024870634 scopus 로고
    • The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation-potential competitors that eat each other
    • Polis, G.A., Myers, C.A. Holt, R.D. 1989. The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation-potential competitors that eat each other. Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 20 : 297 330.
    • (1989) Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. , vol.20 , pp. 297-330
    • Polis, G.A.1    Myers, C.A.2    Holt, R.D.3
  • 110
    • 33749508836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence that migrants adjust usage at a stopover site to trade off food and danger
    • Pomeroy, A.C., Butler, R.W. Ydenberg, R.C. 2006. Experimental evidence that migrants adjust usage at a stopover site to trade off food and danger. Behav. Ecol. 17 : 1041 1045.
    • (2006) Behav. Ecol. , vol.17 , pp. 1041-1045
    • Pomeroy, A.C.1    Butler, R.W.2    Ydenberg, R.C.3
  • 111
    • 14844363259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scared to death? the effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions
    • Preisser, E.L., Bolnick, D.I. Benard, M.F. 2005. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86 : 501 509.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 501-509
    • Preisser, E.L.1    Bolnick, D.I.2    Benard, M.F.3
  • 112
    • 1642482961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator hunting behaviour and prey vulnerability
    • Quinn, J.L. Cresswell, W. 2004. Predator hunting behaviour and prey vulnerability. J. Anim. Ecol. 73 : 143 154.
    • (2004) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.73 , pp. 143-154
    • Quinn, J.L.1    Cresswell, W.2
  • 113
    • 33748988477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for domains of danger in the selfish herd: Sparrowhawks target widely spaced Redshanks in flocks
    • Quinn, J.L. Cresswell, W. 2006. Testing for domains of danger in the selfish herd: Sparrowhawks target widely spaced Redshanks in flocks. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 273 : 2521 2526.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.273 , pp. 2521-2526
    • Quinn, J.L.1    Cresswell, W.2
  • 114
    • 0036556148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trading-off risks from predators and from aggressive hosts
    • Quinn, J.L. Kokorev, Y. 2002. Trading-off risks from predators and from aggressive hosts. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 51 : 455 460.
    • (2002) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.51 , pp. 455-460
    • Quinn, J.L.1    Kokorev, Y.2
  • 115
    • 33645379104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the role of parasites in driving the cyclic population dynamics of a gamebird
    • Redpath, S.M., Mougeot, F., Leckie, F.M., Elston, D.A. Hudson, P.J. 2006. Testing the role of parasites in driving the cyclic population dynamics of a gamebird. Ecol. Lett. 9 : 410 418.
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 410-418
    • Redpath, S.M.1    Mougeot, F.2    Leckie, F.M.3    Elston, D.A.4    Hudson, P.J.5
  • 116
    • 0036936017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: Integrating density- and trait-mediated effects
    • Relyea, R.A. Yurewicz, K.L. 2002. Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: integrating density- and trait-mediated effects. Oecologia 131 : 569 579.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 569-579
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Yurewicz, K.L.2
  • 117
    • 4043155503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves and the ecology of fear: Can predation risk structure ecosystems?
    • Ripple, W.J. Beschta, R.L. 2004. Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems? Bioscience 54 : 755 766.
    • (2004) Bioscience , vol.54 , pp. 755-766
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 118
    • 33745190976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem
    • Ripple, W.J. Beschta, R.L. 2006a. Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecol. Manag. 230 : 96 106.
    • (2006) Forest Ecol. Manag. , vol.230 , pp. 96-106
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 119
    • 33751347605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking a Cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park
    • Ripple, W.J. Beschta, R.L. 2006b. Linking a Cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biol. Cons. 133 : 397 408.
    • (2006) Biol. Cons. , vol.133 , pp. 397-408
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 120
    • 34249939575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tameness and stress physiology in a predator-naive island species confronted with novel predation threat
    • Rodl, T., Berger, S., Romero, L.M. Wikelski, M. 2007. Tameness and stress physiology in a predator-naive island species confronted with novel predation threat. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274 : 577 582.
    • (2007) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.274 , pp. 577-582
    • Rodl, T.1    Berger, S.2    Romero, L.M.3    Wikelski, M.4
  • 121
    • 33846605549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of prey hotspots by an avian predator: Purposeful unpredictability?
    • Roth, T.C. Lima, S.L. 2007. Use of prey hotspots by an avian predator: purposeful unpredictability? Am. Nat. 169 : 264 273.
    • (2007) Am. Nat. , vol.169 , pp. 264-273
    • Roth, T.C.1    Lima, S.L.2
  • 122
    • 4043157855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidental predation, enemy-free space and the coexistence of incidental prey
    • Schmidt, K.A. 2004. Incidental predation, enemy-free space and the coexistence of incidental prey. Oikos 106 : 335 343.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.106 , pp. 335-343
    • Schmidt, K.A.1
  • 123
    • 33645126425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-additivity among multiple cues of predation risk: A behaviorally-driven trophic cascade between owls and songbirds
    • Schmidt, K.A. 2006. Non-additivity among multiple cues of predation risk: a behaviorally-driven trophic cascade between owls and songbirds. Oikos 113 : 82 90.
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.113 , pp. 82-90
    • Schmidt, K.A.1
  • 124
    • 0031915027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of predation and predation risk in old-field interaction webs
    • Schmitz, O.J. 1998. Direct and indirect effects of predation and predation risk in old-field interaction webs. Am. Nat. 151 : 327 342.
    • (1998) Am. Nat. , vol.151 , pp. 327-342
    • Schmitz, O.J.1
  • 125
    • 1342333392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades: The primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions
    • Schmitz, O.J., Krivan, V. Ovadia, O. 2004. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecol. Lett. 7 : 153 163.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 153-163
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Krivan, V.2    Ovadia, O.3
  • 126
    • 0242584863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial refugia and the coexistence of a diurnal raptor with its intraguild owl predator
    • Sergio, F., Marchesi, L. Pedrini, P. 2003. Spatial refugia and the coexistence of a diurnal raptor with its intraguild owl predator. J. Anim. Ecol. 72 : 232 245.
    • (2003) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.72 , pp. 232-245
    • Sergio, F.1    Marchesi, L.2    Pedrini, P.3
  • 127
    • 0022849787 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator responses and the perception of danger by mosquito larvae
    • Sih, A. 1986. Antipredator responses and the perception of danger by mosquito larvae. Ecology 67 : 434 441.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 434-441
    • Sih, A.1
  • 128
    • 0009648261 scopus 로고
    • Prey refuges and predator-prey stability
    • Sih, A. 1987. Prey refuges and predator-prey stability. Theor. Pop. Biol. 31 : 1 12.
    • (1987) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 1-12
    • Sih, A.1
  • 129
    • 0026540203 scopus 로고
    • Prey uncertainty and the balancing of antipredator and feeding needs
    • Sih, A. 1992. Prey uncertainty and the balancing of antipredator and feeding needs. Am. Nat. 139 : 1052 1069.
    • (1992) Am. Nat. , vol.139 , pp. 1052-1069
    • Sih, A.1
  • 130
    • 0003367186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To hide or not to hide? Refuge use in a fluctuating environment
    • Sih, A. 1997. To hide or not to hide? Refuge use in a fluctuating environment. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 : 375 376.
    • (1997) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 375-376
    • Sih, A.1
  • 132
    • 2942742936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview
    • Sih, A., Bell, A. Johnson, J.C. 2004. Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 : 372 378.
    • (2004) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.19 , pp. 372-378
    • Sih, A.1    Bell, A.2    Johnson, J.C.3
  • 133
    • 0022222441 scopus 로고
    • Does interspecific competition or predation shape the African ungulate community?
    • Sinclair, A.R.E. 1985. Does interspecific competition or predation shape the African ungulate community? J. Anim. Ecol. 54 : 899 918.
    • (1985) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.54 , pp. 899-918
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 134
    • 0028974712 scopus 로고
    • Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging - The Serengeti wildebeest
    • Sinclair, A.R.E. Arcese, P. 1995. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging - the Serengeti wildebeest. Ecology 76 : 882 891.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 882-891
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Arcese, P.2
  • 135
    • 0030617626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on Elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park
    • Singer, F.J., Harting, A., Symonds, K.K. Coughenour, M.B. 1997. Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on Elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park. J. Wildlife Manage. 61 : 12 25.
    • (1997) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.61 , pp. 12-25
    • Singer, F.J.1    Harting, A.2    Symonds, K.K.3    Coughenour, M.B.4
  • 136
    • 29144498192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear in animals: A meta-analysis and review of risk assessment
    • Stankowich, T. Blumstein, D.T. 2005. Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 272 : 2627 2634.
    • (2005) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.272 , pp. 2627-2634
    • Stankowich, T.1    Blumstein, D.T.2
  • 137
    • 0028161752 scopus 로고
    • Avian predation risk modifies breeding bird community on a farmland area
    • Suhonen, J., Norrdahl, K. Korpimäki, E. 1994. Avian predation risk modifies breeding bird community on a farmland area. Ecology 75 : 1626 1634.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1626-1634
    • Suhonen, J.1    Norrdahl, K.2    Korpimäki, E.3
  • 139
    • 3042547166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hunting disturbance on waterbirds. a review of literature
    • Tamisier, A., Bechet, A., Jarry, G., Lefeuvre, J.C. Le Maho, Y. 2003. Effects of hunting disturbance on waterbirds. A review of literature. Terre Vie 58 : 435 449.
    • (2003) Terre Vie , vol.58 , pp. 435-449
    • Tamisier, A.1    Bechet, A.2    Jarry, G.3    Lefeuvre, J.C.4    Le Maho, Y.5
  • 140
    • 0030302031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of Grey Partridges Perdix perdix
    • Tapper, S.C., Potts, G.R. Brockless, M.H. 1996. The effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of Grey Partridges Perdix perdix. J. Appl. Ecol. 33 : 965 978.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.33 , pp. 965-978
    • Tapper, S.C.1    Potts, G.R.2    Brockless, M.H.3
  • 141
    • 0035018026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of management for Red Grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorland
    • Tharme, A.P., Green, R.E., Baines, D., Bainbridge, I.P. O'Brien, M. 2001. The effect of management for Red Grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorland. J. Appl. Ecol. 38 : 439 457.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.38 , pp. 439-457
    • Tharme, A.P.1    Green, R.E.2    Baines, D.3    Bainbridge, I.P.4    O'Brien, M.5
  • 142
    • 0032835179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of mixed species flocking in tropical forest birds and correlates of predation risk: An intertropical comparison
    • Thiollay, J.M. 1999. Frequency of mixed species flocking in tropical forest birds and correlates of predation risk: an intertropical comparison. J. Avian Biol. 30 : 282 294.
    • (1999) J. Avian Biol. , vol.30 , pp. 282-294
    • Thiollay, J.M.1
  • 143
    • 0000059441 scopus 로고
    • Anti-predator responses in mixed-species associations of Lapwings, Golden Plovers and Black-headed Gulls
    • Thompson, D.B.A. Barnard, C.J. 1983. Anti-predator responses in mixed-species associations of Lapwings, Golden Plovers and Black-headed Gulls. Anim. Behav. 31 : 585 593.
    • (1983) Anim. Behav. , vol.31 , pp. 585-593
    • Thompson, D.B.A.1    Barnard, C.J.2
  • 144
    • 33845581698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear factor: Prey habitat selection and its consequences in a predation risk landscape
    • Thomson, R.L., Forsman, J.T., Sarda-Palomera, F. Monkkonen, M. 2006. Fear factor: prey habitat selection and its consequences in a predation risk landscape. Ecography 29 : 507 514.
    • (2006) Ecography , vol.29 , pp. 507-514
    • Thomson, R.L.1    Forsman, J.T.2    Sarda-Palomera, F.3    Monkkonen, M.4
  • 145
    • 0031920337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect cues of predatory risk and patch use by Fox Squirrels and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels
    • Thorson, J.M., Morgan, R.A., Brown, J.S. Norman, J.E. 1998. Direct and indirect cues of predatory risk and patch use by Fox Squirrels and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels. Behav. Ecol. 9 : 151 157.
    • (1998) Behav. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 151-157
    • Thorson, J.M.1    Morgan, R.A.2    Brown, J.S.3    Norman, J.E.4
  • 146
    • 4544314004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: Distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects
    • Trussell, G.C., Ewanchuk, P.J., Bertness, M.D. Silliman, B.R. 2004. Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects. Oecologia 139 : 427 432.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.139 , pp. 427-432
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Bertness, M.D.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 147
    • 33845693539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fear of being eaten reduces energy transfer in a simple food chain
    • Trussell, G.C., Ewanchuk, P.J. Matassa, C.M. 2006. The fear of being eaten reduces energy transfer in a simple food chain. Ecology 87 : 2979 2984.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 2979-2984
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Matassa, C.M.3
  • 148
    • 0242570631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of a compensatory relationship between food limitation and predation in semi-domestic Reindeer
    • Tveraa, T., Fauchald, P., Henaug, C. Yoccoz, N.G. 2003. An examination of a compensatory relationship between food limitation and predation in semi-domestic Reindeer. Oecologia 137 : 370 376.
    • (2003) Oecologia , vol.137 , pp. 370-376
    • Tveraa, T.1    Fauchald, P.2    Henaug, C.3    Yoccoz, N.G.4
  • 149
    • 33846947966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance and fitness in Grey Partridges Perdix perdix: The effects of group size and foraging-vigilance trade-offs on predation mortality
    • Watson, M., Aebischer, N.J. Cresswell, W. 2007. Vigilance and fitness in Grey Partridges Perdix perdix: the effects of group size and foraging-vigilance trade-offs on predation mortality. J. Anim. Ecol. 76 : 211 221.
    • (2007) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 211-221
    • Watson, M.1    Aebischer, N.J.2    Cresswell, W.3
  • 150
    • 0038699846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities
    • Werner, E.E. Peacor, S.D. 2003. A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84 : 1083 1100.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1083-1100
    • Werner, E.E.1    Peacor, S.D.2
  • 151
    • 33644834276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lethal and nonlethal predator effects on an herbivore guild mediated by system productivity
    • Werner, E.E. Peacor, S.D. 2006. Lethal and nonlethal predator effects on an herbivore guild mediated by system productivity. Ecology 87 : 347 361.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 347-361
    • Werner, E.E.1    Peacor, S.D.2
  • 153
    • 23944464971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of human presence, flock size and prey density on shorebird foraging rates
    • Yasué, M. 2005. The effects of human presence, flock size and prey density on shorebird foraging rates. J. Ethol. 23 : 199 204.
    • (2005) J. Ethol. , vol.23 , pp. 199-204
    • Yasué, M.1
  • 154
    • 0348227758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple effects of weather on the starvation and predation risk trade-off in choice of feeding location in Redshanks
    • Yasué, M., Quinn, J.L. Cresswell, W. 2003. Multiple effects of weather on the starvation and predation risk trade-off in choice of feeding location in Redshanks. Func. Ecol. 17 : 727 736.
    • (2003) Func. Ecol. , vol.17 , pp. 727-736
    • Yasué, M.1    Quinn, J.L.2    Cresswell, W.3
  • 155
    • 77956778315 scopus 로고
    • The economics of fleeing from predators
    • Ydenberg, R.C. Dill, L.M. 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv. Stud. Behav. 16 : 229 249.
    • (1986) Adv. Stud. Behav. , vol.16 , pp. 229-249
    • Ydenberg, R.C.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 156
  • 157
    • 2942715413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western Sandpipers have altered migration tactics as Peregrine Falcon populations have recovered
    • Ydenberg, R.C., Butler, R.W., Lank, D.B., Smith, B.D. Ireland, J. 2004. Western Sandpipers have altered migration tactics as Peregrine Falcon populations have recovered. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271 : 1263 1269.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.271 , pp. 1263-1269
    • Ydenberg, R.C.1    Butler, R.W.2    Lank, D.B.3    Smith, B.D.4    Ireland, J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.