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Volumn 8, Issue , 2004, Pages 162-186

Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds by [2+2] cycloaddition to oxa- and aza-norbornenic systems (including carbometallation reactions)

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EID: 34547618032     PISSN: 17249449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (173)
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    • Whereas for the [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene to alkenes a concerted mechanism has been proposed, the cycloaddition ketene to imine appears to be zwitterionic. See: mechanism ketene-alkene
    • Whereas for the [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene to alkenes a concerted mechanism has been proposed, the cycloaddition ketene to imine appears to be zwitterionic. See: mechanism ketene-alkene: Wang, X.; Houk, K. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2106.
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    • Regarding the [2+2] cycloaddition of chlorosulfonylisocyanate to olefins the reaction appears to proceed via a concerted mechanism rather than a stepwise process, see
    • Regarding the [2+2] cycloaddition of chlorosulfonylisocyanate to olefins the reaction appears to proceed via a concerted mechanism rather than a stepwise process, see: Furman, B.; Borsuk, K.; Kaluza, Z.; Lysek, R.; Chmielewski, M. Curr. Org. Chem. 2004, 8, 463.
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    • Inter- and intramolecular cycloaddition of ketenes to the endocyclic bond of norbornene have been reported. See, for instance: Krepski, L. R.; Hassner, A. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2879.
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    • The exclusive oxetane formation in photoreactions of p-quinones is a well-known reaction mode of these compounds. See
    • The exclusive oxetane formation in photoreactions of p-quinones is a well-known reaction mode of these compounds. See: Bryce-Smith, D.; Gilbert, A.; Johnson, M. G. J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1967, 383.
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    • 3=Me) was described. In this case the reaction was achieved with diphenylacetylene and hence not regioselectivity is possible
    • 3=Me) was described. In this case the reaction was achieved with diphenylacetylene and hence not regioselectivity is possible.
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    • Other synthetically useful reactions of oxa- and azabenzonorbornadienes derivatives catalyzed by Ni complexes have been recently reported. See, for instance
    • Other synthetically useful reactions of oxa- and azabenzonorbornadienes derivatives catalyzed by Ni complexes have been recently reported. See, for instance: Rayabarapu, D. K.; Cheng, C. H. Pure & Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 69.
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    • For recent reports on Ni-catalyzed [2+2+2] cyclotrimerizations of oxa-and azanorbornadienes, see: Sambaiah, T.; Li, L. P.; Huang, D. J.; Rayabarapu, D. K.; Cheng, C. H. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3663.
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    • For recent reports on the Ru-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to norbornene derivatives, see: Jordan, R. W.; Tam, W. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3031.
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    • A report of the Ru-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition (cyclopropanation) of 7-oxanorbornene 42 and propargyl alcohol 133 catalyzed by the complex 134 has been reported (Scheme 38). The reaction affords a mixture of cyclopropanes 135 and 136 in ratio 135: 136=6: 1. See
    • A report of the Ru-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition (cyclopropanation) of 7-oxanorbornene 42 and propargyl alcohol 133 catalyzed by the complex 134 has been reported (Scheme 38). The reaction affords a mixture of cyclopropanes 135 and 136 in ratio 135: 136=6: 1. See: Matsushima, Y.; Kikuchi, H.; Uno, M.; Takahashi, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1999, 72, 2475.
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    • For reviews, see ref. 3. For other more recent accounts mainly using organometallic reagents, see, among others, and references therein
    • For reviews, see ref. 3. For other more recent accounts mainly using organometallic reagents, see, among others: Rayabarapu, D. K.; Cheng, C. H. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3164 and references therein.
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    • The enormous impact of the metathesis reactions on chemical research as well as on chemical industry is well documented in many reviews articles. For a short selection of the more recent, see General
    • The enormous impact of the metathesis reactions on chemical research as well as on chemical industry is well documented in many reviews articles. For a short selection of the more recent, see: General: Fürstner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3012.
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    • For some selected, recent reviews on application of metathesis reactions in heterocyclic synthesis, see:Recent advances in the synthesis of heterocycles by RCM
    • For some selected, recent reviews on application of metathesis reactions in heterocyclic synthesis, see:Recent advances in the synthesis of heterocycles by RCM; Walters, M. A. In Progress in Heterocyclic Chem. 2003; Vol. 15, p. 1.
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    • This mechanism is usually referred as "Chauvin mechanism" and it is the currently accepted. See
    • This mechanism is usually referred as "Chauvin mechanism" and it is the currently accepted. See:Herisson, J. L.; Chauvin, Y. Makromol. Chem. 1970, 141, 161.
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    • For a seminal work on the synthesis of a carbohydrate-bearing polymer that can block protein-initiated cell agglutination starting from an oxanorbornene derivative, see: Martell, K. H.; Gingras, M.; Kiesling, L. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 12053.
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    • It should be pointed out that CM dimerization reactions of terminal olefins have been successfully exploited in synthesis of macrocyclic systems. For some selected accounts, see, and references therein
    • It should be pointed out that CM dimerization reactions of terminal olefins have been successfully exploited in synthesis of macrocyclic systems. For some selected accounts, see: Smith III, A. B.; Adams, C. M.; Kozmin, S. A.; Paone, D.V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5925 and references therein.
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    • For a report concerning the importance of the chelation effects on the E/Z diastereoselectivity in CM reactions, see
    • For a report concerning the importance of the chelation effects on the E/Z diastereoselectivity in CM reactions, see: Engelhardt, F. C.; Schmitt, M. J.; Taylor, R. E. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2209.
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    • Catalyst 115 has been used in reaction with phenyl vinyl selenide as CM reagent without notable amount of polymeric products; see
    • Catalyst 115 has been used in reaction with phenyl vinyl selenide as CM reagent without notable amount of polymeric products; see: Katayama, H.; Urushima, H.; Nishioka, T.; Wada, C.; Nagao, M.; Ozawa, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 4513.
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    • For other recently introduced Ru catalyst with excellent results in the sequence ROM-CM, see
    • For other recently introduced Ru catalyst with excellent results in the sequence ROM-CM, see: Krause, J. O.; Nuyken, O.; Wurst, K.; Buchmeiser, M. R. Chem.Eur. J. 2004, 10, 777.
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    • Generally speaking, the control of the regioselectivity in the additions or cycloaddition reactions to the endocycclic double bond of a remote-substituted bicyclic system is an old question not yet well explained. For instance, some electrophilic additions show total regioselectivity depending on the nature of the remote substituent. In contrast, cycloaddition reactions such as 1,3-dipolar, Diels-Alder and Pauson-Khand have different levels of regioselectivity depending on both the remote substituent and the nature of the reagent involved in the reaction. These questions will be discussed in a next article of this serie
    • Generally speaking, the control of the regioselectivity in the additions or cycloaddition reactions to the endocycclic double bond of a remote-substituted bicyclic system is an old question not yet well explained. For instance, some electrophilic additions show total regioselectivity depending on the nature of the remote substituent. In contrast, cycloaddition reactions such as 1,3-dipolar, Diels-Alder and Pauson-Khand have different levels of regioselectivity depending on both the remote substituent and the nature of the reagent involved in the reaction. These questions will be discussed in a next article of this serie.
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    • All regioisomeric products were obtained as a diastereomeric E/Z mixture. In order to avoid complications in the determination of the regioselectivity the purified reaction mixtures were submitted to catalytic hydrogenation. As this last reaction was held in all cases with yields between 93-100 % the determination of the ratio of hydrogenated isomers may be consider as a convenient measurement of the regioselectivity of the reaction
    • All regioisomeric products were obtained as a diastereomeric E/Z mixture. In order to avoid complications in the determination of the regioselectivity the purified reaction mixtures were submitted to catalytic hydrogenation. As this last reaction was held in all cases with yields between 93-100 % the determination of the ratio of hydrogenated isomers may be consider as a convenient measurement of the regioselectivity of the reaction.
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    • The influence of the remote substituents in the sequence ROM-CM reactions has also been considered in the case of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. See
    • The influence of the remote substituents in the sequence ROM-CM reactions has also been considered in the case of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. See: Whright, D. L.; Usher, L. C.; Jimenez, M. E. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 4275.
    • (2001) Org. Lett. , vol.3 , pp. 4275
    • Whright, D.L.1    Usher, L.C.2    Jimenez, M.E.3


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