Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes And Onconeural Antibodies: Clinical And Immunological Aspects

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 44, Issue , 2007, Pages 143-185

  Storstein, Anette ^a,b   Vedeler, Christian A ^a,b  

^a HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; CANCER ANTIBODY; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

BIOSYNTHESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROPATHY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; AUTOANTIBODIES; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 34347208610     PISSN: 00652423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2423(07)44005-7     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Posner J. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 10 6 (1997) 471-476
2. Rees J. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 11 6 (1998) 633-637
3. Bataller L., and Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurol Clin 21 1 (2003) 221-247 . ix.
4. van Oosterhout A., van de Pol M., ten Velde G., and Twijnstra A. Neurologic disorders in 203 consecutive patients with small cell lung cancer. Results of a longitudinal study. Cancer 77 8 (1996) 1434-1441
5. Darnell R., and Posner J. Observing the invisible: Successful tumor immunity in humans. Nat Immunol 4 3 (2003) 201
6. Posner J. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Neurol Clin 9 4 (1991) 919-936
7. Roberts W., and Darnell R. Neuroimmunology of the paraneoplastic neurological degenerations. Curr Opin Immunol 16 5 (2004) 616-622
8. Rauer S., and Andreou I. Tumor progression and serum anti-HuD antibody concentration in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Eur Neurol 47 4 (2002) 189-195
9. Graus F., Dalmou J., Rene R., Tora M., Malats N., Verschuuren J., et al. Anti-Hu antibodies in patients with small-cell lung cancer: Association with complete response to therapy and improved survival. J Clin Oncol 15 8 (1997) 2866-2872
10. Keime-Guibert F., Graus F., Broet P., Rene R., Molinuevo J., Ascaso C., et al. Clinical outcome of patients with anti-Hu-associated encephalomyelitis after treatment of the tumor. Neurology 53 8 (1999) 1719-1723
11. Darnell R., and DeAngelis L. Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies. Lancet 341 8836 (1993) 21-22
12. Voltz R. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: An update on diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy. Lancet Neurol 1 5 (2002) 294-305
13. Turk M., Wolchok J., Guevara-Patino J., Goldberg S., and Houghton A. Multiple pathways to tumor immunity and concomitant autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 188 (2002) 122-135
14. Graus F., Delattre J., Antoine J., Dalmau J., Giometto B., Grisold W., et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 8 (2004) 1135-1140
15. Pittock S., Lucchinetti C., and Lennon V. Anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2: Paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 53 5 (2003) 580-587
16. Pittock S., Kryzer T., and Lennon V. Paraneoplastic antibodies coexist and predict cancer, not neurological syndrome. Ann Neurol 56 5 (2004) 715-719
17. Anderson N., Cunningham J., and Posner J. Autoimmune pathogenesis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Crit Rev Neurobiol 3 3 (1987) 245-299
18. Anderson N., and Posner J. Antineuronal autoantibodies in neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes. Ann NY Acad Sci 540 (1988) 440-441
19. Musunuru K., and Darnell R. Paraneoplastic neurologic disease antigens: RNA-binding proteins and signaling proteins in neuronal degeneration. Annu Rev Neurosci 24 (2001) 239-262
20. Yang Y., Yin G., and Darnell R. The neuronal RNA-binding protein Nova-2 is implicated as the autoantigen targeted in POMA patients with dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 22 (1998) 13254-13259
21. Musunuru K. Cell-specific RNA-binding proteins in human disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 13 5 (2003) 188-195
22. Manley G., Smitt P., Dalmau J., and Posner J. Hu antigens: Reactivity with Hu antibodies, tumor expression, and major immunogenic sites. Ann Neurol 38 1 (1995) 102-110
23. Rosenfeld M., Eichen J., Wade D., Posner J., and Dalmau J. Molecular and clinical diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Ann Neurol 50 3 (2001) 339-348
24. Dalmau J., Gultekin S., Voltz R., Hoard R., DesChamps T., Balmaceda C., et al. Ma1, a novel neuron- and testis-specific protein, is recognized by the serum of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Brain 122 Pt. 1 (1999) 27-39
25. Corradi J., Yang C., Darnell J., Dalmau J., and Darnell R. A post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism restricts expression of the paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration antigen cdr2 to immune privileged tissues. J Neurosci 17 4 (1997) 1406-1415
26. Matsubara S., Yamaji Y., Sato M., Fujita J., and Takahara J. Expression of a photoreceptor protein, recoverin, as a cancer-associated retinopathy autoantigen in human lung cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 74 9 (1996) 1419-1422
27. Subramanian L., and Polans A. Cancer-related diseases of the eye: The role of calcium and calcium-binding proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322 4 (2004) 1153-1165
28. Charrier E., Reibel S., Rogemond V., Aguera M., Thomasset N., and Honnorat J. Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs): Involvement in nervous system development and adult neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol 28 1 (2003) 51-64
29. Pittock S., Lucchinetti C., Parisi J., Benarroch E., Mokri B., Stephan C., et al. Amphiphysin autoimmunity: Paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 58 1 (2005) 96-107
30. Yu Z., Kryzer T., Griesmann G., Kim K., Benarroch E., and Lennon V. CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: Marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 49 2 (2001) 146-154
31. Mason W., Graus F., Lang B., Honnorat J., Delattre J., Valldeoriola F., et al. Small-cell lung cancer, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Brain 120 Pt. 8 (1997) 1279-1300
32. Graus F., Keime-Guibert F., Rene R., Benyahia B., Ribalta T., Ascaso C., et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: Analysis of 200 patients. Brain 124 Pt. 6 (2001) 1138-1148
33. Shavit Y., Graus F., Probst A., Rene R., and Steck A. Epilepsia partialis continua: A new manifestation of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 45 2 (1999) 255-258
34. Jacobs D., Fung K., Cook N., Schalepfer W., Goldberg H., and Stecker M. Complex partial status epilepticus associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic syndrome. J Neurol Sci 213 1-2 (2003) 77-82
35. Tremont-Lukats I., Fuller G., Ribalta T., Giglio P., and Groves M. Paraneoplastic chorea: Case study with autopsy confirmation. Neuro-oncology 4 3 (2002) 192-195
36. Sillevis Smitt P., Grefkens J., de Leeuw B., van den Bent M., van Putten W., Hooijkaas H., et al. Survival and outcome in 73 anti-Hu positive patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. J Neurol 249 6 (2002) 745-753
37. Lucchinetti C., Kimmel D., and Lennon V. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology 50 3 (1998) 652-657
38. Bechich S., Graus F., Arboix A., Isidro A., Marti M., and Rosell F. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy and breast cancer. J Neurol 247 7 (2000) 552-553
39. Greenlee J., Steffens J., Clawson S., Hill K., and Dalmau J. Anti-Hu antibodies in Merkel cell carcinoma. Ann Neurol 52 1 (2002) 111-115
40. Ichimura M., Yamamoto M., Kobayashi Y., Kawakami O., Niimi Y., Hattori N., et al. Tissue distribution of pathological lesions and Hu antigen expression in paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 95 6 (1998) 641-648
41. Bernal F., Graus F., Pifarre A., Saiz A., Benyahia B., and Ribalta T. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 103 5 (2002) 509-515
42. Scaravilli F., An S., Groves M., and Thom M. The neuropathology of paraneoplastic syndromes. Brain Pathol 9 2 (1999) 251-260
43. Gultekin S., Rosenfeld M., Voltz R., Eichen J., Posner J., and Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: Neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 123 Pt. 7 (2000) 1481-1494
44. Lawn N., Westmoreland B., Kiely M., Lennon V., and Vernino S. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalographic findings in paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Mayo Clin Proc 78 11 (2003) 1363-1368
45. Dalmau J., Graus F., Villarejo A., Posner J., Blumenthal D., Thiessen B., et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain 127 Pt. 8 (2004) 1831-1844
46. Voltz R., Gultekin S., Rosenfeld M., Gerstner E., Eichen J., Posner J., et al. A serologic marker of paraneoplastic limbic and brain-stem encephalitis in patients with testicular cancer. N Engl J Med 340 23 (1999) 1788-1795
47. Antoine J., Honnorat J., Anterion C., Aguera M., Absi L., Fournel P., et al. Limbic encephalitis and immunological perturbations in two patients with thymoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58 6 (1995) 706-710
48. Buckley C., Oger J., Clover L., Tuzun E., Carpenter K., Jackson M., et al. Potassium channel antibodies in two patients with reversible limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 50 1 (2001) 73-78
49. Pozo-Rosich P., Clover L., Saiz A., Vincent A., and Graus F. Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 54 4 (2003) 530-533
50. Vincent A., Buckley C., Schott J., Baker I., Dewar B., Detert N., et al. Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: A potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain 127 Pt. 3 (2004) 701-712
51. Thieben M., Lennon V., Boeve B., Aksamit A., Keegan M., and Vernino S. Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal potassium channel antibody. Neurology 62 7 (2004) 1177-1182
52. Honnorat J., Antoine J., Derrington E., Aguera M., and Belin M. Antibodies to a subpopulation of glial cells and a 66 kDa developmental protein in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61 3 (1996) 270-278
53. Scheid R., Honnorat J., Delmont E., Urbach H., and Biniek R. A new anti-neuronal antibody in a case of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with breast cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 2 (2004) 338-340
54. Sutton I. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 15 6 (2002) 685-690
55. Rojas-Marcos I., Rousseau A., Keime-Guibert F., Rene R., Cartalat-Carel S., Delattre J., et al. Spectrum of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders in women with breast and gynecologic cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 82 3 (2003) 216-223
56. Kastrup O., Meyring S., and Diener H. Atypical paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis associated with anti-ri-antibodies due to thymic carcinoma with possible clinical response to immunoglobulins. Eur Neurol 45 4 (2001) 285-287
57. Barnett M., Prosser J., Sutton I., Halmagyi G., Davies L., Harper C., et al. Paraneoplastic brain stem encephalitis in a woman with anti-Ma2 antibody. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 2 (2001) 222-225
58. Bataller L., and Dalmau J. Neuro-ophthalmology and paraneoplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 17 1 (2004) 3-8
59. Rajabally Y., Naz S., Farrell D., and Abbott R. Paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis with tetraparesis in a patient with anti-Ri antibodies. J Neurol 251 12 (2004) 1528-1529
60. Nagashima T., Mizutani Y., Kawahara H., Maguchi S., Terayama Y., Shinohara T., et al. Anti-Hu paraneoplastic syndrome presenting with brainstem-cerebellar symptoms and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neuropathology 23 3 (2003) 230-238
61. Overeem S., Dalmau J., Bataller L., Nishino S., Mignot E., Verschuuren J., et al. Hypocretin-1 CSF levels in anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis. Neurology 62 1 (2004) 138-140
62. Bataller L., Graus F., Saiz A., and Vilchez J. Clinical outcome in adult onset idiopathic or paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus. Brain 124 Pt. 2 (2001) 437-443
63. Samii A., Dahlen D., Spence A., Maronian N., Kraus E., and Lennon V. Paraneoplastic movement disorder in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and CRMP-5 autoantibody. Mov Disord 18 12 (2003) 1556-1558
64. Kujawa K., Niemi V., Tomasi M., Mayer N., Cochran E., and Goetz C. Ballistic-choreic movements as the presenting feature of renal cancer. Arch Neurol 58 7 (2001) 1133-1135
65. Vernino S., Tuite P., Adler C., Meschia J., Boeve B., Boasberg P., et al. Paraneoplastic chorea associated with CRMP-5 neuronal antibody and lung carcinoma. Ann Neurol 51 5 (2002) 625-630
66. Kinirons P., Fulton A., Keoghan M., Brennan P., Farrell M., and Moroney J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE) and chorea associated with CRMP-5 neuronal antibody. Neurology 61 11 (2003) 1623-1624
67. Croteau D., Owainati A., Dalmau J., and Rogers L. Response to cancer therapy in a patient with a paraneoplastic choreiform disorder. Neurology 57 4 (2001) 719-722
68. Shams'ili S., Grefkens J., de Leeuw B., van den Bent M., Hooijkaas H., van der Holt B., et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with antineuronal antibodies: Analysis of 50 patients. Brain 126 Pt. 6 (2003) 1409-1418
69. Graus F., Lang B., Pozo-Rosich P., Saiz A., Casamitjana R., and Vincent A. P/Q type calcium-channel antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with lung cancer. Neurology 59 5 (2002) 764-766
70. Bernal F., Shams'ili S., Rojas I., Sanchez-Valle R., Saiz A., Dalmau J., et al. Anti-Tr antibodies as markers of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin's disease. Neurology 60 2 (2003) 230-234
71. Graus F., Dalmau J., Valldeoriola F., Ferrer I., Rene R., Marin C., et al. Immunological characterization of a neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin's disease. J Neuroimmunol 74 1-2 (1997) 55-61
72. Giometto B., Marchiori G., Nicolao P., Scaravilli T., Lion A., Bardin P., et al. Sub-acute cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo autoantibodies: Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 23 6 (1997) 468-474
73. Rojas I., Graus F., Keime-Guibert F., Rene R., Delattre J., Ramon J., et al. Long-term clinical outcome of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies. Neurology 55 5 (2000) 713-715
74. Rudnick E., Khakoo Y., Antunes N., Seeger R., Brodeur G., Shimada H., et al. Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in neuroblastoma: Clinical outcome and antineuronal antibodies-a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study. Med Pediatr Oncol 36 6 (2001) 612-622
75. Gambini C., Conte M., Bernini G., Angelini P., Pession A., Paolucci P., et al. Neuroblastic tumors associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: Histological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of 15 Italian cases. Virchows Arch 442 6 (2003) 555-562
76. Berger J., and Mehari E. Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus secondary to malignant melanoma. J Neurooncol 41 1 (1999) 43-45
77. Bataller L., Rosenfeld M., Graus F., Vilchez J., Cheung N., and Dalmau J. Autoantigen diversity in the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Ann Neurol 53 3 (2003) 347-353
78. Pranzatelli M., Travelstead A., Tate E., Allison T., Moticka E., Franz D., et al. B- and T-cell markers in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: Immunophenotyping of CSF lymphocytes. Neurology 62 9 (2004) 1526-1532
79. Pranzatelli M., Travelstead A., Tate E., Allison T., and Verhulst S. CSF B-cell expansion in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: A biomarker of disease activity. Mov Disord 19 7 (2004) 770-777
80. Hormigo A., Dalmau J., Rosenblum M., River M., and Posner J. Immunological and pathological study of anti-Ri-associated encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 36 6 (1994) 896-902
81. Savchenko M., Bazhin A., Shifrina O., Demoura S., Kogan E., Chuchalin A., et al. Antirecoverin autoantibodies in the patient with non-small cell lung cancer but without cancer-associated retinopathy. Lung Cancer 41 3 (2003) 363-367
82. Chan J. Paraneoplastic retinopathies and optic neuropathies. Surv Ophthalmol 48 1 (2003) 12-38
83. Amato A., and Collins M. Neuropathies associated with malignancy. Semin Neurol 18 1 (1998) 125-144
84. Keltner J., Thirkill C., and Yip P. Clinical and immunologic characteristics of melanoma-associated retinopathy syndrome: Eleven new cases and a review of 51 previously published cases. J Neuroophthalmol 21 3 (2001) 173-187
85. Cross S., Salomao D., Parisi J., Kryzer T., Bradley E., Mines J., et al. Paraneoplastic autoimmune optic neuritis with retinitis defined by CRMP-5-IgG. Ann Neurol 54 1 (2003) 38-50
86. Gordon P., Rowland L., Younger D., Sherman W., Hays A., Louis E., et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders and motor neuron disease: An update. Neurology 48 6 (1997) 1671-1678
87. Younger D., Rowland L., Latov N., Sherman W., Pesce M., Lange D., et al. Motor neuron disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Relation of high CSF protein content to paraproteinemia and clinical syndromes. Neurology 40 4 (1990) 595-599
88. Schold S., Cho E., Somasundaram M., and Posner J. Subacute motor neuronopathy: A remote effect of lymphoma. Ann Neurol 5 3 (1979) 271-287
89. Forsyth P., Dalmau J., Graus F., Cwik V., Rosenblum M., and Posner J. Motor neuron syndromes in cancer patients. Ann Neurol 41 6 (1997) 722-730
90. Dalmau J., Graus F., Rosenblum M., and Posner J. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. A clinical study of 71 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 71 2 (1992) 59-72
91. Verma A., Berger J., Snodgrass S., and Petito C. Motor neuron disease: A paraneoplastic process associated with anti-hu antibody and small-cell lung carcinoma. Ann Neurol 40 1 (1996) 112-116
92. Brown P., and Marsden C. The stiff man and stiff man plus syndromes. J Neurol 246 8 (1999) 648-652
93. Yoon J., and Jun H. Cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann NY Acad Sci 928 (2001) 200-211
94. Wessig C., Klein R., Schneider M., Toyka K., Naumann M., and Sommer C. Neuropathology and binding studies in anti-amphiphysin-associated stiff-person syndrome. Neurology 61 2 (2003) 195-198
95. De Camilli P., Thomas A., Cofiell R., Folli F., Lichte B., Piccolo G., et al. The synaptic vesicle-associated protein amphiphysin is the 128-kD autoantigen of Stiff-Man syndrome with breast cancer. J Exp Med 178 6 (1993) 2219-2223
96. Floyd S., Butler M., Cremona O., David C., Freyberg Z., Zhang X., et al. Expression of amphiphysin I, an autoantigen of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, in breast cancer. Mol Med 4 1 (1998) 29-39
97. Rudnicki S., and Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the spinal cord, nerve, and muscle. Muscle Nerve 23 12 (2000) 1800-1818
98. Camdessanche J., Antoine J., Honnorat J., Vial C., Petiot P., Convers P., et al. Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 20 patients. Brain 125 Pt. 1 (2002) 166-175
99. Oh S., Gurtekin Y., Dropcho E., King P., and Claussen G. Anti-Hu antibody neuropathy: A clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study. Clin Neurophysiol 116 1 (2005) 28-34
100. Antoine J., Mosnier J., Absi L., Convers P., Honnorat J., and Michel D. Carcinoma associated paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies in patients with and without anti-onconeural antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67 1 (1999) 7-14
101. Molinuevo J., Graus F., Serrano C., Rene R., Guerrero A., and Illa I. Utility of anti-Hu antibodies in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. Ann Neurol 44 6 (1998) 976-980
102. Antoine J., Mosnier J., Honnorat J., Convers P., Absi L., Lapras J., et al. Paraneoplastic demyelinating neuropathy, subacute sensory neuropathy, and anti-Hu antibodies: Clinicopathological study of an autopsy case. Muscle Nerve 21 7 (1998) 850-857
103. Elrington G., Murray N., Spiro S., and Newsom-Davis J. Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with small cell lung cancer. A prospective survey of 150 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 9 (1991) 764-767
104. Lee H., Lennon V., Camilleri M., and Prather C. Paraneoplastic gastrointestinal motor dysfunction: Clinical and laboratory characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol 96 2 (2001) 373-379
105. De Giorgio R., Guerrini S., Barbara G., Stanghellini V., De Ponti F., Corinaldesi R., et al. Inflammatory neuropathies of the enteric nervous system. Gastroenterology 126 7 (2004) 1872-1883
106. De Giorgio R., Bovara M., Barbara G., Canossa M., Sarnelli G., De Ponti F., et al. Anti-HuD-induced neuronal apoptosis underlying paraneoplastic gut dysmotility. Gastroenterology 125 1 (2003) 70-79
107. Wanschitz J., Hainfellner J., Kristoferitsch W., Drlicek M., and Budka H. Ganglionitis in paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy: A morphologic study. Neurology 49 4 (1997) 1156-1159
108. Vernino S., Low P., Fealey R., Stewart J., Farrugia G., and Lennon V. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med 343 12 (2000) 847-855
109. O'Suilleabhain P., Low P., and Lennon V. Autonomic dysfunction in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: Serologic and clinical correlates. Neurology 50 1 (1998) 88-93
110. Croft P., Urich H., and Wilkinson M. Peripheral neuropathy of sensorimotor type associated with malignant disease. Brain 90 1 (1967) 31-66
111. Croft P., and Wilkinson M. The course and prognosis in some types of carcinomatous neuromyopathy. Brain 92 1 (1969) 1-8
112. Corbo M., and Balmaceda C. Peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients. Cancer Invest 19 4 (2001) 369-382
113. Antoine J., Honnorat J., Camdessanche J., Magistris M., Absi L., Mosnier J., et al. Paraneoplastic anti-CV2 antibodies react with peripheral nerve and are associated with a mixed axonal and demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Ann Neurol 49 2 (2001) 214-221
114. Sutton I., and Winer J. The immunopathogenesis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Clin Sci (Lond) 102 5 (2002) 475-486
115. Storstein A., and Vedeler C. Neuropathy and malignancy: A retrospective survey. J Neurol 248 4 (2001) 322-327
116. Peterson K., Forsyth P., and Posner J. Paraneoplastic sensorimotor neuropathy associated with breast cancer. J Neurooncol 21 2 (1994) 159-170
117. Kloos L., Sillevis Smitt P., Ang C., Kruit W., and Stoter G. Paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia and subacute motor axonal neuropathy associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies in a patient with malignant melanoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 4 (2003) 507-509
118. De Toni L., Marconi S., Nardelli E., Alberti D., Borsellino G., Fracasso G., et al. Gangliosides act as onconeural antigens in paraneoplastic neuropathies. J Neuroimmunol 156 1-2 (2004) 178-187
119. Antoine J., Camdessanche J., Ferraud K., and Caudie C. Antiganglioside antibodies in paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 12 (2004) 1765-1767
120. Kelly J., and Karcher D. Lymphoma and peripheral neuropathy: A clinical review. Muscle Nerve 31 3 (2005) 301-313
121. Lisak R., Mitchell M., Zweiman B., Orrechio E., and Asbury A. Guillain-Barre syndrome and Hodgkin's disease: Three cases with immunological studies. Ann Neurol 1 1 (1977) 72-78
122. Vigliani M., Magistrello M., Polo P., Mutani R., and Chio A. Risk of cancer in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A population-based study. J Neurol 251 3 (2004) 321-326
123. Antoine J., Mosnier J., Lapras J., Convers P., Absi L., Laurent B., et al. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with carcinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 2 (1996) 188-190
124. Mygland A., and Monstad P. Chronic polyneuropathies in Vest-Agder, Norway. Eur J Neurol 8 2 (2001) 157-165
125. Busby M., and Donaghy M. Chronic dysimmune neuropathy. A subclassification based upon the clinical features of 102 patients. J Neurol 250 6 (2003) 714-724
126. Vital A. Paraproteinemic neuropathies. Brain Pathol 11 4 (2001) 399-407
127. Kelly Jr. J., Kyle R., O'Brien P., and Dyck P. Prevalence of monoclonal protein in peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 31 11 (1981) 1480-1483
128. Nobile-Orazio E., Barbieri S., Baldini L., Marmiroli P., Carpo M., Premoselli S., et al. Peripheral neuropathy in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: Prevalence and immunopathogenetic studies. Acta Neurol Scand 85 6 (1992) 383-390
129. Latov N., and Renaud S. Effector mechanisms in anti-MAG antibody-mediated and other demyelinating neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 220 1-2 (2004) 127-129
130. Steck A., Erne B., Gabriel J., and Schaeren-Wiemers N. Paraproteinaemic neuropathies. Brain Pathol 9 2 (1999) 361-368
131. Dispenzieri A., Kyle R., Lacy M., Rajkumar S., Therneau T., Larson D., et al. POEMS syndrome: Definitions and long-term outcome. Blood 101 7 (2003) 2496-2506
132. Dispenzieri A. POEMS syndrome. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) (2005) 360-367
133. Vincent A., McConville J., Farrugia M., Bowen J., Plested P., Tang T., et al. Antibodies in myasthenia gravis and related disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 998 (2003) 324-335
134. Honnorat J., and Cartalat-Carel S. Advances in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Oncol 16 6 (2004) 614-620
135. Wirtz P., Willcox N., Roep B., Lang B., Wintzen A., Newsom-Davis J., et al. HLA-B8 in patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome reduces likelihood of associated small cell lung carcinoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 998 (2003) 200-201
136. Wirtz P., Willcox N., van der Slik A., Lang B., Maddison P., Koeleman B., et al. HLA and smoking in prediction and prognosis of small cell lung cancer in autoimmune Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 159 1-2 (2005) 230-237
137. Fukuda T., Motomura M., Nakao Y., Shiraishi H., Yoshimura T., Iwanaga K., et al. Reduction of P/Q-type calcium channels in the postmortem cerebellum of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann Neurol 53 1 (2003) 21-28
138. Viallard J., Vincent A., Moreau J., Parrens M., Pellegrin J., and Ellie E. Thymoma-associated neuromyotonia with antibodies against voltage-gated potassium channels presenting as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Eur Neurol 53 2 (2005) 60-63
139. Hart I., Maddison P., Newsom-Davis J., Vincent A., and Mills K. Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Brain 125 Pt. 8 (2002) 1887-1895
140. O'Neill J., Murray N., and Newsom-Davis J. The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. A review of 50 cases. Brain 111 Pt. 3 (1988) 577-596
141. Vernino S., and Lennon V. Ion channel and striational antibodies define a continuum of autoimmune neuromuscular hyperexcitability. Muscle Nerve 26 5 (2002) 702-707
142. Darnell R., and Posner J. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N Engl J Med 349 16 (2003) 1543-1554
143. Alamowitch S., Graus F., Uchuya M., Rene R., Bescansa E., and Delattre J. Limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer. Clinical and immunological features. Brain 120 Pt. 6 (1997) 923-928
144. Storstein A., Monstad S., Honnorat J., and Vedeler C. Paraneoplastic antibodies detected by isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum. J Neuroimmunol 155 1-2 (2004) 150-154
145. Blaes F., Jauss M., Kraus J., Oschmann P., Krasenbrink I., Kaps M., et al. Adult paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with antimitochondrial autoantibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 11 (2003) 1595-1596
146. Kumar A., Lajara-Nanson W., and Neilson Jr. R. Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: Initial presentation of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. J Neurooncol 73 1 (2005) 43-45
147. McLeod J. Investigation of peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58 3 (1995) 274-283
148. Younes-Mhenni S., Janier M., Cinotti L., Antoine J., Tronc F., Cottin V., et al. FDG-PET improves tumour detection in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Brain 127 Pt. 10 (2004) 2331-2338
149. Linke R., Schroeder M., Helmberger T., and Voltz R. Antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes: Value of CT and PET for tumor diagnosis. Neurology 63 2 (2004) 282-286
150. Antoine J., Cinotti L., Tilikete C., Bouhour F., Camdessanche J., Confavreux C., et al. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of cancer in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and anti-Hu antibodies. Ann Neurol 48 1 (2000) 105-108
151. Rees J., Hain S., Johnson M., Hughes R., Costa D., Ell P., et al. The role of [18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-PET scanning in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Brain 124 Pt. 11 (2001) 2223-2231
152. Frings M., Antoch G., Knorn P., Freudenberg L., Bier U., Timmann D., et al. Strategies in detection of the primary tumour in anti-Yo associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. J Neurol 252 2 (2005) 197-201
153. Peterson K., Rosenblum M., Kotanides H., and Posner J. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients. Neurology 42 10 (1992) 1931-1937
154. Darnell R. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: At the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 10 (1996) 4529-4536
155. Moll J., Antoine J., Brashear H., Delattre J., Drlicek M., Dropcho E., et al. Guidelines on the detection of paraneoplastic anti-neuronal-specific antibodies: Report from the Workshop to the Fourth Meeting of the International Society of Neuro-Immunology on paraneoplastic neurological disease, held October 22-23, 1994, in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Neurology 45 10 (1995) 1937-1941
156. Antoine J., Absi L., Honnorat J., Boulesteix J., de Brouker T., Vial C., et al. Antiamphiphysin antibodies are associated with various paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and tumors. Arch Neurol 56 2 (1999) 172-177
157. Moll J., Antoine J., Brashear H., Delattre J., Drlicek M., Dropcho E., et al. Guidelines on the detection of paraneoplastic anti-neuronal-specific antibodies: Report from the Workshop to the Fourth Meeting of the International Society of Neuro-Immunology on paraneoplastic neurological disease, held October 22-23, 1994, in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Neurology 45 10 (1995) 1937-1941
158. Sillevis-Smitt P., Manley G., Moll J., Dalmau J., and Posner J. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic neurologic disease. Neurology 46 6 (1996) 1739-1741
159. Furneaux H., Reich L., and Posner J. Autoantibody synthesis in the central nervous system of patients with paraneoplastic syndromes. Neurology 40 7 (1990) 1085-1091
160. Vega F., Graus F., Chen Q., Poisson M., Schuller E., and Delattre J. Intrathecal synthesis of the anti-Hu antibody in patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis or sensory neuronopathy: Clinical-immunologic correlation. Neurology 44 11 (1994) 2145-2147
161. Willison H., Ang W., Gilhus N., Graus F., Liblau R., Vedeler C., et al. EFNS task force report: A questionnaire-based survey on the service provision and quality assurance for determination of diagnostic autoantibody tests in European neuroimmunology centres. European Federation of Neurological Societies. Eur J Neurol 7 6 (2000) 625-628
162. Adamus G., Ren G., and Weleber R. Autoantibodies against retinal proteins in paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol (2004) 4-5 :1-9.
163. Rauer S., and Kaiser R. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant HuD-autoantigen for serodiagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand 103 4 (2001) 248-254
164. Verschuuren J., Perquin M., ten Velde G., De Baets M., Vriesman P., and Twijnstra A. Anti-Hu antibody titre and brain metastases before and after treatment for small cell lung cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67 3 (1999) 353-357
165. Storstein A., Monstad S., Nakkestad H., Husebye E., and Vedeler C. Paraneoplastic antibodies against HuD detected by a sensitive radiobinding assay. J Neurol 251 2 (2004) 197-203
166. Knudsen A., Monstad S., Dorum A., Lonning P., Salvesen H., Drivsholm L., et al. Ri antibodies in patients with breast, ovarian or small cell lung cancer determined by a sensitive immunoprecipitation technique. Cancer Immunol Immunother 55 10 (2006) 1280-1284
167. Monstad S., Drivsholm L., Storstein A., Aarseth J., Haugen M., Lang B., et al. Hu and voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibodies related to the prognosis of small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 5 (2004) 795-800
168. Drlicek M., Bianchi G., Bogliun G., Casati B., Grisold W., Kolig C., et al. Antibodies of the anti-Yo and anti-Ri type in the absence of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: A long-term survey of ovarian cancer patients. J Neurol 244 2 (1997) 85-89
169. Graus F., Vincent A., Pozo-Rosich P., Sabater L., Saiz A., Lang B., et al. Anti-glial nuclear antibody: Marker of lung cancer-related paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neuroimmunol 165 1-2 (2005) 166-171
170. Dalmau J., Furneaux H., Cordon-Cardo C., and Posner J. The expression of the Hu (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy) antigen in human normal and tumor tissues. Am J Pathol 141 4 (1992) 881-886
171. Dalmau J., Graus F., Cheung N., Rosenblum M., Ho A., Canete A., et al. Major histocompatibility proteins, anti-Hu antibodies, and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis in neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer. Cancer 75 1 (1995) 99-109
172. Gultekin S., Dalmau J., Graus Y., Posner J., and Rosenblum M. Anti-Hu immunolabeling as an index of neuronal differentiation in human brain tumors: A study of 112 central neuroepithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 22 2 (1998) 195-200
173. Darnell J., Albert M., and Darnell R. Cdr2, a target antigen of naturally occuring human tumor immunity, is widely expressed in gynecological tumors. Cancer Res 60 8 (2000) 2136-2139
174. Dalmau J., Furneaux H., Gralla R., Kris M., and Posner J. Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in the serum of patients with small cell lung cancer-a quantitative western blot analysis. Ann Neurol 27 5 (1990) 544-552
175. Pawelec G., Heinzel S., Kiessling R., Muller L., Ouyang Q., and Zeuthen J. Escape mechanisms in tumor immunity: A year 2000 update. Crit Rev Oncog 11 2 (2000) 97-133
176. Furneaux H., Rosenblum M., Dalmau J., Wong E., Woodruff P., Graus F., et al. Selective expression of Purkinje-cell antigens in tumor tissue from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. N Engl J Med 322 26 (1990) 1844-1851
177. Sutton I., Fursdon Davis C., Esiri M., Hughes S., Amyes E., and Vincent A. Anti-Yo antibodies and cerebellar degeneration in a man with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Neurol 49 2 (2001) 253-257
178. Verschuuren J., Chuang L., Rosenblum M., Lieberman F., Pryor A., Posner J., et al. Inflammatory infiltrates and complete absence of Purkinje cells in anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 91 5 (1996) 519-525
179. Carpentier A., Voltz R., DesChamps T., Posner J., Dalmau J., and Rosenfeld M. Absence of HuD gene mutations in paraneoplastic small cell lung cancer tissue. Neurology 50 6 (1998) 1919
180. Lang B., and Vincent A. Autoantibodies to ion channels at the neuromuscular junction. Autoimmun Rev 2 2 (2003) 94-100
181. Adamus G. Autoantibody-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of autoimmune retinopathy. Autoimmun Rev 2 2 (2003) 63-68
182. Sillevis Smitt P., Kinoshita A., De Leeuw B., Moll W., Coesmans M., Jaarsma D., et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia due to autoantibodies against a glutamate receptor. N Engl J Med 342 1 (2000) 21-27
183. Lang B., Dale R., and Vincent A. New autoantibody mediated disorders of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol 16 3 (2003) 351-357
184. Arbuckle M., James J., Kohlhase K., Rubertone M., Dennis G., and Harley J. Development of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies prior to clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 54 1-2 (2001) 211-219
185. Greenlee J., Parks T., and Jaeckle K. Type IIa ('anti-Hu') antineuronal antibodies produce destruction of rat cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. Neurology 43 10 (1993) 2049-2054
186. Greenlee J., Burns J., Rose J., Jaeckle K., and Clawson S. Uptake of systemically administered human anticerebellar antibody by rat Purkinje cells following blood-brain barrier disruption. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 89 4 (1995) 341-345
187. Stich O., Graus F., Rasiah C., and Rauer S. Qualitative evidence of anti-Yo-specific intrathecal antibody synthesis in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. J Neuroimmunol 141 1-2 (2003) 165-169
188. Brashear H., Caccamo D., Heck A., and Keeney P. Localization of antibody in the central nervous system of a patient with paraneoplastic encephalomyeloneuritis. Neurology 41 10 (1991) 1583-1587
189. Dalmau J., Furneaux H., Rosenblum M., Graus F., and Posner J. Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in specific regions of the nervous system and tumor from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. Neurology 41 11 (1991) 1757-1764
190. Sommer C., Weishaupt A., Brinkhoff J., Biko L., Wessig C., Gold R., et al. Paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome: Passive transfer to rats by means of IgG antibodies to amphiphysin. Lancet 365 9468 (2005) 1406-1411
191. Schafer K., Klotz M., Mergner D., Mestres P., Schimrigk K., and Blaes F. IgG-mediated cytotoxicity to myenteric plexus cultures in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Autoimmun 15 4 (2000) 479-484
192. Tanaka K., Ding X., and Tanaka M. Effects of antineuronal antibodies from patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome on primary-cultured neurons. J Neurol Sci 217 1 (2004) 25-30
193. Okano H., Park W., Corradi J., and Darnell R. The cytoplasmic Purkinje onconeural antigen cdr2 down-regulates c-Myc function: Implications for neuronal and tumor cell survival. Genes Dev 13 16 (1999) 2087-2097
194. Tanaka K., Tanaka M., Igarashi S., Onodera O., Miyatake T., and Tsuji S. Trial to establish an animal model of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibody. 2. Passive transfer of murine mononuclear cells activated with recombinant Yo protein to paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration lymphocytes in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 97 1 (1995) 101-105
195. Graus F., Illa I., Agusti M., Ribalta T., Cruz-Sanchez F., and Juarez C. Effect of intraventricular injection of an anti-Purkinje cell antibody (anti-Yo) in a guinea pig model. J Neurol Sci 106 1 (1991) 82-87
196. Sillevis Smitt P., Manley G., and Posner J. Immunization with the paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD does not cause neurologic disease in mice. Neurology 45 10 (1995) 1873-1878
197. Tanaka M., Tanaka K., Onodera O., and Tsuji S. Trial to establish an animal model of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibody. 1. Mouse strains bearing different MHC molecules produce antibodies on immunization with recombinant Yo protein, but do not cause Purkinje cell loss. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 97 1 (1995) 95-100
198. Dalmau J., Gultekin H., and Posner J. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes: Pathogenesis and physiopathology. Brain Pathol 9 2 (1999) 275-284
199. Verschuuren J., Dalmau J., Hoard R., and Posner J. Paraneoplastic anti-Hu serum: Studies on human tumor cell lines. J Neuroimmunol 79 2 (1997) 202-210
200. Carpentier A., Rosenfeld M., Delattre J., Whalen R., Posner J., and Dalmau J. DNA vaccination with HuD inhibits growth of a neuroblastoma in mice. Clin Cancer Res 4 11 (1998) 2819-2824
201. Newsom-Davis J. Therapy in myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Semin Neurol 23 2 (2003) 191-198
202. Storstein A., Knudsen A., Bjorge L., Meri S., and Vedeler C. Heterogeneous expression of CD59 on human Purkinje cells. Neurosci Lett 362 1 (2004) 21-25
203. Panegyres P., Reading M., and Esiri M. The inflammatory reaction of paraneoplastic ganglionitis and encephalitis: An immunohistochemical study. J Neurol 240 2 (1993) 93-97
204. Jean W., Dalmau J., Ho A., and Posner J. Analysis of the IgG subclass distribution and inflammatory infiltrates in patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 44 1 (1994) 140-147
205. Hainfellner J., Kristoferitsch W., Lassmann H., Bernheimer H., Neisser A., Drlicek M., et al. T-cell-mediated ganglionitis associated with acute sensory neuronopathy. Ann Neurol 39 4 (1996) 543-547
206. Albert M., Austin L., and Darnell R. Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann Neurol 47 1 (2000) 9-17
207. Tanaka M., Tanaka K., Tokiguchi S., Shinozawa K., and Tsuji S. Cytotoxic T cells against a peptide of Yo protein in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibody. J Neurol Sci 168 1 (1999) 28-31
208. Albert M., Darnell J., Bender A., Francisco L., Bhardwaj N., and Darnell R. Tumor-specific killer cells in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Nat Med 4 11 (1998) 1321-1324
209. Tanaka M., Maruyama Y., Sugie M., Motizuki H., Kamakura K., and Tanaka K. Cytotoxic T cell activity against peptides of Hu protein in anti-Hu syndrome. J Neurol Sci 201 1-2 (2002) 9-12
210. Voltz R., Dalmau J., Posner J., and Rosenfeld M. T-cell receptor analysis in anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology 51 4 (1998) 1146-1150
211. Pellkofer H., Schubart A., Hoftberger R., Schutze N., Pagany M., Schuller M., et al. Modelling paraneoplastic CNS disease: T-cells specific for the onconeuronal antigen PNMA1 mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat. Brain 127 Pt. 8 (2004) 1822-1830
212. Corriveau R., Huh G., and Shatz C. Regulation of class I MHC gene expression in the developing and mature CNS by neural activity. Neuron 21 3 (1998) 505-520
213. Darnell R. Immunologic complexity in neurons. Neuron 21 (1998) 947-950
214. Christinck E., Luscher M., Barber B., and Williams D. Peptide binding to class I MHC on living cells and quantitation of complexes required for CTL lysis. Nature 352 6330 (1991) 67-70
215. Huseby E., Liggitt D., Brabb T., Schnabel B., Ohlen C., and Goverman J. A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194 5 (2001) 669-676
216. Benyahia B., Liblau R., Merle-Beral H., Tourani J., Dalmau J., and Delattre J. Cell-mediated autoimmunity in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with anti-Hu antibodies. Ann Neurol 45 2 (1999) 162-167
217. Plonquet A., Gherardi R., Creange A., Antoine J., Benyahia B., Grisold W., et al. Oligoclonal T-cells in blood and target tissues of patients with anti-Hu syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 122 1-2 (2002) 100-105
218. Sutton I., Steele J., Savage C., Winer J., and Young L. An interferon-gamma ELISPOT and immunohistochemical investigation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumour immunity in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 150 1-2 (2004) 98-106
219. Grisold W., Drlicek M., Liszka-Setinek U., and Wondrusch E. Anti-tumour therapy in paraneoplastic neurological disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 97 1 (1995) 106-111
220. Graus F., and Delattre J. Immune modulation of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 97 1 (1995) 112-116
221. Candler P., Hart P., Barnett M., Weil R., and Rees J. A follow up study of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease in the United Kingdom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 10 (2004) 1411-1415
222. Peltola J., Hietaharju A., Rantala I., Lehtinen T., and Haapasalo H. A reversible neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in Hodgkin's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 98 5 (1998) 360-363
223. Russo C., Cohn S., Petruzzi M., and de Alarcon P. Long-term neurologic outcome in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus associated with neuroblastoma: A report from the Pediatric Oncology Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 28 4 (1997) 284-288
224. Cher L., Hochberg F., Teruya J., Nitschke M., Valenzuela R., Schmahmann J., et al. Therapy for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes in six patients with protein A column immunoadsorption. Cancer 75 7 (1995) 1678-1683
225. Blaes F., Strittmatter M., Merkelbach S., Jost V., Klotz M., Schimrigk K., et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins in the therapy of paraneoplastic neurological disorders. J Neurol 246 4 (1999) 299-303
226. Vernino S., O'Neill B., Marks R., O'Fallon J., and Kimmel D. Immunomodulatory treatment trial for paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Neuro-oncology 6 1 (2004) 55-62
227. Shams'ili S., deBeukelaar J., Gratama J., Hooijkaas H., van den Bent M., Van't Veer M., et al. An uncontrolled trial of rituximab for antibody associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol 253 1 (2006) 16-20
228. Uchuya M., Graus F., Vega F., Rene R., and Delattre J. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal autoantibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 4 (1996) 388-392
229. Arbusow V., Voltz R., Strupp M., and Schulz P. Successful treatment of peripheral paraneoplastic neurological syndromes in small cell cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65 4 (1998) 609-610
230. Keime-Guibert F., Graus F., Fleury A., Rene R., Honnorat J., Broet P., et al. Treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Yo) with a combination of immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 4 (2000) 479-482
231. Sanders D. Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment. Ann NY Acad Sci 998 (2003) 500-508
232. Graus F., Bonaventura I., Uchuya M., Valls-Sole J., Rene R., Leger J., et al. Indolent anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. Neurology 44 12 (1994) 2258-2261
233. Byrne T., Mason W., Posner J., and Dalmau J. Spontaneous neurological improvement in anti-Hu associated encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62 3 (1997) 276-278