Competitive and predatory interactions among raptors: An observational and experimental study

Ecology

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1134-1142

  Hakkarainen, Harri ^a   Korpimäki, Erkki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Eagle owl; Exploitative competition; Field experiment; Finland; Fitness consequences; Habitat selection; Interference competition; Intraspecific competition; Predation risk; Tengmalm's owl; Ural owl

Indexed keywords

BREEDING DENSITY; EAGLE OWL; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; PREDATION RISK; TENGMALM'S OWL; TERRITORY; URAL OWL;

FENNOSCANDIA;

AEGOLIUS FUNEREUS; BUBO BUBO; STRIX URALENSIS;

EID: 0030389779     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2265582     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Alatalo, R. V., A. Lundberg, and K. Ståhlbrand. 1984. Female mate choice in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 14:253-261.
2. Alatalo, R. V., L. Gustafsson, M. Lindén, and A. Lundberg. 1985. Interspecific competition and niche shifts in tits and the golderest: an experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology 54:977-984.
3. Alatalo, R. V., D. Eriksson, L. Gustafsson, and K. Larsson. 1987. Exploitation competition influences the use of foraging sites by tits: experimental evidence. Ecology 68:284-290.
4. Block, W. M., and L. A. Brennan. 1993. The habitat concept in ornithology. Theory and applications. Current Ornithology 11:35-91.
5. Charnov, E. L., G. H. Orians, and K. Hyatt. 1976. Ecological implications of resource depression. American Naturalist 110:247-259.
6. Clutton-Brock, T. H., editor. 1988. Reproductive success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
7. Connell, J. H. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition; evidence from field experiments. American Naturalist 122:661-696.
8. Dhondt, A. A., and R. Eyckermann. 1980. Competition between the great tit and the blue tit outside the breeding season in field experiments. Ecology 61:1291-1298.
9. Erlinge, S. 1981. Food preference, optimal diet and reproductive output in stoats, Mustela erminea, in Sweden. Oikos 36:303-315.
10. Fraser, D. G., and R. D. Gerri. 1982. Experimental evaluation of predator-prey relationships in a patchy environment: consequences for habitat use patterns in minnows. Ecology 63:307-313.
11. Garcia, E. F. J. 1983. An experimental test of competition for space between blackcaps, Sylvia atricapilla, and garden warblers, Sylvia borin, in the breeding season. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:795-805.
12. Glutz von Blotzheim, U. N., and K. M. Bauer. 1980. Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Volume 9. Academische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, Germany.
13. Goodman, D. 1979. Regulating reproductive effort in a changing environment. American Naturalist 113:735-748.
14. Gustafsson, L. 1987. Interspecific competition lowers fitness in collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis: an experimental demonstration. Ecology 68:291-296.
15. Hairston, N. G. 1985. The interpretation of experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 125:321-325.
16. Hairston, N. G., F. E. Smith, and L. B. Slobodkin. 1960. Community structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425.
17. Hakkarainen, H., and E. Korpimäki. 1994a. Does feeding effort of Tengmalm's owls reflect offspring survival prospects in cyclic food conditions? Oecologia 97:209-214.
18. Hakkarainen, H., and E. Korpimäki. 19946. Environmental parental and adaptive variation in egg size of Tengmalm's owls under fluctuating food conditions. Oecologia 98:362-368.
19. Hakkarainen, H., and E. Korpimäki. 1994c. Nest defence of Tengmalm's owls reflects offspring survival prospects under fluctuating food conditions. Animal Behaviour 48:843-849.
20. Hastings, A. 1987. Can competition be determined using species co-occurrence data? Ecology 68:117-123.
21. Hirshfield, M. F., and D. W. Tinkle. 1975. Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences (USA) 72:2227-2231.
22. Högstedt, G. 1980. Prediction and test of the effect of interspecific competition. Nature 283:64-66.
23. Hörnfeldt, B., B.-G. Carlsson, and L. L. Nordström. 1988. Molt of primaries and age determination in Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus). Auk 105:783-789.
24. Kerfoot, W. C., and A. Sih. 1987. Predation. Direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, and London, UK.
25. Korpimäki, E. 1981. On the ecology and biology of Tengmalm's owl (Aegolius funereus) in Southern Ostrobothnia and Suomenselkä, western Finland. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. Series A. Scientiae Rerum Naturalium 118:1-84.
26. _. 1985. Clutch size and breeding success in relation to nest-box size in Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus. Holarctic Ecology 8:175-180.
27. _. 1987a. Selection for nest-hole shift and tactics of breeding dispersal in Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:185-196.
28. _. 1987b. Dietary shifts, niche relationships and reproductive output of coexisting Kestrels and Long-eared Owls. Oecologia 74:277-285.
29. _. 1988a. Effects of territory quality on occupancy, breeding performance and breeding dispersal in Tengmalm's owl. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:97-108.
30. _. 19886. Effects of age on breeding performance of Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus in western Finland. Ornis Scandinavica 19:21-26.
31. _. 1988c. Diet of breeding Tengmalm's Owls Aegolius funereus: long-term changes and year-to-year variation under cyclic food conditions. Ornis Fennica 65:21-30.
32. _. 1992a. Population dynamics of Fennoscandian owls in relation to wintering conditions and between-year fluctuations of food. Pages 1-10 in C. A. Galbraith, I. R. Taylor, and S. Percival, editors. The ecology and conservation of European owls. Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK Nature Conservation, No. 5), Peterborough, UK.
33. _. 1992b. Fluctuating food abundance determines the lifetime reproductive success of male Tengmalm's owls. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:103-111.
34. Korpimäki, E., and H. Hakkarainen. 1991. Fluctuating food supply affects the clutch size of Tengmalm's owl independent of laying date. Oecologia 85:543-552.
35. Korpimäki, E., and K. Norrdahl. 1989. Predation of Tengmalm's owls: numerical responses, functional responses and dampening impact on population fluctuations of microtines. Oikos 54:154-164.
36. Korpimäki, E., and K. Norrdahl. 1991. Do breeding nomadic avian predators dampen population fluctuations of voles? Oikos 62:195-208.
37. Korpimäki, E., and S. Sulkava. 1987. Diet and breeding performance of Ural Owls Strix uralensis under fluctuating food conditions. Ornis Fennica 64:57-66.
38. Korpimäki, E., K. Huhtala, and S. Sulkava. 1990. Does the year-to-year variation in the diet of eagle and Ural owls support the alternative prey hypothesis? Oikos 58:47-54.
39. Korpimäki, E., M. Lagerström, and P. Saurola. 1987. Field evidence for nomadism in Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus. Ornis Scandinavica 18:1-4.
40. Lightbody, J. P., and P. J. Weatherhead. 1988. Female settling patterns and polygyny: tests of neutral-mate-choice hypothesis. American Naturalist 132:20-33.
41. Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1989. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640.
42. Lundberg, A. 1979. Residency, migration and a compromise: adaptations to nest-site scarcity and food specialization in three Fennoscandian owl species. Oecologia (Berlin) 41: 273-281.
43. Lyon, R. H., R. G. Runnals, and G. Y. Forward. 1983. Territorial bell miners and other birds affecting populations of insect prey. Science 221:1411-1413.
44. Martin, T. E. 1986. Competition in breeding birds. On the importance of considering processes at the level of the individual. Current Ornithology 4:181-210.
45. _. 1987. Food as a limit on breeding birds: a life history perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:453-487.
46. McIntosh, R. P. 1987. Pluralism in ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 18:321-341.
47. Menge, B. A., and J. P. Sutherland. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. American Naturalist 110:351-369.
48. Mikkola, H. 1983. Owls of Europe. Poyser, Galton, UK.
49. Miller, R. S. 1967. Pattern and process in competition. Advances in Ecological Research 4:1-74.
50. _. 1969. Competition and species diversity. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 22:63-70.
51. Minot, E. O. 1981. Effects of interspecific competition for food in breeding blue and great tits. Journal of Animal Ecology 50:375-386.
52. Newton, I., editor. 1989. Lifetime reproduction in birds. Academic Press, London, UK.
53. Nilsson, I. N. 1984. Prey weight, food overlap, and reproductive output of potentially competing Long-eared and Tawny Owls. Ornis Scandinavica 15:176-182.
54. Palokangas, P., R. V. Alatalo, and E. Korpimäki. 1992. Female choice in the kestrel under different availability of mating options. Animal Behaviour 43:659-665.
55. Pianka, E. R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:53-74.
56. Pietiäinen, H., P. Saurola, and R. A. Väisänen. 1986. Parental investment in clutch size and egg size in the Ural Owl Strix uralensis. Ornis Scandinavica 17:309-325.
57. Pouttu, P. 1985. Palokärjen (Dryocopus m. martius) pesimäbiologiasta Etelä-Hämeessä vv. 1977-1984. Kanta-Hämeen Linnut 9:40-50.
58. Robinson, S., and J. Terborgh. 1995. Interspecific aggression and habitat selection by Amazonian birds. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:1-11.
59. Roughgarden, J. 1979. Theory of population genetics and evolutionary ecology: an introduction. McMillan, New York, New York, USA.
60. Saurola, P. 1987. Mate and nest-site fidelity in Ural and Tawny Owls. Pages 81-86 in R. W. Nero, R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, editors. Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report RM-142, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
61. Schoener, T. W. 1974. The compression hypothesis and temporal resource partitioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 71:4169-4172.
62. _. 1982. The controversy over interspecific competition. American Scientist 70:586-595.
63. _. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122:240-285.
64. Sih, A. 1982. Foraging strategies and the avoidance of predation by an aquatic insect, Notonecta hoffmanni. Ecology 63:786-796.
65. Sih, A., P. Crowley, M. McPeek, J. Petranka, and K. Strohmeier. 1985. Predation, competition, and prey communities: a review of field experiments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:269-311.
66. Sonerud, G. A. 1993. Reduced predation by nest box relocation: differential effect on Tengmalm's Owl nests and artificial nests. Ornis Scandinavica 24:249-253.
67. Strong, D. R., D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle. 1984. Ecological communities: conceptual issues and the evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
68. Vassalo, A. I. 1993. Habitat shift after experimental removal of the bigger species in sympatric Ctenomys talarum and Ctenomys australis. Behaviour 127:247-263.
69. Village, A. 1985. Spring arrival times and assortative mating of kestrels in south Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 54:857-868.
70. Werner, E. E., J. F. Gilliam, D. J. Hall, and G. G. Mittelbach. 1983. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64:1540-1548.
71. Wiens, J. A. 1977. On competition and variable environments. American Scientist 65:590-597.
72. _. 1989a. The ecology of bird communities. Volume 1. Functions and patterns. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
73. _. 1989b. The ecology of bird communities. Volume 2. Process and variations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.