High-energy grinding of FeMo powders

Journal of Materials Research

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1744-1753

  D'Incau, M ^a   Leoni, M ^a   Scardi, Paolo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRENTO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL MICROSTRUCTURE; DEFORMATION; DISLOCATIONS (CRYSTALS); GRINDING (COMMINUTION); IRON POWDER; IRON POWDER METALLURGY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

FRAGMENTATION PROCESS; HIGH-ENERGY GRINDING; IRON-MOLYBDENUM POWDERS; NANOCRYSTALLINE GRAINS;

IRON ALLOYS;

EID: 34347204416     PISSN: 08842914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2007.0224     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. P. Hirsch, A. Howie, R.B. Nicholson, D.W. Pashley, and M.J. Whelan: Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals (Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, NY, 1977), pp. 50-65.
2. C.E. Krill and R. Birringer: Estimating grain-size distributions in nanocrystalline materials from x-ray diffraction profile analysis. Philos. Mag. A 77, 621 (1998).
3. Z. Horita, D.J. Smith, M. Furukawa, M. Nemoto, R.Z. Valiev, and T.G. Langdon: An investigation of grain boundaries in submicrometer-grained Al-Mg solid solution alloys using high-resolution electron microscopy. J. Mater. Res. 11, 1880 (1996).
4. C. Suryanarayana: Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog. Mater. Sci. 46, 1 (2001).
5. C.C. Koch: The synthesis and structure of nanocrystalline materials produced by mechanical attrition: A review. Nanostruct. Mater. 2, 109 (1993).
6. R.L. Snyder, J. Fiala, and H.J. Bunge: Defect and Microstructure Analysis by Diffraction, IUCr series (Oxford University Press, New York, 1999).
7. E.J. Mittemeijer and P. Scardi: Diffraction Analysis of the Micro-structure of Materials, Springer Series in Materials Science, Vol. 68 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004).
8. H.P. Klug and L.E. Alexander: X-Ray Diffraction Procedures, 2nd ed (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974).
9. P. Scardi, M. Leoni, and R. Delhez: Line broadening analysis using integral breadth methods: A critical review. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 37, 381 (2004).
10. C. Suryanarayana and C.C. Koch: Nanocrystalline materials: Current research and future directions. Hyperfine Interact. 130, 5 (2000).
11. J.I. Langford and A.J.C. Wilson: Scherrer after sixty years: A survey and some new results in the determination of crystallite size. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 11, 102 (1978).
12. P. Scardi and M. Leoni: Diffraction line profiles from polydisperse crystalline systems. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 57, 604 (2001).
13. C.C. Koch: Synthesis of nanostructured materials by mechanical milling: Problems and opportunities. Nanostruct. Mater. 9, 13 (1997).
14. C.C. Koch: Top-down synthesis of nanostructured materials: Mechanical and thermal processing methods. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 5, 91 (2003).
15. H-J. Fecht: Nanostructure formation by mechanical attrition. Nanostruct. Mater. 6, 33 (1995).
16. I. Börner and J. Eckert: Nanostructure formation and steady-state grain size of ball-milled iron powders. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 226-228, 541 (1997).
17. H.G. Jiang, M. Rühle, and E.J. Lavernia: On the applicability of the x-ray diffraction line profile analysis in extracting grain size and microstrain in nanocrystalline materials. J. Mater. Res. 14, 549 (1999).
18. J. Yin, M. Umemoto, Z.G. Liu, and K. Tsuchiya: Formation mechanism and annealing behavior of nanocrystalline ferrite in pure Fe fabricated by ball milling. ISIJ Int. 41, 1389 (2001).
19. Y. Xu, Z.G. Liu, M. Umemoto, and K. Tsuchiya: Formation and annealing behavior of nanocrystalline ferrite in Fe-0.89C spheroidite steel produced by ball milling. Metall. Mat. Trans. A. 33, 2195 (2002).
20. S. Vives, E. Gaffet, and C. Meunier: X-ray diffraction line profile analysis of iron ball milled powders. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 366, 229 (2004).
21. M. Umemoto, Y. Todaka, J. Li, and K. Tsuchiya: Nanocrystalline structure in steels produced by various severe plastic deformation processes. Mat. Sci. Forum 503-504, 11 (2006).
22. J.G. Li, M. Umemoto, Y. Todaka, and K. Tsuchiya: Role of strain gradient on the formation of nanocrystalline structure produced by severe plastic deformation. J. Alloys Compounds 290, 434 (2007).
23. D.R. Lesuer, C.K. Syna, and O.D. Sherby: Nano-subgrain strengthening in ball-milled iron. Mater. Sci. Eng., A (2007).
24. J.S.C. Jang and C.C. Koch: The Hall-Petch relationship in nanocrystalline iron produced by ball milling. Scripta Metall. Mater. 24, 1599 (1990).
25. P. Scardi and M. Leoni: Whole powder pattern modelling. Acta Ctystallogr., Sect. A 58, 190 (2002).
26. P. Scardi and M. Leoni: Whole powder pattern modeling, in Theory and Application in Diffraction Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials, edited by E.J. Mittemeijer and P. Scardi (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004), p. 51.
27. J. Cline, R.D. Deslattes, J-L. Staudenmann, E.G. Kessler, L.T. Hudson, A. Henins, and R.W. Cheary: Certificate SRM 660a. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (2000).
28. G. Caglioti, A. Paoletti, and F.P. Ricci: Choice of collimator for a crystal spectrometer for neutron diffraction. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 3, 223 (1958).
29. M. Leoni, T. Confente, and P. Scardi: PM2K: A flexible program implementing whole powder pattern modeling. Z. Kristallogr. (Suppl. 23), 249 (2006).
30. M. Leoni and P. Scardi: Nanocrystalline domain size distributions from powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 37, 629 (2004).
31. 3Au. Acta Mater. 53, 5229 (2005).
32. P. Scardi and M. Leoni: Line profile analysis: Pattern modeling versus profile fitting. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 39, 24 (2006).
33. R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, and I.V. Alexandrov: Bulk nano-structured materials from severe plastic deformation. Prog. Mater. Sci. 45, 103 (2000).
34. J.I. Langford, D. Louër, and P. Scardi: Effect of a crystallite size distribution on x-ray diffraction line profiles and whole-powder-pattern fitting. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33, 964 (2000).
35. M. Wilkens: The determination of the density and distribution of dislocations in deformed single crystals from broadened x-ray diffraction profiles. Phys. Stat. Sol. 2, 359 (1970). a.
36. M. Wilkens: Theoretical aspects of kinematical x-ray diffraction profiles from crystals containing dislocation distributions, in Fundamental Aspects of Dislocation Theory, edited by J.A. Simmons, R. de Wit, and R. Bullough (U.S. Special Publication No. 317, Washington, DC 1970), Vol. II. Nat. Bur. Stand., pp. 1195-1221.
37. M.A. Krivoglaz: X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction in Nonideal Crystals (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996).
38. P. Klimanek and R. Kuzel, Jr.: X-ray diffraction line broadening due to dislocations in non-cubic materials. I. General considerations and the case of elastic isotropy applied to hexagonal crystals. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 21, 59 (1988).
39. R. Kozel, Jr. and P. Klimanek: X-ray diffraction line broadening due to dislocations in non-cubic materials. II. The case of elastic anisotropy applied to hexagonal crystals. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 22, 363 (1988).
40. T. Ungár, I. Dragomir, Á. Révész, and A. Borbély: The contrast factors of dislocations in cubic crystals: The dislocation model of strain anisotropy in practice. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 32, 992 (1999).
41. R.W. Cheary, E. Dooryhee, P. Lynch, N. Armstrong, and S. Dligatch: X-ray diffraction line broadening from thermally deposited gold films. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 33, 1271 (2000).
42. H. Mio, J. Kano, F. Saito, and K. Kaneko: Effects of rotational direction and rotation-to-revolution speed ratio in planetary ball milling. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 332, 75 (2002).
43. H. Mio, J. Kano, F. Saito, and K. Kaneko: Optimum revolution and rotational directions and their speeds in planetary ball milling. Int. J. Miner. Process. 74S, S85 (2004).
44. R.A. Young: The Rietveld Method (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1993).
45. M.F. Ashby: The deformation of plastically non-homogeneous materials. Philos. Mag. 21, 399 (1970).
46. D.A. Hughes, N. Hansen, and D.J. Bammann: Geometrically necessary boundaries, incidental dislocation boundaries and geometrically necessary dislocations. Scripta Mater. 48, 147 (2003).
47. H.M. Zbib and E.C. Aifantis: Size effects and length scales in gradient plasticity and dislocation dynamics. Scripta Mater. 48, 155 (2003).
48. G.K. Williamson and R.E. Smallman: Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the x-ray Debye-Scherrer spectrum. Philos. Mag. 1, 34 (1956).