Histone deacetylase co-repressor complex control of Runx2 and bone formation

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 187-196

  Nair, Aswathy K ^a   Jensen, Eric D ^a   Westendorf, Jennifer J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

AML 3; Cbfa1; HDAC; HDAC inhibitors; Osteoblasts; PEBP2aA

Indexed keywords

HISTONE DEACETYLASE; MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2;

BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE DISEASE; CELL TYPE; DNA SEQUENCE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE CONTROL; HUMAN; METASTASIS; OSSIFICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 34249994607     PISSN: 10454403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v17.i3.20     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Komori T, Yagi H, Nomura S, Yamaguchi A, Sasaki K, Deguchi K, Shimizu Y, Bronson RT, Gao YH, Inada M, Sato M, Okamoto R, Kitamura Y, Yoshiki S, Kishimoto T. Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell. 1997;89(5):755-64.
2. Otto F, Thornell AP, Crompton T, Denzel A, Gilmour KC, Rosewell IR, Stamp GW, Beddington RS, Mundlos S, Olsen BR, Selby PB, Owen MJ. Cbfa1, a candidate gene for cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome, is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone development. Cell. 1997;89(5):765-71.
3. Sun L, Vitolo M, Passaniti A. Runt-related gene 2 in endothelial cells: inducible expression and specific regulation of cell migration and invasion. Cancer Res. 2001;61(13):4994-5001.
4. Barnes GL, Hebert KE, Kamal M, Javed A, Einhorn TA, Lian JB, Stein GS, Gerstenfeld LC. Fidelity of Runx2 activity in breast cancer cells is required for the generation of metastases-associated osteolytic disease. Cancer Res. 2004;64(13):4506-13.
5. Javed A, Barnes GL, Pratap J, Antkowiak T, Gerstenfeld LC, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Impaired intranuclear trafficking of Runx2 (AML3/CBFA1) transcription factors in breast cancer cells inhibits osteolysis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(5):1454-9.
6. Stewart M, Terry A, Hu M, O'Hara M, Blyth K, Baxter E, Cameron E, Onions DE, Neil JC. Proviral insertions induce the expression of bone-specific isoforms of PEBP2alphaA (CBFA1): evidence for a new myc collaborating oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(16):8646-51.
7. Vaillant F, Blyth K, Terry A, Bell M, Cameron ER, Neil J, Stewart M. A full-length Cbfa1 gene product perturbs T-cell development and promotes lymphomagenesis in synergy with myc. Oncogene. 1999;18(50):7124-34.
8. Blyth K, Terry A, Mackay N, Vaillant F, Bell M, Cameron ER, Neil JC, Stewart M. Runx2: a novel oncogenic effector revealed by in vivo complementation and retroviral tagging. Oncogene. 2001;20(3):295-302.
9. Dupuy AJ, Akagi K, Largaespada DA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Mammalian mutagenesis using a highly mobile somatic Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Nature. 2005;436(7048):221-6.
10. Shore P. A role for Runx2 in normal mammary gland and breast cancer bone metastasis. J Cell Biochem. 2005;96(3):484-9.
11. Lau QC, Raja E, Salto-Tellez M, Liu Q, Ito K, Inoue M, Putti TC, Loh M, Ko TK, Huang C, Bhalla KN, Zhu T, Ito Y, Sukumar S. RUNX3 is frequently inactivated by dual mechanisms of protein mislocalization and promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2006;66(13):6512-20.
12. Nagaraja GM, Othman M, Fox BP, Alsaber R, Pellegrino CM, Zeng Y, Khanna R, Tamburini P, Swaroop A, Kandpal RP. Gene expression signatures and biomarkers of noninvasive and invasive breast cancer cells: comprehensive profiles by representational difference analysis, microarrays and proteomics. Oncogene. 2006;25(16):2328-38.
13. Brubaker KD, Vessella RL, Brown LG, Corey E. Prostate cancer expression of runt-domain transcription factor Runx2, a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation and function. Prostate. 2003;56(1):13-22.
14. Dijkman R, van Doorn R, Szuhai K, Willemze R, Vermeer MH, Tensen CP. Gene expression profiling and array-based CGH classify CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm and cutaneous myelomonocytic leukemia as distinct disease entities. Blood. 2006;109:1720-7.
15. Yang S, Wei D, Wang D, Phimphilai M, Krebsbach PH, Franceschi RT. In vitro and in vivo synergistic interactions between the Runx2/Cbfa1 transcription factor and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in stimulating osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(4):705-15.
16. Fujita T, Azuma Y, Fukuyama R, Hattori Y, Yoshida C, Koida M, Ogita K, Komori T. Runx2 induces osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and enhances their migration by coupling with PI3K-Akt signaling. J Cell Biol. 2004;166(1):85-95.
17. Zhang X, Yang M, Lin L, Chen P, Ma KT, Zhou CY, Ao YF. Runx2 overexpression enhances osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in adipose-derived stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;79(3):169-78.
18. Zhao Z, Zhao M, Xiao G, Franceschi RT. Gene transfer of the Runx2 transcription factor enhances osteogenic activity of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther. 2005;12(2):247-53.
19. Ueta C, Iwamoto M, Kanatani N, Yoshida C, Liu Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Ohmori T, Enomoto H, Nakata K, Takada K, Kurisu K, Komori T. Skeletal malformations caused by overexpression of Cbfa1 or its dominant negative form in chondrocytes. J Cell Biol. 2001;153(1):87-100.
20. Takeda S, Bonnamy JP, Owen MJ, Ducy P, Karsenty G. Continuous expression of Cbfa1 in nonhypertrophic chondrocytes uncovers its ability to induce hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and partially rescues Cbfa1-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 2001;15(4):467-81.
21. Liu W, Toyosawa S, Furuichi T, Kanatani N, Yoshida C, Liu Y, Himeno M, Narai S, Yamaguchi A, Komori T. Overexpression of Cbfa1 in osteoblasts inhibits osteoblast maturation and causes osteopenia with multiple fractures. J Cell Biol. 2001;155(1):157-66.
22. Geoffroy V, Kneissel M, Fournier B, Boyde A, Matthias P. High bone resorption in adult aging transgenic mice overexpressing cbfa1/runx2 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22(17):6222-33.
23. Meyers S, Lenny N, Hiebert SW. The t(8;21) fusion protein interferes with AML-1B-dependent transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1995;15(4):1974-82.
24. Vaes BL, Ducy P, Sijbers AM, Hendriks JM, van Someren EP, de Jong NG, van den Heuvel ER, Olijve W, van Zoelen EJ, Dechering KJ. Microarray analysis on Runx2-deficient mouse embryos reveals novel Runx2 functions and target genes during intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. Bone. 2006;39(4):724-38.
25. Wang SW, Speck NA. Purification of core-binding factor, a protein that binds the conserved core site in murine leukemia virus enhancers. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(1):89-102.
26. Redondo JM, Pfohl JL, Hernandez-Munain C, Wang S, Speck NA, Krangel MS. Indistinguishable nuclear factor binding to functional core sites of the T-cell receptor delta and murine leukemia virus enhancers. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(11):4817-23.
27. Giese K, Kingsley C, Kirshner JR, Grosschedl R. Assembly and function of a TCR alpha enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple protein-protein interactions. Genes Dev. 1995;9(8):995-1008.
28. Schroeder TM, Jensen ED, Westendorf JJ. Runx2: a master organizer of gene transcription in developing and maturing osteoblasts. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2005;75(3):213-25.
29. Westendorf JJ. Transcriptional co-repressors of Runx2. J Cell Biochem. 2006;98(1):54-64.
30. Selvamurugan N, Pulumati MR, Tyson DR, Partridge NC. Parathyroid hormone regulation of the rat collagenase-3 promoter by protein kinase A-dependent transactivation of core binding factor alpha1. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(7):5037-42.
31. Xiao G, Jiang D, Gopalakrishnan R, Franceschi RT. FGF-2 induction of the osteocalcin gene requires MAPK activity and phosphorylation of the osteoblast transcription factor, Cbfa1/Runx2. J Biol Chem. 2002;10:10.
32. Tintut Y, Parhami F, Le V, Karsenty G, Demer LL. Inhibition of osteoblast-specific transcription factor Cbfa1 by the cAMP pathway in osteoblastic cells. Ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent regulation. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(41):28875-9.
33. Jeon EJ, Lee KY, Choi NS, Lee MH, Kim HN, Jin YH, Ryoo HM, Choi JY, Yoshida M, Nishino N, Oh BC, Lee KS, Lee YH, Bae SC. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates Runx2 acetylation. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(24):16502-11.
34. Lian JB, Stein GS, Javed A, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Montecino M, Hassan MQ, Gaur T, Lengner CJ, Young DW. Networks and hubs for the transcriptional control of osteoblastogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2006;7:1-16.
35. Manoukian AS, Krause HM. Control of segmental asymmetry in Drosophila embryos. Development. 1993;118(3):785-96.
36. Tsai C, Gergen JP. Gap gene properties of the pair-rule gene runt during Drosophila segmentation. Development. 1994;120(6):1671-83.
37. Swantek D, Gergen JP. Ftz modulates Runt-dependent activation and repression of segment-polarity gene transcription. Development. 2004;131(10):2281-90.
38. Wheeler JC, VanderZwan C, Xu X, Swantek D, Tracey WD, Gergen JP. Distinct in vivo requirements for establishment versus maintenance of transcriptional repression. Nat Genet. 2002;32(1):206-10.
39. Aronson BD, Fisher AL, Blechman K, Caudy M, Gergen JP. Groucho-dependent and -independent repression activities of Runt domain proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1997;17(9):5581-7.
40. Gasperowicz M, Otto F. Mammalian Groucho homologs: Redundancy or specificity? J Cell Biochem. 2005;95:670-87.
41. Bae JS, Gutierrez S, Narla R, Pratap J, Devados R, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, Javed A. Reconstitution of Runx2/Cbfa1-null cells identifies a requirement for BMP2 signaling through a Runx2 functional domain during osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2007;100:434-49.
42. Thirunavukkarasu K, Mahajan M, McLarren KW, Stifani S, Karsenty G. Two domains unique to osteoblast-specific transcription factor Osf2/Cbfa1 contribute to its transactivation function and its inability to heterodimerize with Cbfbeta. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(7):4197-208.
43. Westendorf JJ, Zaidi SK, Cascino JE, Kahler RA, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Yoshida M, Stein G, Li X. Runx2 (Cbfa1, AML-3) interacts with histone deacetylase 6 and represses the p21(CIP1/WAF1) promoter. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;22(22):7982-92.
44. Yagi R, Chen LF, Shigesada K, Murakami Y, Ito Y. A WW domain-containing yes-associated protein (YAP) is a novel transcriptional co-activator. EMBO J. 1999;18(9):2551-62.
45. Zaidi SK, Sullivan AJ, Medina R, Ito Y, Van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Tyrosine phosphorylation controls Runx2-mediated subnuclear targeting of YAP to repress transcription. EMBO J. 2004;23(4):790-9.
46. Choi JY, Pratap J, Javed A, Zaidi SK, Xing L, Balint E, Dalamangas S, Boyce B, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Jones SN, Stein GS. Subnuclear targeting of Runx/Cbfa/AML factors is essential for tissue-specific differentiation during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(15):8650-5.
47. Schroeder TM, Kahler RA, Li X, Westendorf JJ. Histone deacetylase 3 interacts with runx2 to repress the osteocalcin promoter and regulate osteoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(40):41998-2007.
48. Vega RB, Matsuda K, Oh J, Barbosa AC, Yang X, Meadows E, McAnally J, Pomajzl C, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Karsenty G, Olson EN. Histone deacetylase 4 controls chondrocyte hypertrophy during skeletogenesis. Cell. 2004;119(4):555-66.
49. Lee HW, Suh JH, Kim AY, Lee YS, Park SY, Kim JB. Histone deacetylase 1-mediated histone modification regulates osteoblast differentiation. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20(10):2432-43.
50. Laherty CD, Yang WM, Sun JM, Davie JR, Seto E, Eisenman RN. Histone deacetylases associated with the mSin3 corepressor mediate mad transcriptional repression. Cell. 1997;89(3):349-56.
51. Kao HY, Downes M, Ordentlich P, Evans RM. Isolation of a novel histone deacetylase reveals that class I and class II deacetylases promote SMRT-mediated repression. Genes Dev. 2000;14(1):55-66.
52. Lutterbach B, Westendorf JJ, Linggi B, Isaac S, Seto E, Hiebert SW. A mechanism of repression by acute myeloid leukemia-1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in acute leukemia. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(1):651-6.
53. Lee DY, Hayes JJ, Pruss D, Wolffe AP. A positive role for histone acetylation in transcription factor access to nucleosomal DNA. Cell. 1993;72(1):73-84.
54. Hassig CA, Fleischer TC, Billin AN, Schreiber SL, Ayer DE. Histone deacetylase activity is required for full transcriptional repression by mSin3A. Cell. 1997;89(3):341-7.
55. Grunstein M. Histone acetylation in chromatin structure and transcription. Nature. 1997;389(6649):349-52.
56. Gregoretti IV, Lee YM, Goodson HV. Molecular evolution of the histone deacetylase family: functional implications of phylogenetic analysis. J Mol Biol. 2004;338(1):17-31.
57. Gray SG, Ekstrom TJ. The human histone deacetylase family. Exp Cell Res. 2001;262(2):75-83.
58. Gao L, Cueto MA, Asselbergs F, Atadja P. Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase family. J Biol Chem. 2002;10:10.
59. Hu E, Chen Z, Fredrickson T, Zhu Y, Kirkpatrick R, Zhang GF, Johanson K, Sung CM, Liu R, Winkler J. Cloning and characterization of a novel human class I histone deacetylase that functions as a transcription repressor. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(20):15254-64.
60. Grozinger CM, Hassig CA, Schreiber SL. Three proteins define a class of human histone deacetylases related to yeast Hda1p. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(9):4868-73.
61. Miska EA, Karlsson C, Langley E, Nielsen SJ, Pines J, Kouzarides T. HDAC4 deacetylase associates with and represses the MEF2 transcription factor. EMBO J. 1999;18(18):5099-107.
62. Wang AH, Bertos NR, Vezmar M, Pelletier N, Crosato M, Heng HH, Th'ng J, Han J, Yang XJ. HDAC4, a human histone deacetylase related to yeast HDA1, is a transcriptional corepressor. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19(11):7816-27.
63. Grozinger CM, Schreiber SL. Regulation of histone deacetylase 4 and 5 and transcriptional activity by 14-3-3-dependent cellular localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(14):7835-40.
64. Verdel A, Curtet S, Brocard MP, Rousseaux S, Lemercier C, Yoshida M, Khochbin S. Active maintenance of mHDA2/mHDAC6 histone-deacetylase in the cytoplasm. Curr Biol. 2000;10(12):747-9.
65. Zhou X, Richon VM, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Identification of a transcriptional repressor related to the noncatalytic domain of histone deacetylases 4 and 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(3):1056-61.
66. Bertos NR, Wang AH, Yang XJ. Class II histone deacetylases: structure, function, and regulation. Biochem Cell Biol. 2001;79(3):243-52.
67. Guardiola AR, Yao TP. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel histone deacetylase HDAC10. J Biol Chem. 2001;28:28.
68. Yang XJ, Gregoire S. Class II histone deacetylases: from sequence to function, regulation, and clinical implication. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25(8):2873-84.
69. Lemercier C, Verdel A, Galloo B, Curtet S, Brocard MP, Khochbin S. mHDA1/HDAC5 histone deacetylase interacts with and represses MEF2A transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(20):15594-9.
70. Dressel U, Bailey PJ, Wang SC, Downes M, Evans RM, Muscat GE. A dynamic role for HDAC7 in MEF2-mediated muscle differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(20):17007-13.
71. Fischle W, Dequiedt F, Fillion M, Hendzel MJ, Voelter W, Verdin E. Human HDAC7 histone deacetylase activity is associated with HDAC3 in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(38):35826-35.
72. Paroni G, Mizzau M, Henderson C, Del Sal G, Schneider C, Brancolini C. Caspase-dependent regulation of histone deacetylase 4 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling promotes apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell. 2004;15(6):2804-18.
73. Blander G, Guarente L. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:417-35.
74. Schroeder TM, Westendorf JJ. Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote osteoblast maturation. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(12):2254-63.
75. Lagger G, O'Carroll D, Rembold M, Khier H, Tischler J, Weitzer G, Schuettengruber B, Hauser C, Brunmeir R, Jenuwein T, Seiser C. Essential function of histone deacetylase 1 in proliferation control and CDK inhibitor repression. EMBO J. 2002;21(11):2672-81.
76. Chang S, Young BD, Li S, Qi X, Richardson JA, Olson EN. Histone deacetylase 7 maintains vascular integrity by repressing matrix metalloproteinase 10. Cell. 2006;126(2):321-34.
77. Chang S, McKinsey TA, Zhang CL, Richardson JA, Hill JA, Olson EN. Histone deacetylases 5 and 9 govern responsiveness of the heart to a subset of stress signals and play redundant roles in heart development. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24(19):8467-76.
78. Zhang CL, McKinsey TA, Chang S, Antos CL, Hill JA, Olson EN. Class II histone deacetylases act as signal-responsive repressors of cardiac hypertrophy. Cell. 2002;110(4):479-88.
79. Boer JD, Licht R, Bongers M, Klundert TV, Arends R, Blitterswijk CV. Inhibition of histone acetylation as a tool in bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2006;12:2927-37.
80. Iwami K, Moriyama T. Effects of short chain fatty acid, sodium butyrate, on osteoblastic cells and osteoclastic cells. Int J Biochem. 1993;25(11):1631-5.
81. Sakata R, Minami S, Sowa Y, Yoshida M, Tamaki T. Trichostatin A activates the osteopontin gene promoter through AP1 site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;315(4):959-63.
82. Smith E, Frenkel B. Glucocorticoids inhibit the transcriptional activity of LEF/TCF in differentiating osteoblasts in a glycogen synthase kinase-3beta-dependent and -independent manner. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(3):2388-94.
83. Cho HH, Park HT, Kim YJ, Bae YC, Suh KT, Jung JS. Induction of osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Cell Biochem. 2005.
84. Kang JS, Alliston T, Delston R, Derynck R. Repression of Runx2 function by TGF-beta through recruitment of class II histone deacetylases by Smad3. EMBO J. 2005;24(14):2543-55.
85. Yang XJ, Seto E. Collaborative spirit of histone deacetylases in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2003;13(2):143-53.
86. Li J, Staver MJ, Curtin ML, Holms JH, Frey RR, Edalji R, Smith R, Michaelides MR, Davidsen SK, Glaser KB. Expression and functional characterization of recombinant human HDAC1 and HDAC3. Life Sci. 2004;74(22):2693-705.
87. Fischle W, Dequiedt F, Hendzel MJ, Guenther MG, Lazar MA, Voelter W, Verdin E. Enzymatic activity associated with class II HDACs is dependent on a multiprotein complex containing HDAC3 and SMRT/N-CoR. Mol Cell. 2002;9(1):45-57.
88. Hubbert C, Guardiola A, Shao R, Kawaguchi Y, Ito A, Nixon A, Yoshida M, Wang XF, Yao TP. HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase. Nature. 2002;417(6887):455-8.
89. Seigneurin-Berny D, Verdel A, Curtet S, Lemercier C, Garin J, Rousseaux S, Khochbin S. Identification of components of the murine histone deacetylase 6 complex: link between acetylation and ubiquitination signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biol. 2001;21(23):8035-44.
90. Pockwinse SM, Rajgopal A, Young DW, Mujeeb KA, Nickerson J, Javed A, Redick S, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Doxsey SJ. Microtubule-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of Runx2. J Cell Physiol. 2006;206(2):354-62.
91. McKinsey TA, Zhang CL, Olson EN. Activation of the myocyte enhancer factor-2 transcription factor by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-stimulated binding of 14-3-3 to histone deacetylase 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(26):14400-5.
92. Li X, Song S, Liu Y, Ko SH, Kao HY. Phosphorylation of the histone deacetylase 7 modulates its stability and association with 14-3-3 proteins. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(33):34201-8.
93. Kasperk CH, Borcsok I, Schairer HU, Schneider U, Nawroth PP, Niethard FU, Ziegler R. Endothelin-1 is a potent regulator of human bone cell metabolism in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60(4):368-74.
94. Shioide M, Noda M. Endothelin modulates osteopontin and osteocalcin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Biochem. 1993;53(2):176-80.
95. Kozawa O, Kawamura H, Hatakeyama D, Matsuno H, Uematsu T. Endothelin-1 induces vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in osteoblasts: involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Cell Signal. 2000;12(6):375-80.
96. von Schroeder HP, Veillette CJ, Payandeh J, Qureshi A, Heersche JN. Endothelin-1 promotes osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation in fetal rat calvarial cell cultures. Bone. 2003;33(4):673-84.
97. Lee HJ, Chun M, Kandror KV. Tip60 and HDAC7 interact with the endothelin receptor a and may be involved in downstream signaling. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(20):16597-600.
98. Vega RB, Harrison BC, Meadows E, Roberts CR, Papst PJ, Olson EN, McKinsey TA. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24(19):8374-85.
99. Chang S, Bezprozvannaya S, Li S, Olson EN. An expression screen reveals modulators of class II histone deacetylase phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(23):8120-5.
100. Compston JE. Skeletal actions of intermittent parathyroid hormone: Effects on bone remodelling and structure. Bone. In press 2007 [Epub ahead of print].
101. Wang YH, Liu Y, Rowe DW. Effects of transient PTH on early proliferation, apoptosis, and subsequent differentiation of osteoblast in calvarial osteoblast cultures. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;292:E594-E603.
102. Shimizu E, Selvamurugan N, Westendorf JJ, Partridge NC. Histone deacetylase 4: parathyroid regulation of its trafficking and degradation. In: 28th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2006; Philadelphia (PA): J Bone Miner Res; 2006. p. S322.
103. Franceschi RT, Xiao G, Jiang D, Gopalakrishnan R, Yang S, Reith E. Multiple signaling pathways converge on the Cbfa1/Runx2 transcription factor to regulate osteoblast differentiation. Connect Tissue Res. 2003;44 Suppl 1:109-16.
104. Young DW, Zaidi SK, Furcinitti PS, Javed A, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Quantitative signature for architectural organization of regulatory factors using intranuclear informatics. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 21):4889-96.
105. Acharya MR, Sparreboom A, Venitz J, Figg WD. Rational development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anti-cancer agents: a review. Mol Pharmacol. 2005;68:917-32.
106. Chuang DM. The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1053:195-204.
107. Young DA, Lakey RL, Pennington CJ, Jones D, Kevorkian L, Edwards DR, Cawston TE, Clark IM. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate metalloproteinase gene expression in chondrocytes and block cartilage resorption. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(3):R503-12.
108. Minetti GC, Colussi C, Adami R, Serra C, Mozzetta C, Parente V, Fortuni S, Straino S, Sampaolesi M, Di Padova M, Illi B, Gallinari P, Steinkuhler C, Capogrossi MC, Sartorelli V, Bottinelli R, Gaetano C, Puri PL. Functional and morphological recovery of dystrophic muscles in mice treated with deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Med. 2006;12(10):1147-50.
109. Guo CY, Ronen GM, Atkinson SA. Long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment may be a marker for reduced growth and bone mass in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(9):1141-7.
110. Sato Y, Kondo I, Ishida S, Motooka H, Takayama K, Tomita Y, Maeda H, Satoh K. Decreased bone mass and increased bone turnover with valproate therapy in adults with epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(3):445-9.
111. Boluk A, Guzelipek M, Savli H, Temel I, Ozisik HI, Kaygusuz A. The effect of valproate on bone mineral density in adult epileptic patients. Pharmacol Res. 2004;50(1):93-7.