Desmosomes: New perspectives on a classic

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

Volumn 127, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 2499-2515

  Green, Kathleen J ^a   Simpson, Cory L ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; DESMOSOMAL CADHERIN;

CELL ADHESION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL JUNCTION; CELL ORGANELLE; CELL STRUCTURE; DESMOSOME; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 35348927451     PISSN: 0022202X     EISSN: 15231747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701015     Document Type: Note

References (173)

1. Aho S (2004) Plakin proteins are coordinately cleaved during apoptosis but preferentially through the action of different caspases. Exp Dermatol 13:700-7
2. Allen E, Yu Q-C, Fuchs E (1996) Mice expressing a mutant desmosomal cadherin exhibit abnormalities in desmosomes, proliferation, and epidermal differentiation. J Cell Biol 133:1367-82
3. Amagai M (1999) Autoimmunity against desmosomal cadherins in pemphigus. J Dermatol Sci 20:92-102
4. Amagai M, Ahmed AR, Kitajima Y, Bystryn JC, Milner Y, Gniadecki R et al. (2006) Are desmoglein autoantibodies essential for the immunopathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris, or just "witnesses of disease"? Exp Dermatol 15:815
5. Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Green KJ, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1995) Antigen-specific immunoadsorption of pathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus foliaceus. J Invest Derm 105:895-901
6. Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1994a) Absorption of pathogenic autoantibodies by the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (Dsg3) produced by baculovirus. J Clin Invest 94:59-67
7. Amagai M, Karpati S, Klaus-Kovtun V, Udey MC, Stanley JR (1994b) The extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3) mediates weak homophilic adhesion. J Invest Dermatol 102:402-8
8. Amagai M, Koch PJ, Nishikawa T, Stanley JR (1996) Pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3) is localized in the lower epidermis, the site of blister formation in patients. J Invest Dermatol 106:351-5
9. Amagai M, Matsuyoshi N, Wang ZH, Andl C, Stanley JR (2000) Toxin in bullous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome targets desmoglein 1. Nat Med 6:1275-7
10. Anastasiadis PZ, Reynolds AB (2000) The p120 catenin family: complex roles in adhesion, signaling and cancer. J Cell Sci 113:1319-34
11. Angst B, Marcozzi C, Magee A (2001) The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function. J Cell Sci 114:629-41
12. Aoyama Y, Kitajima Y (1999) Pemphigus vulgaris-IgG causes a rapid depletion of desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) from the Triton X-100 soluble pools, leading to the formation of Dsg3- depleted desmosomes in a human squamous carcinoma cell line, DJM-1 cells. J Invest Dermatol 112:67-71
13. Aoyama Y, Owada MK, Kitajima Y (1999) A pathogenic autoantibody, pemphigus vulgaris-IgG, induces phosphorylation of desmoglein 3, and its dissociation from plakoglobin in cultured keratinocytes. Eur J Immunol 29:2233-40
14. Armstrong DKB, McKenna KE, Purkis PE, Green KJ, Eady RAJ, Leigh IM et al. (1999) Haploinsufficiency of desmoplakin causes a striate subtype of palmoplantar keratoderma. Hum Mol Genet 8:143-8
15. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villen J, Li J et al. (2004) Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12130-5
16. Bech-Serra JJ, Santiago-Josefat B, Esselens C, Saftig P, Baselga J, Arribas J et al. (2006) Proteomic identification of desmoglein 2 and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule as substrates of ADAM17 and ADAM10 by difference gel electrophoresis. Mol Cell Biol 26:5086-95
17. Berkowitz P, Hu P, Liu Z, Diaz LA, Enghild JJ, Chua MP et al. (2005) Desmosome signaling: inhibition of p38MAPK prevents pemphigus vulgaris IgG induced cytoskeleton reorganization. J Biol Chem 280:23778-84
18. Berkowitz P, Hu P, Warren S, Liu Z, Diaz LA, Rubenstein DS (2006) p38MAPK inhibition prevents disease in pemphigus vulgaris mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:12855-60
19. Bierkamp C, McLaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R (1996) Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin. Dev Biol 180:780-5
20. Bornslaeger E, Godsel L, Corcoran C, Park J, Hatzfeld M, Kowalczyk A et al. (2001) Plakophilin 1 interferes with plakoglobin binding to desmoplakin, yet together with plakoglobin promotes clustering of desmosomal plaque complexes at cell-cell borders. J Cell Sci 114:727-38
21. Borrmann CM, Grund C, Kuhn C, Hofmann I, Pieperhoff S, Franke WW (2006) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. II. Colocalizations of desmosomal and fascia adhaerens molecules in the intercalated disk. Eur J Cell Biol 85:469-85
22. Brennan D, Hu Y, Joubeh S, Choi YW, Whitaker-Menezes D, O'Brien T et al. (2007) Suprabasal Dsg2 expression in transgenic mouse skin confers a hyperproliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype to keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 120:758-71
23. Burdett ID, Sullivan KH (2002) Desmosome assembly in MDCK cells: transport of precursors to the cell surface occurs by two phases of vesicular traffic and involves major changes in centrosome and Golgi location during a Ca(2+) shift. Exp Cell Res 276:296-309
24. Caldelari R, de Bruin A, Baumann D, Suter MM, Bierkamp C, Balmer V et al. (2001) A central role for the armadillo protein plakoglobin in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris. J Cell Biol 153:823-34
25. Calkins C, Setzer S (2007) Spotting desmosomes: the first 100 years. J Invest Dermatol 127:E2-3
26. Calkins CC, Setzer SV, Jennings JM, Summers S, Tsunoda K, Amagai M et al. (2006) Desmoglein endocytosis and desmosome disassembly are coordinated responses to pemphigus autoantibodies. J Biol Chem 281:7623-34
27. Charpentier E, Lavker RM, Acquista E, Cowin P (2000) Plakoglobin suppresses epithelial proliferation and hair growth in vivo. J Cell Biol 149:503-20
28. Chen X, Bonne S, Hatzfeld M, van Roy F, Green KJ (2002) Protein binding and functional characterization of plakophilin 2. Evidence for its diverse roles in desmosomes and beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 277:10512-22
29. Cheng X, Den Z, Koch PJ (2005) Desmosomal cell adhesion in mammalian development. Eur J Cell Biol 84:215-23
30. Cheng X, Koch PJ (2004) In vivo function of desmosomes. J Dermatol 31:171-87
31. Cheng X, Mihindukulasuriya K, Den Z, Kowalczyk AP, Calkins CC, Ishiko A et al. (2004) Assessment of splice variant-specific functions of desmocollin 1 in the skin. Mol Cell Biol 24:154-63
32. Chernyavsky AI, Arredondo J, Kitajima Y, Sato-Nagai M, Grando SA (2007) Desmoglein versus non-desmoglein signaling in pemphigus acantholysis: characterization of novel signaling pathways downstream of pemphigus vulgaris antigens. J Biol Chem 282:13804-912
33. Chidgey M, Brakebusch C, Gustafsson E, Cruchley A, Hail C, Kirk S et al. (2001) Mice lacking desmocollin 1 show epidermal fragility accompanied by barrier defects and abnormal differentiation. J Cell Biol 155:821-32
34. Chidgey MAJ, Clarke JP, Garrod DR (1996) Expression of full-length desmosomal glycoproteins (desmocollins) is not sufficient to confer strong adhesion on transfected L929 cells. J Invest Dermatol 106:689-95
35. Chidgey MAJ, Yue KKM, Gould S, Byrne C, Garrod DR (1997) Changing pattern of desmocollin 3 expression accompanies epidermal organisation during skin development. Dev Dyn 210:315-27
36. Chitaev NA, Troyanovsky SM (1997) Direct Ca2+-dependent heterophilic interaction between desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein and desmocollin, contributes to cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 138:193-201
37. Choi HJ, Park-Snyder S, Pascoe LT, Green KJ, Weis WI (2002) Structures of two intermediate filament-binding fragments of desmoplakin reveal a unique repeat motif structure. Nat Struct Biol 9:612-20
38. Choi HJ, Weis WI (2005) Structure of the armadillo repeat domain of plakophilin 1. J Mol Biol 346:367-76
39. Coulombe PA, Omary MB (2002) "Hard" and "soft" principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:110-22
40. Cowin P, Mechanic S (1994) Desmosomal cadherins and their cytoplasmic interactions. In: Molecular mechanisms of epithelial cell junctions: from development to disease (Citi S, ed), Austin: R.G. Landes Co., 141-55
41. d'Amati G, di Gioia CR, Giordano C, Gallo P (2000) Myocyte transdifferentiation: a possible pathogenetic mechanism for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:287-90
42. Den Z, Cheng X, Merched-Sauvage M, Koch PJ (2006) Desmocollin 3 is required for preimplantation development of the mouse embryo. J Cell Sci 119:482-9
43. Descargues P, Deraison C, Bonnart C, Kreft M, Kishibe M, Ishida-Yamamoto A et al. (2005) Spink5-deficient mice mimic Netherton syndrome through degradation of desmoglein 1 by epidermal protease hyperactivity. Nat Genet 37:56-65
44. Dhitavat J, Cobbold C, Leslie N, Burge S, Hovnanian A (2003) Impaired trafficking of the desmoplakins in cultured Darier's disease keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 121:1349-1355
45. Dhitavat J, Fairclough RJ, Hovnanian A, Burge SM (2004) Calcium pumps and keratinocytes: lessons from Darier's disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol 150:821-8
46. DiColandrea T, Karashima T, Maatta A, Watt FM (2000) Subcellular distribution of envoplakin and periplakin: insights into their role as precursors of the epidermal cornified envelope. J Cell Biol 151:573-86
47. Dusek RL, Getsios S, Chen F, Park JK, Amargo EV, Cryns VL et al. (2006a) The differentiation-dependent desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 is a novel caspase-3 target that regulates apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 281:3614-24
48. Dusek RL, Godsel LM, Chen F, Strohecker AM, Getsios S, Harmon R et al. (2007) Plakoglobin deficiency protects keratinocytes from apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 127:792-801
49. Dusek RL, Godsel LM, Green KJ (2007) Discriminating roles of desmosomal cadherins: beyond desmosomal adhesion. J Dermatol Sci 45:7-21
50. Elias PM, Matsuyoshi N, Wu H, Lin C, Wang ZH, Brown BE et al. (2001) Desmoglein isoform distribution affects stratum corneum structure and function. J Cell Biol 153:243-9
51. Esaki C, Seishima M, Yamada T, Osada K, Kitajima Y (1995) Pharmacologic evidence for involvement of phospholipase C in pemphigus IgG-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation, intracellular calcium increase, and plasminogen activator secretion in DJM-1 cells, a squamous cell carcinoma line. J Invest Dermatol 105:329-33
52. Eshkind L, Tian Q, Schmidt A, Franke WW, Windoffer R, Leube RE (2002) Loss of desmoglein 2 suggests essential functions for early embryonic development and proliferation of embryonal stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 81:592-8
53. Fontao L, Favre B, Riou S, Geerts D, Jaunin F, Saurat JH et al. (2003) Interaction of the bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BP230) and desmoplakin with intermediate filaments is mediated by distinct sequences within their COOH terminus. Mol Biol Cell 14:1978-1992
54. Franke WW, Borrmann CM, Grund C, Pieperhoff S (2006) The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. I. Molecular definition in intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes by immunoelectron microscopy of desmosomal proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 85:69-82
55. Gallicano GI, Bauer C, Fuchs E (2001) Rescuing desmoplakin function in extra-embryonic ectoderm reveals the importance of this protein in embryonic heart, neuroepithelium, skin and vasculature. Development 128:929-41
56. Gallicano GI, Foshay K, Pengetnze Y, Zhou X (2005) Dynamics and unexpected localization of the plakin binding protein, kazrin, in mouse eggs and early embryos. Dev Dyn 234:201-14
57. Gallicano GI, Kouklis P, Bauer C, Yin M, Vasioukhin V, Degenstein L et al. (1998) Desmoplakin is required early in development for assembly of desmosomes and cytoskeletal linkage. J Cell Biol 143:2009-22
58. Garcia-Gras E, Lombardi R, Giocondo MJ, Willerson JT, Schneider MD, Khoury DS et al. (2006) Suppression of canonical Wnt/betacatenin signaling by nuclear plakoglobin recapitulates phenotype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 116:2012-21
59. Garrod DR (1996) Epithelial development and differentiation: the role of desmosomes. JR Coll Physicians Lond 30:366-73
60. Garrod DR, Berika MY, Bardsley WF, Holmes D, Tabernero L (2005) Hyper-adhesion in desmosomes: its regulation in wound healing and possible relationship to cadherin crystal structure. J Cell Sci 118:5743-54
61. Garrod DR, Merritt AJ, Nie Z (2002) Desmosomal cadherins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 14:537-45
62. Gat U, DasGupta R, Degenstein L, Fuchs E (1998) De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated b-catenin in skin. Cell 95:605-14
63. Gaudry CA, Palka HL, Dusek RL, Huen AC, Khandekar MJ, Hudson LG et al. (2001) Tyrosine phosphorylated plakoglobin is associated with desmogleins but not desmoplakin after EGFR activation. J Biol Chem 276:24871-80
64. Getsios S, Amargo EV, Dusek RL, Ishii K, Sheu L, Godsel LM et al. (2004a) Coordinated expression of desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 regulates intercellular adhesion. Differentiation 72:419-33
65. Getsios S, Huen AC, Green KJ (2004b) Working out the strength and flexibility of desmosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:271-81
66. Gloushankova NA, Wakatsuki T, Troyanovsky RB, Elson E, Troyanovsky SM (2003) Continual assembly of desmosomes within stable intercellular contacts of epithelial A-431 cells. Cell Tissue Res 314:399-410
67. Godsel LM, Hsieh SN, Amargo EV, Bass AE, Pascoe-McGillicuddy LT, Huen AC et al. (2005) Desmoplakin assembly dynamics in four dimensions: multiple phases differentially regulated by intermediate filaments and actin. J Cell Biol 171:1045-59
68. Green KJ, Geiger B, Jones JCR, Talian JC, Goldman RD (1987) The relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments prior to and during the formation of desmosomes and adherens-type junctions in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. J Cell Biol 104:1389-402
69. Green KJ, Parry DAD, Steinert PM, Virata MLA, Wagner RM, Angst BD et al. (1990) Structure of the human desmoplakins: implications for function in the desmosomal plaque. J Biol Chem 265:2603-12
70. Groot KR, Sevilla LM, Nishi K, DiColandrea T, Watt FM (2004) Kazrin, a novel periplakin-interacting protein associated with desmosomes and the keratinocyte plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 166:653-9
71. Grossmann KS, Grund C, Huelsken J, Behrend M, Erdmann B, Franke WW et al. (2004) Requirement of plakophilin 2 for heart morphogenesis and cardiac junction formation. J Cell Biol 167:149-60
72. Gumbiner BM (2005) Regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion in morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:622-34
73. Hammerling B, Grund C, Boda-Heggemann J, Moll R, Franke WW (2006) The complexus adhaerens of mammalian lymphatic endothelia revisited: a junction even more complex than hitherto thought. Cell Tissue Res 324:55-67
74. Hardman MJ, Liu K, Avilion AA, Merritt A, Brennan K, Garrod DR et al. (2005) Desmosomal cadherin misexpression alters betacatenin stability and epidermal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 25:969-78
75. Hatsell S, Cowin P (2001) Deconstructing desmoplakin. Nat Cell Biol 3:E270-2
76. Hatsell S, Medina L, Merola J, Haltiwanger R, Cowin P (2003) Plakoglobin is O-glycosylated close to the N-terminal destruction box. J Biol Chem 278:37745-52
77. Hatzfeld M (1999) The armadillo family of structural proteins. Int Rev Cytol 186:179-224
78. Hatzfeld M (2006) Plakophilins: multifunctional proteins or just regulators of desmosomal adhesion? Biochim Biophys Acta 1773:69-77
79. Hatzfeld M, Haffner C, Schulze K, Vinzens U (2000) The function of plakophilin 1 in desmosome assembly and actin filament organization. J Cell Biol 149:209-22
80. Hengel JV, Gohon L, Bruyneel E, Vermeulen S, Cornelissen M, Mareel M et al. (1997) Protein kinase C activation upregulates intercellular adhesion of a-catenin-negative human colon cancer cell variants via induction of desmosomes. J Cell Biol 137:1103-16
81. Henkler F, Strom M, Mathers K, Cordingley H, Sullivan K, King I (2001) Transgenic misexpression of the differentiation-specific desmocollin isoform 1 in basal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 116:144-9
82. Hofmann I, Casella M, Schnolzer M, Schlechter T, Spring H, Franke WW (2006) Identification of the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 3 in cytoplasmic particles containing RNA-binding proteins and the recruitment of plakophilins 1 and 3 to stress granules. Mol Biol Cell 17:1388-98
83. Hu P, Berkowitz P, Madden VJ, Rubenstein DS (2006) Stabilization of plakoglobin and enhanced keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion by intracellular O-glycosylation. J Biol Chem 281:12786-91
84. Hu P, Berkowitz P, O'Keefe EJ, Rubenstein DS (2003) Keratinocyte adherens junctions initiate nuclear signaling by translocation of plakoglobin from the membrane to the nucleus. J Invest Dermatol 121:242-51
85. Huelsken J, Birchmeier W (2001) New aspects of Wnt signaling pathways in higher vertebrates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:547-53
86. Huen AC, Park JK, Godsel LM, Chen X, Bannon LJ, Amargo EV et al. (2002) Intermediate filament-membrane attachments function synergistically with actin-dependent contacts to regulate intercellular adhesive strength. J Cell Biol 159:1005-17
87. Ihrie RA, Marques MR, Nguyen BT, Horner JS, Papazoglu C, Bronson RT et al. (2005) Perp is a p63-regulated gene essential for epithelial integrity. Cell 120:843-56
88. Ishii K, Green KJ (2001) Cadherin function: breaking the barrier. Curr Biol 11:R569-72
89. Jonca N, Guerrin M, Hadjiolova K, Caubet C, Gallinaro H, Simon M et al. (2002) Corneodesmosin, a component of epidermal corneocyte desmosomes, displays homophilic adhesive properties. J Biol Chem 277:5024-5029
90. Jones JCR, Goldman RD (1985) Intermediate filaments and the initiation of desmosome assembly. J Cell Biol 101:506-17
91. 2+ ion medium. J Cell Biol 113:881-92
92. Kimura TE, Merritt AJ, Garrod DR (2007) Calcium-independent desmosomes of keratinocytes are hyper-adhesive. J Invest Dermatol 127:775-81
93. King IA, Angst BD, Hunt DM, Kruger M, Arnemann J, Buxton RS (1997) Hierarchical expression of desmosomal cadherins during stratified epithelial morphogenesis in the mouse. Differentiation 62:83-96
94. Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y, Seishima M (1999) Transmembrane signaling for adhesive regulation of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, and for cell-cell datachment induced by pemphigus IgG in cultured keratinocytes: involvement of protein kinase C. J investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4:137-44
95. Kitajima Y (2002) Mechanisms of desmosome assembly and disassembly. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:684-90
96. Kljuic A, Bazzi H, Sundberg JP, Martinez-Mir A, O'Shaughnessy R, Mahoney MG et al. (2003) Desmoglein 4 in hair follicle differentiation and epidermal adhesion. Evidence from inherited hypotrichosis and acquired pemphigus vulgaris. Cell 113:249-60
97. Koch PJ, Franke WW (1994) Desmosomal cadherins: another growing multigene family of adhesion molecules. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6:682-7
98. Koch PJ, Mahoney MG, Ishikawa H, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J, Shultz L et al. (1997) Targeted disruption of the pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3) gene in mice causes loss of keratinocyte cell adhesion with a phenotype similar to pemphigus vulgaris. J Cell Biol 137:1091-102
99. Koch PJ, Mahoney MG, Cotsarelis G, Rothenberger K, Lavker RM, Stanley JR (1998) Desmoglein 3 anchors telogen hair in the follicle. J Cell Sci 111:2529-37
100. Koeser J, Troyanovsky SM, Grund C, Franke WW (2003) De novo formation of desmosomes in cultured cells upon transfection of genes encoding specific desmosomal components. Exp Cell Res 285:114-30
101. Kottke MD, Delva E, Kowalczyk AP (2006) The desmosome: cell science lessons from human diseases. J Cell Sci 119:797-806
102. Kouklis PD, Hutton E, Fuchs E (1994) Making a connection: direct binding between keratin intermediate filaments and desmosomal proteins. J Cell Biol 127:1049-60
103. Kowalczyk AP, Borgwardt JE, Green KJ (1996) Analysis of desmosomal cadherin-adhesive function and stoichiometry of desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes. J Invest Dermatol 107:293-300
104. Kowalczyk AP, Bornslaeger EA, Borgwardt JE, Palka HL, Dhaliwal AS, Corcoran CM et al. (1997) The amino-terminal domain of desmoplakin binds to plakoglobin and clusters desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes. J Cell Biol 139:773-84
105. Langevin J, Morgan MJ, Sibarita JB, Aresta S, Murthy M, Schwarz T et al. (2005) Drosophila exocyst components Sec5, Sec6, and Sec15 regulate DE-Cadherin trafficking from recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane. Dev Cell 9:355-76
106. Lapouge K, Fontao L, Champliaud MF, Jaunin F, Frias MA, Favre B et al. (2006) New insights into the molecular basis of desmoplakinand desmin-related cardiomyopathies. J Cell Sci 119:4974-85
107. Le TL, Joseph SR, Yap AS, Stow JL (2002) Protein kinase C regulates endocytosis and recycling of E-cadherin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C489-99
108. Lechler T, Fuchs E (2007) Desmoplakin: an unexpected regulator of microtubule organization in the epidermis. J Cell Biol 176:147-54
109. Lewis JE, Wahl JK , Sass KM, Jensen PJ, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (1997) Cross-talk between adherens junctions and desmosomes depends on plakoglobin. J Cell Biol 136:919-34
110. Lock JG, Stow JL (2005) Rab11 in recycling endosomes regulates the sorting and basolateral transport of E-cadherin. Mol Biol Cell 16:1744-55
111. Lorch JH, Klessner J, Park JK, Getsios S, Wu YL, Stack MS et al. (2004) Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition promotes desmosome assembly and strengthens intercellular adhesion in squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 279:37191-200
112. MacRae CA, Birchmeier W, Thierfelder L (2006) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: moving toward mechanism. J Clin Invest 116:1825-8
113. Maeda O, Usami N, Kondo M, Takahashi M, Goto H, Shimokata K et al. (2004) Plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) has TCF/LEF family-dependent transcriptional activity in beta-catenin-deficient cell line. Oncogene 23:964-72
114. Mahoney MG, Hu Y, Brennan D, Bazzi H, Christiano AM, Wahl JK III (2006) Delineation of diversified desmoglein distribution in stratified squamous epithelia: implications in diseases. Exp Dermatol 15:101-9
115. Marcozzi C, Burdett IDJ, Buxton RS, Magee AI (1998) Coexpression of both types of desmosomal cadherin and plakoglobin confers strong intercellular adhesion. J Cell Sci 111:495-509
116. Mattey DL, Garrod DR (1986) Splitting and internalization of the desmosomes of cultured kidney epithelial cells by reduction in calcium concentration. J Cell Sci 85:113-24
117. McGrath JA (2005) Inherited disorders of desmosomes. Australas J Dermatol 46:221-9
118. McGrath JA, Hoeger PH, Christiano AM, McMillan JR, Mellerio JE, Ashton GH et al. (1999) Skin fragility and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia resulting from ablation of plakophilin 1. Br J Dermatol 140:297-307
119. Meng J-J, Bornslaeger EA, Green KJ, Steinert PM, Ip W (1997) Two hybrid analysis reveals fundamental differences in direct interactions between desmoplakin and cell type specific intermediate filaments. J Biol Chem 272:21495-503
120. Merritt AJ, Berika MY, Zhai W, Kirk SE, Ji B, Hardman MJ et al. (2002) Suprabasal desmoglein 3 expression in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 22:5846-58
121. Mertens C, Hofmann I, Wang Z, Teichmann M, Sepehri Chong S, Schnolzer M et al. (2001) Nuclear particles containing RNA polymerase III complexes associated with the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7795-800
122. Miravet S, Piedra J, Castano J, Raurell I, Franci C, Dunach M et al. (2003) Tyrosine phosphorylation of plakoglobin causes contrary effects on its association with desmosomes and adherens junction components and modulates beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Mol Cell Biol 23:7391-402
123. Muller J, Ritt DA, Copeland TD, Morrison DK (2003) Functional analysis of C-TAK1 substrate binding and identification of PKP2 as a new C-TAK1 substrate. EMBO J 22:4431-42
124. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Shultz LD, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA (2000) Antibodies against keratinocyte antigens other than desmogleins 1 and 3 can induce pemphigus vulgaris-like lesions. J Clin Invest 106:1467-79
125. Norman M, Simpson M, Mogensen J, Shaw A, Hughes S, Syrris P et al. (2005) Novel mutation in desmoplakin causes arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 112:636-42
126. North AJ, Chidgey MAJ, Clarke JP, Bardsley WG, Garrod DR (1996) Distinct desmocollin isoforms occur in the same desmosomes and show reciprocally graded distributions in bovine nasal epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7701-5
127. Osada K, Seishima M, Kitajima Y (1997) Pemphigus IgG activates and translocates protein kinase C from the cytosol to the particulate/cytoskeleton fractions in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 108:482-7
128. Ouyang P, Sugrue SP (1996) Characterization of pinin, a novel protein associated with the desmosome-intermediate filament complex. J Cell Biol 135:1027-42
129. Palka HL, Green KJ (1997) Roles of plakoglobin end domains in desmosome assembly. J Cell Sci 110:2359-71
130. Pasdar M, Krzeminski KA, Nelson WJ (1991) Regulation of desmosome assembly in MDCK epithelial cells: coordination of membrane core and cytoplasmic plaque domain assembly at the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 113:645-55
131. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1988a) Kinetics of desmosome assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells: temporal and spatial regulation of desmoplakin organization and stabilization upon cell-cell contact. II. Morphological analysis. J Cell Biol 106:687-95
132. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1988b) Kinetics of desmosome assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells: temporal and spatial regulation of desmoplakin organization and stabilization upon cell-cell contact I. Biochemical analysis. J Cell Biol 106:677-85
133. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1989) Regulation of desmosome assembly in epithelial cells: kinetics of synthesis, transport, and stabilization of desmoglein I, a major protein of the membrane core domain. J Cell Biol 109:163-77
134. Payne AS, Hanakawa Y, Amagai M, Stanley JR (2004) Desmosomes and disease: pemphigus and bullous impetigo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:536-43
135. Penn EJ, Burdett IDJ, Hobson C, Magee AI, Rees DA (1987) Structure and assembly of desmosome junctions: biosynthesis and turnover of the major desmosome components of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in low calcium medium. J Cell Biol 105:2327-34
136. Pilichou K, Nava A, Basso C, Beffagna G, Bauce B, Lorenzon A et al. (2006) Mutations in desmoglein-2 gene are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circulation 113:1171-9
137. Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C et al. (1996) Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart. J Cell Biol 135:215-25
138. Runswick SK, O'Hare MJ, Jones L, Streuli CH, Garrod DR (2001) Desmosomal adhesion regulates epithelial morphogenesis and cell positioning. Nat Cell Biol 3:823-30
139. 2+ pump, cause Darier disease [see comments]. Nat Genet 21:271-7
140. Sato M, Aoyama Y, Kitajima Y (2000) Assembly pathway of desmoglein 3 to desmosomes and its perturbation by pemphigus vulgaris-IgG in cultured keratinocytes, as revealed by time-lapsed labeling immunoelectron microscopy [In Process Citation]. Lab Invest 80:1583-92
141. Schmidt A, Jager S (2005) Plakophilins-hard work in the desmosome, recreation in the nucleus? Eur J Cell Biol 84:189-204
142. Seishima M, Esaki C, Osada K, Mori S, Hashimoto T, Kitajima Y (1995) Pemphigus IgG, but not bullous pemphigoid IgG, causes a transient increase in intracellular calcium and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in DJM-1 cells, a squamous cell carcinoma line. J Invest Dermatol 104:33-7
143. Sheu H-M, Kitajima Y, Yaoita H (1989) Involvement of protein kinase C in translocation of desmoplakins from cytosol to plasma membrane during desmosome formation in human squamous cell carcinoma cells grown in low to normal calcium concentration. Exp Cell Res 185:176-90
144. Shi J, Sugrue SP (2000) Dissection of protein linkage between keratins and pinin, a protein with dual location at desmosome-intermediate filament complex and in the nucleus. J Biol Chem 275:14910-5
145. Shimizu H, Masunaga T, Ishiko A, Kikuchi A, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T (1995) Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus sera show an inversely graded binding pattern to extracellular regions of desmosomes in different layers of human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 105:153-9
146. Staehelin LA, Hull BE (1978) Junctions between living cells. Sci Am 238:140-52
147. Stanley JR (1995) Autoantibodies against adhesion molecules and structures in blistering skin diseases. J Exp Med 181:1-4
148. Stanley JR, Amagai M (2006) Pemphigus, bullous impetigo, and the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. N Engl J Med 355:1800-10
149. Stappenbeck TS, Bornslaeger E, Virata MLA, Corcoran CM, Green KJ (1993a) Sequences in desmoplakin required for interaction with intermediate filaments and incorporation into desmosomes. J Invest Dermatol 100:523
150. Stappenbeck TS, Bornslaeger EA, Corcoran CM, Luu HH, Virata MLA, Green KJ (1993b) Functional analysis of desmoplakin domains: specification of the interaction with keratin versus vimentin intermediate filament networks. J Cell Biol 123:691-705
151. Stappenbeck TS, Green KJ (1992) The desmoplakin carboxyl terminus coaligns with and specifically disrupts intermediate filament networks when expressed in cultured cells. J Cell Biol 116:1197-209
152. Stappenbeck TS, Lamb JA, Corcoran CM, Green KJ (1994) Phosphorylation of the desmoplakin COOH terminus negatively regulates its interaction with keratin intermediate filament networks. J Biol Chem 269:29351-4
153. Steinert PM, Marekov LN (1999) Initiation of assembly of the cell envelope barrier structure of stratified squamous epithelia. Mol Biol Cell 10:4247-61
154. Syed SE, Trinnaman B, Martin S, Major S, Hutchinson J, Magee AI (2002) Molecular interactions between desmosomal cadherins. Biochem J 362:317-27
155. Syrris P, Ward D, Evans A, Asimaki A, Gandjbakhch E, Sen-Chowdhry S et al. (2006) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy associated with mutations in the desmosomal gene desmocollin-2. Am J Hum Genet 79:978-84
156. Teuliere J, Faraldo MM, Shtutman M, Birchmeier W, Huelsken J, Thiery JP et al. (2004) Betacatenin-dependent and -independent effects of DeltaN-plakoglobin on epidermal growth and differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 24:8649-61
157. Troyanovsky S (2005) Cadherin dimers in cell-cell adhesion. Eur J Cell Biol 84:225-33
158. Tselepis C, Chidgey M, North A, Garrod D (1998) Desmosomal adhesion inhibits invasive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8064-9
159. Vasioukhin V, Bowers E, Bauer C, Degenstein L, Fuchs E (2001) Desmoplakin is essential in epidermal sheet formation. Nat Cell Biol 3:1076-85
160. Wacker IU, Rickard JE, Mey JRD, Kreis TE (1992) Accumulation of a microtubule-binding protein, pp170, at desmosomal plaques. J Cell Biol 117:813-24
161. Wallis S, Lloyd S, Wise I, Ireland G, Fleming TP, Garrod D (2000) The alpha isoform of protein kinase C is involved in signaling the response of desmosomes to wounding in cultured epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 11:1077-92
162. Waschke J, Bruggeman P, Baumgartner W, Zillikens D, Drenckhahn D (2005) Pemphigus foliaceus IgG causes dissociation of desmoglein 1-containing junctions without blocking desmoglein 1 transinteraction. J Clin Invest 115:3157-65
163. Waschke J, Spindler V, Bruggeman P, Zillikens D, Schmidt G, Drenckhahn D (2006) Inhibition of Rho A activity causes pemphigus skin blistering. J Cell Biol 175:721-7
164. Watt FM, Mattey DL, Garrod DR (1984) Calcium-induced reorganization of desmosomal components in cultured human keratinocytes. J Cell Biol 99:2211-5
165. Weiske J, Schoneberg T, Schroder W, Hatzfeld M, Tauber R, Huber O (2001) The fate of desmosomal proteins in apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 276:41175-81
166. Williamson L, Raess NA, Caldelari R, Zakher A, de Bruin A, Posthaus H et al. (2006) Pemphigus vulgaris identifies plakoglobin as key suppressor of c-Myc in the skin. EMBO J 25:3298-309
167. Windoffer R, Borchert-Stuhltrager M, Leube RE (2002) Desmosomes: interconnected calcium-dependent structures of remarkable stability with
168. Wolf A, Keil R, Gotzl O, Mun A, Schwarze K, Lederer M et al. (2006) The armadillo protein p0071 regulates Rho signalling during cytokinesis. Nat Cell Biol 8:1432-40
169. Yang Z, Bowles NE, Scherer SE, Taylor MD, Kearney DL, Ge S et al. (2006) Desmosomal dysfunction due to mutations in desmoplakin causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 99:646-55
170. Yin T, Getsios S, Caldelari R, Godsel LM, Kowalczyk AP, Muller EJ et al. (2005a) Mechanisms of plakoglobin-dependent adhesion: desmosome-specific functions in assembly and regulation by epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 280:40355-63
171. Yin T, Getsios S, Caldelari R, Kowalczyk AP, Muller EJ, Jones JC et al. (2005b) Plakoglobin suppresses keratinocyte motility through both cell-cell adhesion-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:5420-5
172. Yin T, Green KJ (2004) Regulation of desmosome assembly and adhesion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 15:665-77
173. Zhurinsky J, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A (2000) Plakoglobin and β-catenin: protein interactions, regulation and biological roles. J Cell Sci 113:3127-39