메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 235-247

The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of arctic ground squirrels

Author keywords

Overwinter survival; Population limitation; Reproduction; Spermophilus parryii; Sublethal effects of predators

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; FOOD AVAILABILITY; OVERWINTERING; PREDATION; REPRODUCTION; RODENT; SURVIVAL;

EID: 0034016025     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00387.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (93)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0028980867 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between food availability and predation mortality mediated by adaptive behavior
    • Anholt, B.R. & Werner, E.E. (1995) Interaction between food availability and predation mortality mediated by adaptive behavior. Ecology, 76, 2230-2234.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2230-2234
    • Anholt, B.R.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 2
    • 0024220543 scopus 로고
    • Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows
    • Arcese, P. & Smith, J.N.M. (1988) Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 119-136.
    • (1988) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 119-136
    • Arcese, P.1    Smith, J.N.M.2
  • 3
    • 0008327861 scopus 로고
    • Food selectivity by yellow-bellied marmots
    • Armitage, K.B. (1979) Food selectivity by yellow-bellied marmots. Journal of Mammalogy, 60, 628-629.
    • (1979) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.60 , pp. 628-629
    • Armitage, K.B.1
  • 5
    • 0027947760 scopus 로고
    • Food restriction effects on the body composition of free-living ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi
    • Bachman, G. (1994) Food restriction effects on the body composition of free-living ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. Physiological Zoology, 67, 756-770.
    • (1994) Physiological Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 756-770
    • Bachman, G.1
  • 6
    • 0004270289 scopus 로고
    • University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo
    • Banfield, A.W.F. (1974). The Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo.
    • (1974) The Mammals of Canada
    • Banfield, A.W.F.1
  • 7
    • 0001288192 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, abundance, and foraging patterns of ground squirrels near Atkasook, Alaska
    • Batzli, G.O. & Sobaski, S.T. (1980) Distribution, abundance, and foraging patterns of ground squirrels near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12, 501-510.
    • (1980) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.12 , pp. 501-510
    • Batzli, G.O.1    Sobaski, S.T.2
  • 8
    • 33746158573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk-sensitive foraging, fitness, and life histories: Where does reproduction fit into the big picture?
    • Bednekoff, P.A. (1996) Risk-sensitive foraging, fitness, and life histories: Where does reproduction fit into the big picture? American Zoologist, 36, 471-483.
    • (1996) American Zoologist , vol.36 , pp. 471-483
    • Bednekoff, P.A.1
  • 9
    • 0000587472 scopus 로고
    • Predation on Microtus townsendii populations: Impact and vulnerability
    • Boonstra, R. (1977) Predation on Microtus townsendii populations: impact and vulnerability. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55, 1631-1643.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.55 , pp. 1631-1643
    • Boonstra, R.1
  • 10
    • 0031709736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare cycle
    • Boonstra, R., Hik, D., Singleton, G.R. & Tinnikov, A. (1998) The impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecological Monographs, 79, 371-394.
    • (1998) Ecological Monographs , vol.79 , pp. 371-394
    • Boonstra, R.1    Hik, D.2    Singleton, G.R.3    Tinnikov, A.4
  • 11
    • 0027198006 scopus 로고
    • Population declines in the snowshoe hare and the role of stress
    • Boonstra, R. & Singleton, G.R. (1993) Population declines in the snowshoe hare and the role of stress. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 91, 129-143.
    • (1993) General and Comparative Endocrinology , vol.91 , pp. 129-143
    • Boonstra, R.1    Singleton, G.R.2
  • 12
    • 0028166261 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of capture recapture estimators of snowshoe hare populations
    • Boulanger, J. & Krebs, C.J. (1994) Comparison of capture recapture estimators of snowshoe hare populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 11, 1800-1807.
    • (1994) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.11 , pp. 1800-1807
    • Boulanger, J.1    Krebs, C.J.2
  • 13
    • 0025206618 scopus 로고
    • Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: Patterns, problems, and the future
    • Boutin, S. (1990) Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems, and the future. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 203-220.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , pp. 203-220
    • Boutin, S.1
  • 14
    • 0028994875 scopus 로고
    • Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest
    • Boutin, S., Krebs, C.J., Boonstra, R. et al. (1995) Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos, 74, 69-80.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.74 , pp. 69-80
    • Boutin, S.1    Krebs, C.J.2    Boonstra, R.3
  • 18
    • 0001684668 scopus 로고
    • Foraging and predation risk in yellow-bellied marmots
    • Carey, H.V. & Moore, P. (1986) Foraging and predation risk in yellow-bellied marmots. American Midland Naturalist, 116, 267-275.
    • (1986) American Midland Naturalist , vol.116 , pp. 267-275
    • Carey, H.V.1    Moore, P.2
  • 19
    • 0000601221 scopus 로고
    • Population control in arctic ground squirrels
    • Carl, E.A. (1971) Population control in arctic ground squirrels. Ecology, 52, 395-413.
    • (1971) Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 395-413
    • Carl, E.A.1
  • 20
    • 0025686734 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale perturbations: Opportunities for innovation
    • Carpenter, S.R. (1990) Large-scale perturbations: opportunities for innovation. Ecology, 71, 2038-2043.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2038-2043
    • Carpenter, S.R.1
  • 22
    • 33746142030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk-sensitive behavior: Where do we go from here?
    • Cartar, R.V. & Smallwood, P.D. (1996) Risk-sensitive behavior: where do we go from here? American Zoologist, 36, 530-531.
    • (1996) American Zoologist , vol.36 , pp. 530-531
    • Cartar, R.V.1    Smallwood, P.D.2
  • 23
    • 0017224493 scopus 로고
    • Hibernation and circannual rhythms of food consumption in marmots and ground squirrels
    • Davis, D.E. (1976) Hibernation and circannual rhythms of food consumption in marmots and ground squirrels. Quarterly Review of Biology, 51, 477-514.
    • (1976) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.51 , pp. 477-514
    • Davis, D.E.1
  • 24
    • 0025205491 scopus 로고
    • Effects of food and predation on behaviour of prairie voles: A field experiment
    • Desy, E.A., Batzli, G.O. & Liu, J. (1990) Effects of food and predation on behaviour of prairie voles: a field experiment, Oikos, 58, 159-168.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.58 , pp. 159-168
    • Desy, E.A.1    Batzli, G.O.2    Liu, J.3
  • 25
    • 0026568051 scopus 로고
    • Body mass, structural size, and life-history patterns of the Columbian ground squirrel
    • Dobson, F.S. (1992) Body mass, structural size, and life-history patterns of the Columbian ground squirrel. American Naturalist, 140, 109-125.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 109-125
    • Dobson, F.S.1
  • 26
    • 0028975453 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of population size: Evidence from Columbian ground squirrels
    • Dobson, F.S. (1995) Regulation of population size: evidence from Columbian ground squirrels. Oecologia, 102, 44-51.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.102 , pp. 44-51
    • Dobson, F.S.1
  • 27
    • 0022175382 scopus 로고
    • The influence of food resources on population dynamics in Columbian ground squirrels
    • Dobson, F.S. & J.D. Kjelgaard (1985a) The influence of food resources on population dynamics in Columbian ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 2095-2104.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.63 , pp. 2095-2104
    • Dobson, F.S.1    Kjelgaard, J.D.2
  • 28
    • 0022192978 scopus 로고
    • The influence of food resources on life history in Columbian ground squirrels
    • Dobson, F.S. & J.D. Kjelgaard (1985b) The influence of food resources on life history in Columbian ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 2105-2109.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.63 , pp. 2105-2109
    • Dobson, F.S.1    Kjelgaard, J.D.2
  • 29
    • 0028974706 scopus 로고
    • Maternal traits and reproduction in Richardson's ground squirrels
    • Dobson, F.S. & Michener, G.R. (1995) Maternal traits and reproduction in Richardson's ground squirrels. Ecology, 76, 851-862.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 851-862
    • Dobson, F.S.1    Michener, G.R.2
  • 30
    • 0028974722 scopus 로고
    • Effects of supplemental food on population dynamics of cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus
    • Doonan, T.J. & Slade, N.A. (1995) Effects of supplemental food on population dynamics of cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus. Ecology, 76, 814-826.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 814-826
    • Doonan, T.J.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 31
    • 0028797452 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive response of a tropical mouse, Peromyscus mexicanus, to changes in food availability
    • Duquette, L.S. & Millar, J.S. (1995) Reproductive response of a tropical mouse, Peromyscus mexicanus, to changes in food availability. Journal of Mammalogy, 76, 596-602.
    • (1995) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.76 , pp. 596-602
    • Duquette, L.S.1    Millar, J.S.2
  • 33
    • 0027028358 scopus 로고
    • The influence of dietary fatty acids on hibernation by golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis)
    • Frank, C.L. (1992) The influence of dietary fatty acids on hibernation by golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Physiological Zoology, 65, 906-920.
    • (1992) Physiological Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 906-920
    • Frank, C.L.1
  • 35
    • 0023276973 scopus 로고
    • Polyunsaturated lipid diet lengthens torpor and reduces body temperature in a hibernator
    • Geiser, F. & Kenagy, G.J. (1987) Polyunsaturated lipid diet lengthens torpor and reduces body temperature in a hibernator. American Journal of Physiology, 252, R897-901.
    • (1987) American Journal of Physiology , vol.252
    • Geiser, F.1    Kenagy, G.J.2
  • 36
    • 0001451902 scopus 로고
    • Dietary fats and torpor patterns in hibernating ground squirrels
    • Geiser, F. & Kenagy, G.J. (1993) Dietary fats and torpor patterns in hibernating ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 1182-1186.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.71 , pp. 1182-1186
    • Geiser, F.1    Kenagy, G.J.2
  • 37
    • 0025002667 scopus 로고
    • Influence of polyunsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on adipose tissue, brain and mitochondrial membrane fatty acid composition of a mammalian hibernator
    • Geiser, G. (1990) Influence of polyunsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on adipose tissue, brain and mitochondrial membrane fatty acid composition of a mammalian hibernator. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1046, 159-166.
    • (1990) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , vol.1046 , pp. 159-166
    • Geiser, G.1
  • 39
    • 0028974726 scopus 로고
    • Microtine rodent dynamics in northern Europe: Parameterized models for the predator-prey interaction
    • Hanski, I. & Korpimäki, E. (1995) Microtine rodent dynamics in northern Europe: parameterized models for the predator-prey interaction. Ecology, 76, 840-850.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 840-850
    • Hanski, I.1    Korpimäki, E.2
  • 40
    • 0003398975 scopus 로고
    • Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Washington, DC
    • Harwood, H.J. & Geyer, R.P. (1964) Biology Data Book. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Washington, DC.
    • (1964) Biology Data Book
    • Harwood, H.J.1    Geyer, R.P.2
  • 41
    • 84970585962 scopus 로고
    • Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares
    • Hik, D.S. (1995) Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares. Wildlife Research, 22, 115-129.
    • (1995) Wildlife Research , vol.22 , pp. 115-129
    • Hik, D.S.1
  • 42
    • 0011269169 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variations in physiologic functions of arctic ground squirrels and bears
    • Hock, R.J. (1960) Seasonal variations in physiologic functions of arctic ground squirrels and bears. Bulletin: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 124, 155-171.
    • (1960) Bulletin: Museum of Comparative Zoology , vol.124 , pp. 155-171
    • Hock, R.J.1
  • 43
    • 84970581935 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: A dynamic complex of interactions
    • Holmes, J.C. (1995) Population regulation: a dynamic complex of interactions. Wildlife Research, 22, 11-19.
    • (1995) Wildlife Research , vol.22 , pp. 11-19
    • Holmes, J.C.1
  • 44
    • 0001396129 scopus 로고
    • Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska
    • Holmes, W.G. (1984) Predation risk and foraging behavior of the hoary marmot in Alaska. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 15, 293-301.
    • (1984) Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.15 , pp. 293-301
    • Holmes, W.G.1
  • 45
    • 0026020434 scopus 로고
    • Predator risk affects foraging behaviour of pikas: Observational and experimental evidence
    • Holmes, W.G. (1991) Predator risk affects foraging behaviour of pikas: observational and experimental evidence. Animal Behaviour, 42, 111-119.
    • (1991) Animal Behaviour , vol.42 , pp. 111-119
    • Holmes, W.G.1
  • 47
    • 0030738866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population limitation in arctic ground squirrels: Effects of food and predation
    • Hubbs, A.H. & Boonstra, R. (1997) Population limitation in arctic ground squirrels: effects of food and predation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 527-541.
    • (1997) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 527-541
    • Hubbs, A.H.1    Boonstra, R.2
  • 48
    • 0002705714 scopus 로고
    • Energy allocation for reproduction in the golden-mantled ground squirrel
    • Kenagy, G. (1987) Energy allocation for reproduction in the golden-mantled ground squirrel. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 57, 259-273.
    • (1987) Symposium of the Zoological Society of London , vol.57 , pp. 259-273
    • Kenagy, G.1
  • 49
    • 0026314353 scopus 로고
    • The influence of apparent predation risk on the foraging behaviour of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)
    • Kieffer, J.D. (1991) The influence of apparent predation risk on the foraging behaviour of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2349-2351.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.69 , pp. 2349-2351
    • Kieffer, J.D.1
  • 50
    • 0027430419 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of multiannnual vole cycles by density-dependenl avian and mammalian predation?
    • Korpimäki, E. (1993) Regulation of multiannnual vole cycles by density-dependenl avian and mammalian predation? Oikos, 66, 359-363.
    • (1993) Oikos , vol.66 , pp. 359-363
    • Korpimäki, E.1
  • 51
    • 0031716366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small-rodent cycles
    • Korpimäki, E. & Norrdahl, K. (1998) Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small-rodent cycles. Ecology, 79, 2448-2455.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2448-2455
    • Korpimäki, E.1    Norrdahl, K.2
  • 55
    • 0001115835 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance while feeding and its relation to the risk of predation
    • Lima, S.L. (1987) Vigilance while feeding and its relation to the risk of predation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 124, 303-316.
    • (1987) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.124 , pp. 303-316
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 56
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus
    • Lima, S.L. & Dill, L.M. (1990) Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 619-640.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 57
    • 0342646007 scopus 로고
    • Developmental patterns in the Barrow ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus barrowensis
    • Mayer, W.V. & Roche, E.T. (1954) Developmental patterns in the Barrow ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus barrowensis. Growth, 18, 53-69.
    • (1954) Growth , vol.18 , pp. 53-69
    • Mayer, W.V.1    Roche, E.T.2
  • 58
    • 0000915501 scopus 로고
    • Differences in weight changes and the annual cycle of male and female arctic ground squirrels
    • McLean, I.G. & Towns, A.J. (1981a) Differences in weight changes and the annual cycle of male and female arctic ground squirrels. Arctic, 34, 249-254.
    • (1981) Arctic , vol.34 , pp. 249-254
    • McLean, I.G.1    Towns, A.J.2
  • 60
    • 0023482693 scopus 로고
    • Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size
    • McNamara, J.M. & Houston, A.I. (1987) Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology, 68, 1515-1519.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1515-1519
    • McNamara, J.M.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 61
    • 0025640288 scopus 로고
    • State-dependent ideal free distributions
    • McNamara, J.M. & Houston, A.I. (1990) State-dependent ideal free distributions. Evolutionary Ecology, 4, 298-311.
    • (1990) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 298-311
    • McNamara, J.M.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 62
    • 0024181627 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of small-mammal population size
    • Menkens, G.E. & Anderson, S.H. (1988) Estimation of small-mammal population size. Ecology, 69, 1952-1959.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1952-1959
    • Menkens, G.E.1    Anderson, S.H.2
  • 63
    • 0027088661 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of population limitation using factorial experiments
    • Mitchell, P., Arthur, W. & Farrow, M. (1992) An investigation of population limitation using factorial experiments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 591-598.
    • (1992) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 591-598
    • Mitchell, P.1    Arthur, W.2    Farrow, M.3
  • 64
    • 0000810680 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal cycles of body weights and lipids in Belding ground squirrels
    • Morton, M.L. (1975) Seasonal cycles of body weights and lipids in Belding ground squirrels. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, 74, 128-143.
    • (1975) Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences , vol.74 , pp. 128-143
    • Morton, M.L.1
  • 65
    • 0000658881 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of body weight to overwinter survival in Columbian ground squirrels
    • Murie, J.O. & Boag, D.A. (1984) The relationship of body weight to overwinter survival in Columbian ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy, 65, 688-690.
    • (1984) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.65 , pp. 688-690
    • Murie, J.O.1    Boag, D.A.2
  • 66
    • 0008254672 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of evolution and migration in the arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus purryii (Richardson)
    • Nadler, C.F. & Hoffmann, R.S. (1977) Patterns of evolution and migration in the arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus purryii (Richardson). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55, 748-758.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.55 , pp. 748-758
    • Nadler, C.F.1    Hoffmann, R.S.2
  • 67
    • 0028993819 scopus 로고
    • Optimization of reproductive effort and foraging time in mammals: The influence of resource level and predation risk
    • Oksanen, L. & Lundberg, P. (1995) Optimization of reproductive effort and foraging time in mammals: the influence of resource level and predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology, 9, 45-56.
    • (1995) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 45-56
    • Oksanen, L.1    Lundberg, P.2
  • 69
    • 0027098936 scopus 로고
    • Limits to predator regulation of rabbits in Australia: Evidence from predator-removal experiments
    • Pech, R.P., Sinclair, A.R.E., Newsome, A. E. & Catling, P.C. (1992) Limits to predator regulation of rabbits in Australia: evidence from predator-removal experiments. Oecologia, 89, 102-112.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.89 , pp. 102-112
    • Pech, R.P.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    Newsome, A.E.3    Catling, P.C.4
  • 71
    • 0028980544 scopus 로고
    • Limitation of collared lemming population growth at low densities by predation mortality
    • Reid, D.G., Krebs, C.J. & Kenney, A. (1995) Limitation of collared lemming population growth at low densities by predation mortality. Oikos, 73, 387-398.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.73 , pp. 387-398
    • Reid, D.G.1    Krebs, C.J.2    Kenney, A.3
  • 72
    • 0029750338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brood size manipulation in great horned owls Bubo virginianus: Are predators food limited at the peak of prey cycles?
    • Rohner, C. & Smith, J.N.M. (1996) Brood size manipulation in great horned owls Bubo virginianus: are predators food limited at the peak of prey cycles? Ibis, 138, 236-242.
    • (1996) Ibis , vol.138 , pp. 236-242
    • Rohner, C.1    Smith, J.N.M.2
  • 74
    • 0003763119 scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute Inc. Cary, N.C.
    • SAS Institute Inc. (1994) JMP Statistic And Graphics Guide. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, N.C.
    • (1994) JMP Statistic And Graphics Guide
  • 75
    • 0024773434 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in animals
    • ed. J.M. Cherret, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Sinclair, A.R.E. (1989) Population regulation in animals. Ecological Concepts (ed. J.M. Cherret), pp. 197-241. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
    • (1989) Ecological Concepts , pp. 197-241
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 76
    • 0025662815 scopus 로고
    • Can predators regulate small mammal populations? Evidence from house mouse outbreaks in Australia
    • Sinclair, A.R.E., Olsen, P.D. & Redhead, T.D. (1990) Can predators regulate small mammal populations? Evidence from house mouse outbreaks in Australia. Oikos, 59, 382-392.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.59 , pp. 382-392
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Olsen, P.D.2    Redhead, T.D.3
  • 77
    • 0029750304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation and predator regulation
    • Sinclair, A.R.E. & Pech, R.P. (1996) Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation and predator regulation. Oikos, 15, 164-173.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.15 , pp. 164-173
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Pech, R.P.2
  • 78
    • 0026307973 scopus 로고
    • What are the effects of predators on large ungulate populations?
    • Skogland, T. (1991) What are the effects of predators on large ungulate populations? Oikos, 61, 401-411.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.61 , pp. 401-411
    • Skogland, T.1
  • 80
    • 0025627499 scopus 로고
    • Responses of red squirrel (Tamiasciuus hudsonicus) to supplemental food
    • Sullivan, T.P. (1990) Responses of red squirrel (Tamiasciuus hudsonicus) to supplemental food. Journal of Mammalogy, 71, 579-590.
    • (1990) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.71 , pp. 579-590
    • Sullivan, T.P.1
  • 81
    • 0030480932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation or starvation: Consequences of foraging decisions by porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)
    • Sweitzer, R.A. (1996) Predation or starvation: consequences of foraging decisions by porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum). Journal of Mammalogy, 77, 1068-1077.
    • (1996) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.77 , pp. 1068-1077
    • Sweitzer, R.A.1
  • 82
    • 0000461133 scopus 로고
    • Diet alters metabolic rate in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flavirentris) during hibernation
    • Thorp, C.R., Ram, P.K. & Florant, G.L. (1994) Diet alters metabolic rate in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flavirentris) during hibernation. Physiological Zoology, 67, 1213-1229.
    • (1994) Physiological Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 1213-1229
    • Thorp, C.R.1    Ram, P.K.2    Florant, G.L.3
  • 83
    • 0028975583 scopus 로고
    • A review of the drift and activity responses of stream prey to predator presence
    • Wooster, D. & Sih, A. (1995) A review of the drift and activity responses of stream prey to predator presence. Oikos, 73, 3-8.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.73 , pp. 3-8
    • Wooster, D.1    Sih, A.2
  • 84
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고
    • Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
    • Zar, J.H. (1984). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
    • (1984) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.