Effects of nitric oxide on cardiac function;Efectos del óxido nítrico sobre la función cardíaca

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia Suplementos

Volumn 6, Issue A, 2006, Pages

  Tamargo, Juan ^a   Caballero, Ricardo ^a   Gómez, Ricardo ^a   Núñez, Lucía ^a   Vaquero, Miguel ^a   Delpón, Eva ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Heart rate; Myocardial contraction; Nitric oxide; Nitric oxide synthases

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CALCIUM; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; ION CHANNEL; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN;

APOPTOSIS; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BETA ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DILATATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILE FORCE; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEART MUSCLE RELAXATION; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; REVIEW; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 34547882896     PISSN: 11313587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1131-3587(06)74816-6     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Massion PB, Feron O, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Nitric oxide and cardiac function: ten years after, and continuing. Circ Res. 2003;93:388-98.
2. Hare JM. Nitric oxide and excitation-contraction coupling. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003;35:719-29.
3. Schulz R, Rassaf T, Massion PB, Kelm M, Balligand JL. Recent advances in the understanding of the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;108:225-56.
4. Paulus WJ, Bronzwaer JG. Nitric oxide's role in the heart: control of beating or breathing? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287:H8-13.
5. Andreka P, Tran T, Webster KA, Bishopric NH. Nitric oxide and promotion of cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;263:35-53.
6. Barouch LA, Harrison RW, Skaf MW, Rosas GO, Cappola TP, Kobeissi ZA, et al. Nitric oxide regulates the heart by spatial confinement of nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Nature. 2002;416:337-9.
7. Massion PB, Balligand JL. Modulation of cardiac contraction, relaxation and rate by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS): lessons from genetically modified mice. J Physiol. 2003;546:63-75.
8. Bolli R. Cardioprotective function of inducible nitric oxide synthase and role of nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia and preconditioning: an overview of a decade of research. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001;33:1897-918.
9. Nishida CR, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Autoinhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. Identification of an electron transfer control element. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:14692-8.
10. Brahmajothi MV, Campbell DL. Heterogeneous basal expression of nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase isoforms in mammalian heart: implications for mechanisms governing indirect and direct nitric oxide-related effects. Circ Res. 1999;85:575-87.
11. Kelly RA, Balligand JL, Smith TW. Nitric oxide and cardiac function. Circ Res. 1996;79:363-80.
12. Fulton D, Papapetropoulos A, Zhang X, Catravas JD, Hintze TH, Sessa WC. Quantification of eNOS mRNA in the canine cardiac vasculature by competitive PCR. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;278:H658-65.
13. Feron O, Dessy C, Opel DJ, Arstall MA, Kelly RA, Michel T. Modulation of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase-caveolin interaction in cardiac myocytes: implications for the autonomic regulation of heart rate. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:30249-50.
14. 2+ uptake in bovine vascular endothelial cells. J Physiol. 2002;539:77-91.
15. Fulton D, Gratton JP, McCabe TJ, Fontana J, Fujio Y, Walsh K, et al. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature. 1999;399:597-601.
16. Drab M, Verkade P, Elger M, Kasper M, Lohn M, Lauterbach B, et al. Loss of caveolae, vascular dysfunction, and pulmonary defects in caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice. Science. 2001;293: 2449-52.
17. Zhao YY, Liu Y, Stan RV, Fan L, Gu Y, Dalton N, et al. Defects in caveolin-1 cause dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension in knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:11375-80.
18. Woodman SE, Park DS, Cohen AW, Cheung MW, Chandra M, Shirani J, et al. Caveolin-3 knock-out mice develop a progressive cardiomyopathy and show hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAPK cascade. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:38988-97.
19. Park DS, Woodman SE, Schubert W, Cohen AW, Frank PG, Chandra M, et al. Caveolin-1/3 double-knockout mice are viable, but lack both muscle and non-muscle caveolae, and develop a severe cardiomyopathic phenotype. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:2207-17.
20. Sunada Y, Ohi H, Hase A, Ohi H, Hosono T, Arata S, et al. Transgenic mice expressing mutant caveolin-3 show severe myopathy associated with increased nNOS activity. Human Mol Genet. 2001;10:173-8.
21. Feron O, Dessy C, Desager JP, Balligand JL. Hydroxy-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance. Circulation. 2001;10:113-8.
22. Michell BJ, Harris MB, Chen ZP, Ju H, Venema VJ, Blackstone MA, et al. Identification of regulatory sites of phosphorylation of the bovine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase at serine 617 and serine 635. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:42344-51.
23. 2+/calmodulin-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Circ Res. 2001;88:E68-75.
24. Paton JF, Kasparov S, Paterson DJ. Nitric oxide and autonomic control of heart rate: a question of specificity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25:626-31.
25. Sears CE, Ashley EA, Casadei B. Nitric oxide control of cardiac function: is neuronal nitric oxide synthase a key component? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359:1021-44.
26. Elfering SL, Sarkela TM, Giulivi C. Biochemistry of mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:38079-86.
27. Xu KY, Huso DL, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Becker LC. Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:657-62.
28. Worrall NK, Misko TP, Sullivan PM, Hui JJ, Rodi CP, Ferguson TB. Corticosteroids inhibit expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase during acute cardiac allograft rejection. Transplantation. 1996;61:324-8.
29. Habib FM, Springall DR, Davies GJ, Oakley CM, Yacoub MH, Polak JM. Tumour necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1996;347:1151-5.
30. Thoenes M, Forstermann U, Tracey WR, Bleese NM, Nussler AK, Scholz H, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in failing and non-failing human heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:165-9.
31. De Belder AJ, Radomski MW, Why HJ, Richardson PJ, Martin JF. Myocardial calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity is present in dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and postpartum cardiomyopathy but not in ischaemic or valvular heart disease. Br Heart J. 1995;74:426-30.
32. Cosby K, Partovi KS, Crawford JH, Patel RP, Reiter CD, et al. Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation. Nat Med. 2003;9:1498-505.
33. Layland J, Li JM, Shah AM. Role of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in the contractile response to exogenous nitric oxide in rat cardiac myocytes. J Physiol. 2002;540:457-67.
34. Vila-Petroff MG, Younes A, Egan J, Lakatta EG, Sollott SJ. Activation of distinct cAMP-dependent and cGMP-dependent pathways by nitric oxide in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 1999; 84:1020-31.
35. Campbell DL, Stamler JS, Strauss HC. Redox modulation of L-type calcium channels in ferret ventricular myocytes. Dual mechanism regulation by nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols. J Gen Physiol. 1996;10:277-93.
36. Miyamoto A, Laufs U, Pardo C, Liao JK. Modulation of bradykinin receptor ligand binding affinity and its coupled G-proteins by nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:19601-8.
37. 2+- independent manner in cardiac myocytes: role of troponin I phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Común. 1999;256;398-403.
38. Stamler JS, Lamas S, Fang FC. Nitrosylation. the prototypic redox-based signaling mechanism. Cell. 2001;106:675-83.
39. Xu L, Eu JP, Meissner G, Stamler JS. Activation of the cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) by poly-S-nitrosylation. Science. 1998;279:234-7.
40. Zahradnikova A, Minarovic I, Venema RC, Meszaros LG. Inactivation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release channel by nitric oxide. Cell Calcium. 1997;22:447-54.
41. Kojda G, Kottenberg K, Nix P, Schluter KD, Piper HM, Noack E. Low increase in cGMP induced by organic nitrates and nitrovasodilators improves contractile response of rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 1996;78:91-101.
42. Mohan P, Brutsaert DL, Paulus WJ, Sys SU. Myocardial contractile response to nitric oxide and cGMP. Circulation. 1996;93:1223-9.
43. Cotton JM, Kearney MT, MacCarthy PA, Grocott-Mason RM, McClean DR, Heymes C, et al. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on basal function and the force-frequency relationship in the normal and failing human heart in vivo. Circulation. 2001;104:2318-23.
44. Kirstein M, Rivet-Bastide M, Hatem S, Benardeau A, Mercadier JJ, Fischmeister R. Nitric oxide regulates the calcium current in isolated human atrial myocytes. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:794-802.
45. 2+ in intact cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 1994;74:970-8.
46. Brunner F, Andrew P, Wolkart G, Zechner R, Mayer B. Myocardial contractile function and heart rate in mice with myocyte-specific overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2001;104:3097-102.
47. Ashley EA, Sears CE, Bryant SM, Watkins HC, Casadei B. Cardiac nitric oxide synthase 1 regulates basal and β-adrenergic contractility in murine ventricular myocytes. Circulation. 2002;105:3011-6.
48. Ren J, Zhang X, Scott GI, Esberg LB, Ren BH, Culver B, Chen AF. Adenovirus gene transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhances contractile function in ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43:171-7.
49. Khan SA, Skaf MW, Harrison RW, Lee K, Minhas KM, Kumar A, et al. Nitric oxide regulation of myocardial contractility and calcium cycling: independent impact of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases. Circ Res. 2003;92:1322-9.
50. Hare JM, Loh E, Creager MA, Colucci WS. Nitric oxide inhibits the positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation in humans with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1995;92:2198-203.
51. Gyurko R, Kuhlencordt P, Fishman MC, Huang PL. Modulation of mouse cardiac function in vivo by eNOS and ANP. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;278:H971-81.
52. 3-Adrenoceptor deficiency blocks nitric oxide-dependent inhibition of myocardial contractility. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:697-703.
53. Champion HC, Georgakopoulos D, Takimoto E, Isoda T, Wang Y, Kass DA. Modulation of in vivo cardiac function by myocyte-specific nitric oxide synthase-3. Circ Res. 2004;94:657-63.
54. Janssens S, Pokreisz P, Schoonjans L, Pellens M, Vermeersch P, Tjwa M, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of nitric oxide synthase 3 improves left ventricular performance and reduces compensatory hypertrophy after myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 2004;94:1256-62.
55. 2+ current is regulated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:1197-201.
56. Han X, Shimoni Y, Giles WR. A cellular mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated cholinergic control of mammalian heart rate. J Gen Physiol. 1995;106:45-65.
57. Gauthier C, Langin D, Balligand JL. ?3-Adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21:426-31.
58. 3-adrenoceptors and altered contractile response to inotropic amines in human failing myocardium. Circulation. 2001;103:1649-55.
59. Paulus WJ. The role of nitric oxide in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev. 2001;6:105-18.
60. Pinsky DJ, Patton S, Mesaros S, Brovkovych V, Kubaszewski E, Grunfeld S, et al. Mechanical transduction of nitric oxide synthesis in the beating heart. Circ Res. 1997;81:372-9.
61. Kanai AJ, Mesaros S, Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Birder LA, Malinski T. β-Adrenergic regulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:C1371-7.
62. Bronzwaer JG, Zeitz C, Visser CA, Paulus WJ. Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and the hemodynamic phenotypes of human dilated cardiomyopathy and of athlete's heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;55:270-8.
63. Wittstein IS, Kass DA, Pak PH, Maughan WL, Fetics B, Hare JM. Cardiac nitric oxide production due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition decreases beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:429-35.
64. Recchia FA, McConnell PI, Bernstein RD, Vogel TR, Xu X, Hintze TH. Reduced nitric oxide production and altered myocardial metabolism during the decompensation of pacing-induced heart failure in the conscious dog. Circ Res. 1998;83:969-79.
65. Heymes C, Vanderheyden M, Bronzwaer JG, Shah AM, Paulus WJ. Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and left ventricular preload reserve in dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999;99:3009-16.
66. Musialek P, Lei M, Brown HF, Paterson DJ, Casadei B. Nitric oxide can increase heart rate by stimulating the hyperpolarization-activated inward current, If. Circ Res. 1997;81:60-8.
67. 2+ current in adult rabbit atrioventricular nodal cells. Circ Res. 1996;78:998-1008.
68. Choate JK, Danson EJ, Morris JF, Paterson DJ. Peripheral vagal control of heart rate is impaired in neuronal NOS knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;281:H2310-7.
69. Takimoto Y, Aoyama T, Tanaka K, Keyamura R, Yui Y, Sasayama S. Augmented expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the atria parasympathetically decreases heart rate during acute myocardial infarction in rats. Circulation. 2002;105:490-6.
70. Mohan RM, Heaton DA, Danson EJ, Krishnan SP, Cai S, Channon KM, et al. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene transfer promotes cardiac vagal gain of function. Circ Res. 2002;91:1089-91.
71. Fei L, Baron AD, Henry DP, Zipes DP. Intrapericardial delivery of L-arginine reduces the increased severity of ventricular arrhythmias during sympathetic stimulation in dogs with acute coronary occlusion: nitric oxide modulates sympathetic effects on ventricular electrophysiological properties. Circulation. 1997;96:4044-9.
72. Kubota I, Han X, Opel DJ, Zhao YY, Baliga R, Huang P, et al. Increased susceptibility to development of triggered activity in myocytes from mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:1239-48.
73. + channel via protein kinase A and protein kinase G. Circ Res. 2001;89:1005-13.
74. + channel activation by nitric oxide and protein kinase G in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283:H1545-54.
75. K,ACh in rat cardiac myocytes. J Physiol. 2002;540:411-24.
76. + channels encoded by the human ether-a-gogo-related gene-1(hERG1) by nitric oxide. Mol Pharmacol. 1999;56:1298-308.
77. 2+ current by ginsenoside Re, an ingredient of Panax ginseng, in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142:567-75.
78. Núñez L, Gómez R, Vaquero M, García- Méndez A, Caballero R, López-Farré A, et al. Effects of nitric oxide on a human atrial potassium channel (hKv1.5). Eur Heart J 2005;26 Suppl:453.
79. Cai H, Li Z, Goette A, Mera F, Honeycutt C, Feterik K, et al. Downregulation of endocardial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2002;106:2854-8.
80. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:C1424-37.
81. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, Nakayama H, Baliga RS, Piao S, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2001;89:E32-8.
82. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, Reiser PJ, McCarthy PM, Van Wagoner DR, et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104:174-80.
83. Nikitovic D, Zacharis EA, Manios EG, Malliaraki NE, Kanoupakis EM, Sfiridaki KI, et al. Plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation are increased after electrical restoration of sinus rhythm. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2002;7:171-6.
84. Takahashi N, Ishibashi Y, Shimada T, Sakane T, Ohata S, Sugamori T, et al. Impaired exercise-induced vasodilatation in chronic atrial fibrillation-role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circ J. 2002;66:583-8.
85. Rakhit A, Maguire CT, Wakimoto H, Gehrmann J, Li GK, Kelly RA, et al. In vivo electrophysiologic studies in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:1295-301.
86. Chung HT, Pae HO, Choi BM, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;282:1075-9.
87. Arstall MA, Sawyer DB, Fukazawa R, Kelly RA. Cytokine-mediated apoptosis in cardiac myocytes: the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction and peroxynitrite generation. Circ Res. 1999;85:829-40.
88. Moncada S, Erusalimsky JD. Does nitric oxide modulate mitochondrial energy generation and apoptosis? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3:214-20.
89. Jekabsone A, Ivanoviene L, Brown GC, Borutaite V. Nitric oxide and calcium together inactivate mitochondrial complex I and induce cytochrome c release. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003;35:803-9.
90. Baker CS, Kumar S, Rimoldi OE. Effects of brief ischemia and reperfusion on the myocardium and the role of nitric oxide. Heart Fail Rev. 2003;8:127-41.
91. Kolar F, Ostadal B. Molecular mechanisms of cardiac protection by adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Physiol Res. 2004;53:S3-13.
92. Nakanishi K, Vinten-Johansen J, Lefer DJ, Zhao Z, Fowler WC III, McGee S, et al. Intracoronary L-arginine during reperfusion improves endothelial function and reduces infarct size. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:H1650-8.
93. Sasaki N, Sato T, Ohler A, O'Rourke B, Marban E. Activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels by nitric oxide. Circulation. 2000;101:439-45.
94. Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang SX, Wu WJ, Wang J, Bao W, et al. Ischemic preconditioning upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocyte. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2002;34:5-15.
95. Xuan YT, Tang XL, Qiu Y, Banerjee S, Takano H, Han H, et al. Biphasic response of cardiac NO synthase isoforms to ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol. 2000;279:H2360-71.
96. Takimoto Y, Aoyama T, Keyamura R, Shinoda E, Hattori R, Yui Y, et al. Differential expression of three types of nitric oxide synthase in both infarcted and non-infarcted left ventricles after myocardial infarction in the rat. Int J Cardiol. 2001;79:307-9.
97. Jones SP, Greer JJ, Van Haperen R, Duncker DJ, De Crom R, Lefer DJ. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates congestive heart failure in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci SA. 2003;100:4891-6.
98. Jones SP, Greer JJ, Kakkar AK, Ware PD, Turnage RH, Hicks M, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286:H276-82.
99. Casas JP, Bautista LE, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotype and ischemic heart disease: meta-analysis of 26 studies involving 23028 subjects. Circulation. 2004;109:1359-65.
100. Fatini C, Sofi F, Sticchi E, Gensini F, Gori AM, Fedi S, et al. Influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (G894T, 4a4b, T-786C) and hyperhomocysteinemia on the predisposition to acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2004;147:516-21.
101. Petrovic D, Peterlin B. Genetic markers of restenosis after coronary angioplasty and after stent implantation. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11:127-35.
102. Park KW, You KH, Oh S, Chae IH, Kim HS, Oh BH, et al. Association of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with acute coronary syndrome in Koreans. Heart. 2004;90:282-5.
103. Sharp BR, Jones SP, Rimmer DM, Lefer DJ. Differential response to myocardial reperfusion injury in eNOS- deficient mice. Am J Physiol. 2002;282:H2422-6.
104. Sumeray MS, Rees DD, Yellon DM. Infarct size and nitric oxide synthase in murine myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:35-42.
105. Kanno S, Lee PC, Zhang Y, Ho C, Griffith BP, Shears LL, et al. Attenuation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by superinduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2000;101:2742-8.
106. Scherrer-Crosbie M, Ullrich R, Bloch KD, Nakajima H, Nasseri B, Aretz HT, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase limits left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice. Circulation. 2001;104:1286-91.
107. Liu YH, Xu J, Yang JP, Yang F, Shesely E, Carretero OA. Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on endothelial NO synthase knockout mice with heart failure. Hypertension. 2002;39;375-81.
108. Damy T, Ratajczak P, Robidel E, Bendall JK, Oliviero P, Boczkowski J, et al. Up-regulation of cardiac nitric oxide synthase 1-derived nitric oxide after myocardial infarction in senescent rats. FASEB J. 2003;17:1934-6.
109. Prabhu SD, Chandrasekar B, Murray DR, Freeman GL. β-Adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodeling. Circulation. 2000;101:2103-9.
110. Saito T, Hu F, Tayara L, Fahas L, Shennib H, Giaid A. Inhibition of NOS II prevents cardiac dysfunction in myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283:H339-45.
111. Sam F, Sawyer DB, Xie Z, Chang DL, Ngoy S, Brenner DA, et al. Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase have improved left ventricular contractile function and reduced apoptotic cell death late after myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 2001;89:351-6.
112. Drexler H. Nitric oxide synthases in the failing human heart: a doubled-edged sword? Circulation. 1999;99:2972-5.
113. Hare JM, Stamler JS. NO/redox disequilibrium in the failing heart and cardiovascular system. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:509-17.
114. Damy T, Ratajczak P, Shah AM, Camors E, Marty I, Hasenfuss G, et al. Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase-derived NO production in the failing human heart. Lancet. 2004;363:1365-7.
115. 2+ transients. Circulation. 2004;109:1886-91.
116. Shinke T, Takaoka H, Takeuchi M, Hata K, Kawai H, Okubo H, et al. Nitric oxide spares myocardial oxygen consumption through attenuation of contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000;101:1925-30.
117. Ungureanu-Longrois D, Balligand JL, Simmons WW, Okada I, Kobzik L, Lowenstein CJ, et al. Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity by cytokines in ventricular myocytes is necessary but not sufficient to decrease contractile responsiveness to β-adrenergic agonists. Circ Res. 1995;77:494-502.
118. Chen Y, Traverse JH, Du R, Hou M, Bache RJ. Nitric oxide modulates myocardial oxygen consumption in the failing heart. Circulation. 2002;106:273-9.
119. Jones MK, Tsugawa K, Tarnawski AS, Baatar D. Dual actions of nitric oxide on angiogenesis: possible roles of PKC, ERK, and AP-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;318:520-8.
120. 2+ sparks: influence of β-adrenergic stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;281:H2295-303.
121. Mungrue IN, Gros R, You X, Pirani A, Azad A, Csont T, et al. Cardiomyocyte overexpression of iNOS in mice results in peroxynitrite generation, heart block, and sudden death. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:735-43.
122. Godecke A, Molojavyi A, Heger J, Flogel U, Ding Z, Jacoby C, et al. Myoglobin protects the heart from inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated nitrosative stress. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:21761-6.
123. Landmesser U, Bahlmann F, Mueller M, Spiekermann S, Kirchhoff N, Schulz S, et al. Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure-role of xanthine-oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circulation. 2002;106:3073-8.
124. Saavedra WF, Paolocci N, St John ME, Skaf MW, Stewart GC, Xie JS, et al. 2002. Imbalance between xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase signaling pathways underlies mechanoenergetic uncoupling in the failing heart. Circ Res. 2002;90:297-304.
125. Cappola T, Kass DA, Nelson G, Berger RD, Rosas GO, Kobeissi Z, et al. Allopurinol improves myocardial efficiency in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001;104:2407-11.
126. Doehner W, Schoene N, Rauchhaus M, Leyva-Leon F, Pavitt DV, Reaveley DA, et al. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation. 2002;105:2619-24.
127. Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Antioxidant effects of statins via S-nitrosylation and activation of thioredoxin in endothelial cells: a novel vasculoprotective function of statins. Circulation. 2004;110:856-61.
128. Wittstein IS, Kass DA, Pak PH, Maughan WL, Fetics B, Hare JM. Cardiac nitric oxide production due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition decreases beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:429-35.
129. Zaobornyj T, Valdez LB, La Padula P, Costa LE, Boveris A. Effect of sustained hypobaric hypoxia during maturation and aging on rat myocardium. II. mtNOS activity. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98:2370-5.
130. Nisoli E, Falcone S, Tonello C, Cozzi V, Palomba L, Fiorani M, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis by NO yields functionally active mitochondria in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:16507-12.
131. Trochu JN, Bouhour JB, Kaley G, Hintze TH. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiac oxygen metabolism: implications in health and disease. Circ Res 2000;87: 1108-1117. Circulation. 2004;110:856-61.
132. Suto N, Mikuniya A, Okubo T, Hanada H, Shinozaki N, Okumura K. Nitric oxide modulates cardiac contractility and oxygen consumption without changing contractile efficiency. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H41-9.