Suppression of cellular alternans in guinea pig ventricular myocytes with LQT2; Insights from the luo-rudy model

International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 381-425

  Bondarenko, Vladimir E ^a   Rasmusson, Randall L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Action potential; Bifurcation analysis; Cardiac myocytes; Computer modeling; Guinea pig; Long QT

Indexed keywords

BIFURCATION (MATHEMATICS); BIODIVERSITY; CARDIOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DISEASES; DRUG THERAPY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

CARDIAC MYOCYTES; GUINEA PIG; GUINEA PIG VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; SERCA2 PUMP ACTIVITY;

CELL CULTURE;

CAVIA;

EID: 34248567830     PISSN: 02181274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1142/S0218127407017355     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Kr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia," Cell 97, 175-187.
2. Adachi, K., Ohnishi, Y., Shima, T., Yamashito, K., Takei, A., Tamura, N. & Yokoyama, M. [1999] "Determinant of microvolt-level T-wave alternans in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34, 374-380.
3. Adam, D. R., Smith, J. M., Akselrod, S., Nyberg, S., Powell, A. O. & Cohen, R. J. [1984] "Fluctuations in T-wave morphology and susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation," J. Electrocardiol. 17, 209-218.
4. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators [1997] "Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: Meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials," Lancet 350, 1417-1424.
5. Antzelevitch, C. [2004] "Cellular basis and mechanism underlying normal and abnormal myocardial repolarization and arrhythmogenesis," Ann. Med. 36(Suppl 1), 5-14.
6. Antzelevitch, C., Brugada, P., Borggrefe, M., Brugada, J., Brugada, R., Corrado, D., Gussak, I., LeMarec, H., Nademanee, K., Perez Riera, A. R., Shimizu, W., Schulze-Bahr, E., Tan, H. & Wilde, A. [2005] "Brugada syndrome: Report of the second consensus conference: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association," Circulation 111, 659-670.
7. Antzelevitch, C. & Oliva, A. [2006] "Amplification of spatial dispersion of repolarization underlies sudden cardiac death associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, long QT, short QT and Brugada syndromes," J. Intern. Med. 259, 48-58.
8. Bass, B. G. [1975] "Restitution of the action potential in cat papillary muscle," Am. J. Physiol. 228, 1717-1724.
9. Bellocq, C., van Ginneken, A. C. G., Bezzina, C. R., Alders, M., Escande, D., Mannens, M. M. A. M., Baró, I. & Wilde, A. A. M. [2004] "Mutation in the KCNQ1 gene leading to the short QT-interval syndrome," Circulation 109, 2394-2397.
10. Bers, D. M. [2001] Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiac Contractile Force, 2nd edition (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).
11. Bondarenko, V. E., Doedel, E. J. & Rasmusson, R. L. [2000] "Bifurcation diagrams of frequency dependence of repolarization during long QT syndrome using the Luo-Rudy model of cardiac repolarization," in Stochastic and Chaotic Dynamics in the Lakes: STOCHAOS, eds. Broomhead, D. S., Luchinskaya, E. A., McClintock, P. V. E. & Mullin, T. (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY), pp. 175-180.
12. Bondarenko, V. E., Szigeti, G. P., Bett, G. C. L., Kim, S.-J. & Rasmusson, R. L. [2004] "Computer model of action potential of mouse ventricular myocytes," Am. J. Physiol. 287, H1378-H1403.
13. Braunwald, E. [1997] "Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millenium: Triumphs, concerns, and opportunities," N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1360-1369.
14. Brown, H. F., Noble, D., Noble, S. J. & Taupignon, A. I. [1986] "Relationship between the transient inward current and slow inward currents in the sino-atrial node of the rabbit," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 370, 299-315.
15. Brugada, P. & Brugada, J. [1992] "Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A rnulticenter report," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20, 1391-1396.
16. Brugada, R., Hong, K., Dumaine, R., Cordeiro, J., Gaita, F., Borggrefe, M., Menendez, T. M., Brugada, J., Pollevick, G. D., Wolpert, C., Burashnikov, E., Matsuo, K., Wu, Y. S., Guerchicoff, A., Bianchi, F., Giustetto, C., Schimpf, R., Brugada, P. & Antzelevitch, C. [2004] "Sudden death associated with short-QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG," Circulation 109, 30-35.
17. Burattini, L., Zareba, W., Rashba, E. J., Couderc, J. P., Konecki, J. & Moss, A. J. [1998] "ECG features of microvolt T-wave alternans in coronary artery disease and long QT syndrome patients," J. Electrocardiol. 31(Suppl), 114-120.
18. Cao, J.-M., Qu, Z., Kim, Y.-H., Wu, T.-.J., Garfinkel, A., Weiss, J. N., Karagueuzian, II. S. & Chen, P.-S. [1999] "Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the induction of ventricular fibrillation by rapid pacing: Importance of cardiac restitution properties," Circ. Res. 84, 1318-1331.
19. + channel properties and QT heart rate adaptation in neonatal ankyrina knockout mice," Circ. Res. 86, 441-447.
20. Cherry, E. M. & Fenton, F. H. [2004] "Suppression of alternans and conduction blocks despite steep APD restitution: Electrotonic, memory, and conduction velocity restitution effects," Am. J. Physiol. 286, H2332-H2341.
21. Chialvo, D. R. & Jalife, J. [1987] "Non-linear dynamics of cardiac excitation and impulse propagation," Nature 330, 749-752.
22. Chialvo, D. R., Gilmour, R. F., Jr. & Jalife, J. [1990] "Low dimensional chaos in cardiac tissue," Nature 343, 653-657.
23. Chinushi, M., Restivo, M., Caref, E. B. & El-Sherif, N. [1998] "Electrophysiological basis of arrhythmogenicity of QT/T alternans in the long-QT syndrome: Tridimensional analysis of the kinetics of cardiac repolarization," Circ. Res. 83, 614-628.
24. Choi, B.-R. & Salama, G. [2000] "Simultaneous maps of optical action potentials and calcium transients in guinea-pig hearts: Mechanisms underlying concordant alternans," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 529, 171-188.
25. Christini, D. J. & Glass, L. [2002] "Introduction: Mapping and control of complex cardiac arrhythmias," Chaos 12, 732-739.
26. 2+ dynamics and the stability of ventricular tachycardia," Diophys. J. 77, 2930-2941.
27. Cruz Filho, F. E. S., Maia, I. G., Fagundes, M. L. A., Barbosa, R. C. P., Alves, P. A. G., Sa, R. M. S., Boghossian, S. H. & Ribeiro, J. C. [2000] "Electrical behavior of T-wave alternans in patients with congenital long QT syndrome," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 167-173.
28. Curran, M. E., Splawski, I., Timothy, K. W., Vincent, G. M., Green, E. D. & Keating, M. T. [1995] "A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome," Cell 80, 795-803.
29. + pump in isolated cardiac myocytes," Am. J. Physiol. 251, H218-H225.
30. 2+ transient in rat ventricular myocytes," Circ. Res. 91, 585-593.
31. Díaz, M. E., O'Neill, & C. & Eisner, D. A. [2004] "Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content fluctuation is the key to cardiac alternans," Circ. Res. 94, 650-656.
32. Dilly, S. G. & Lab, M. J. [1988] "Electrophysiological alternans and restitution during acute regional ischemia in myocardium of anaesthetized pig," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 402, 315-333.
33. Doerr, T., Denger, R., Doerr, A. & Trautwein, W. [1990] "Ionic currents contributing to the action potential in single ventricular myocytes of the guinea pig studied with action potential clamp," Pflugers Arch. 416, 230-237.
34. Ehara, T., Noma, A. & Ono, K. [1988] "Calciumactivated non-selective cation channel in ventricular cells isolated from adult guinea-pig hearts," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 403, 117-133.
35. Elharrar, V. & Surawicz, B. [1983] "Cycle length effect on restitution of action potential duration in dog cardiac fibers," Am. J. Physiol. 244, H782-H792.
36. Elharrar, V., Atarashi, H. & Surawicz, B. [1984] "Cycle length-dependent action potential duration in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers," Am. J. Physiol. 247, H936-H945.
37. El-Sherif, N. & Turitto, G. [2003] "Torsade de pointes," Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 18, 6-13.
38. Euler, D. E. [1999] "Cardiac alternans: Mechanisms and pathophysiological significance," Cardiovasc. Res. 42, 583-590.
39. i overloaded cardiac myocytes: A simulation study," Biophys. J. 78, 2392-2404.
40. Fenton, F. H. & Karma, A. [1998] "Vortex dynamics in three-dimensional continuous myocardium with fiber rotation: Filament instability and fibrillation," Chaos 8, 20-47.
41. Fenton, F. H., Evans, S. J. & Hastings, H. M. [1999] "Memory in an excitable medium: A mechanism for spiral wave breakup in the low-excitability limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3964-3967.
42. Fenton, F. H., Cherry, E. M., Hastings, H. M. & Evans, S. J. [2002] "Multiple mechanisms of spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity," Chaos 12, 852-892.
43. Finlayson, K., Witchel, H. J., McCulloch, J. & Sharkey, J. [2004] "Acquired QT interval prolongation and HERG: Implications for drug discovery and development," Eur. J. Pharmacol. 500, 129-142.
44. Fossa, A. A., Wisialowski, T. & Crimin, K. [2006] "QT prolongation modifies dynamic restitution and hysteresis of the beat-to-beat QT-TQ interval relationship during normal sinus rhythm under varying states of repolarization," J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316, 498-506.
45. Fox, J. J., McHarg, J. L. & Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [2002] "Tonic mechanism of electrical alternans," Am. J. Physiol. 282, H516-H530.
46. Franz, M. R., Swerdlow, C. D., Liem, L. B. & Schaefer, J. [1988] "Cycle length dependence of human action potential duration in vivo: Effects of single extrastimuli, sudden sustained rate acceleration and deceleration, and different steady-state frequencies," J. Clin. Invest. 82, 972-979.
47. Fujirnoto, Y., Morita, H., Fukushima, K. K. & Ohe, T. [1999] "Nicorandil abolished repolarization alternans in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome," Heart 82, e8.
48. Garfinkel, A., Spano, M. L., Ditto, W. L. & Weiss, J. N. [1992] "Controlling cardiac chaos," Science 257, 1230-1235.
49. Garfinkel, A., Chen, P.-S., Walter, D. O., Karagueuzian, H., Kogan, B., Evans, S. J., Karpoukhin, M., Hwang, C., Uchida, T., Gotoh, M., Nwasokwa, O., Sager, P. & Weiss, J. N. [1997] "Quasiperiodicity and chaos in cardiac fibrillation," J. Clin. Invest. 99, 305-314.
50. Garfinkel, A., Kirn, Y.-H., Voroshilovsky, O., Qu, Z., Kil, J. R., Lee, M.-H., Karagueuzian, H. S., Weiss, J. N. & Chen, P.-S. [2000] "Preventing ventricular fibrillation by flattening cardiac restitution," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6061-6066.
51. Garza, L. A.., Vick, R. L., Nora, J. J. & McNamara, D. G. [1970] "Heritable Q-T prolongation without deafness," Circulation 41, 39-48.
52. Gilmour, R. F., Jr., Otani, N. & Watanabe, M. A. [1997] "Memory and complex dynamics in cardiac Purkinje fibers," Am. J. Physiol 272, H1826-H1832.
53. Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [2003] "A novel approach to identifying antiarrhythmic drug targets," Drug Discov. Today 8, 162-167.
54. Glass, L. & Mackey, M. C. [1988] From Clocks to Chaos (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ).
55. Gold, M. R., Bloomfield, D. M., Anderson, K. P., ElSherif, N. B., Wilber, D. J., Groh, W. J., Estes, N. A. M., III, Kaufman, E. S., Greenberg, M. L. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2000] "A comparison of T-wave alternaris, signal averaged electrocardiography and programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk stratification," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 36, 2247-2253.
56. Gold, M. R. & Spencer, W. [2003] "T wave alternans for ventricular arrhythmia risk stratification," Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 18, 1-5.
57. Goldhaber, J. I., Xie, L.-H., Duong, T., Motter, C., Khuu, K. & Weiss, J. N. [2005] "Action potential duration restitution and alternans in rabbit ventricular myocytes: The key role of intracellular calcium cycling," Circ. Res. 96, 459-466.
58. Gray, R. A., Jalife, J., Panfilov, A. V., Baxter, W. T., Cabo, C., Davidenko, J. M. & Pertsov, A. M. [1995] "Mechanisms of cardiac fibrillation," Science 270, 1222-1223.
59. Gray, R. A., Pertsov, A. M. & Jalife, J. [1998] "Spatial and temporal organization during cardiac fibrillation," Nature 392, 75-78.
60. Guevara, M. R., Glass, L. & Shrier, A. [1981] "Phase locking, period-doubling bifurcations, and irregular dynamics in periodically stimulated cardiac cells," Science 214, 1350-1353.
61. Guevara, M. R., Ward, G., Shrier, A. & Glass, L. [1984] "Electrical alternans and period-doubling bifurcations," in Computers in Cardiology (IEEE Computer Society, Silver Springs, MD), pp. 167-170.
62. + current diversity in mouse ventricular myocytes," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 521, 587-599.
63. Gussak, I., Brugada, P., Brugada, .T., Wright, R. S., Kopecky, S. L., Chaitman, B. R., Bjerregaard, P. [2000] "Idiopathic short QT interval: A new clinical syndrome?" Cardiology 94, 99-102.
64. Hall, G. M., Bahar, S. & Gauthier, D. J. [1999] "Prevalence of rate-dependent behaviors in cardiac muscle," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2995-2998.
65. Hall, G. M. & Gauthier, D. J. [2002] "Experimental control of cardiac muscle alternans," Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 198102.
66. Hao, S. C., Christini, D. J., Stein, K. M., Jordan, P. N., Twai, S., Bramwell, O., Markowitz, S. M., Mittal, S. & Lermari, B. B. [2004] "Effect of β-adrenergic blockade on dynamic electrical restitution in vivo," Am. J. Physiol. 287, H390-H394.
67. Hastings, H. M., Fenton, F. H., Evans, S. J., Hotomaroglu, O., Geetha, J., Gittelson, K., Nilson, J. & Garfinkel, A. [2000] "Alternans and the onset of ventricular fibrillation," Phys. Rev. E 62, 4043-4.048.
68. Hescheler, J. & Speicher, R. [1989] "Regular and chaotic behaviour of cardiac cells stimulated at frequencies between 2 and 20 Hz," Eur. Biophys. J. 17, 273-280.
69. Hirayama, Y., Saitoh, H., Atarashi, H. & Hayakawa, H. [1993] "Electrical and mechanical alternans in canine myocardium in vivo. Dependence on intracellular calcium cycling," Circulation 88, 2894-2902.
70. Hohnloser, S. H., Klingenheben, T., Bloomfield, D., Dabbous, O. & Cohen, R. J. [2003] "Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Results from a prospective observational study," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41, 2220-2224.
71. Hohnloser, S. H. [2004] "T-wave alternans," in Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, 4th edition, eds. Zipes, D. P. & Jalife, J. (Saunders, Philadelphia, PA), pp. 839-847.
72. Hoshijima, M. [2005] "Gene therapy targeted at calcium handling as an approach to the treatment of heart failure," Pharmacol. Ther. 105, 211-228.
73. Hua, F., Johns, D. C. & Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [2004] "Suppression of electrical alternans by overexpression of HERG in canine ventricular myocytes," Am. J. Physiol. 286, H2342-H2352.
74. Hüser, J., Wang, Y. G., Sheehan, K. A., Cifuentes, F., Lipsius, S. L. & Blatter, L. A. [2000] "Functional coupling between glycolysis and excitation-contraction coupling underlies alternans in cat heart cells," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 524, 795-806.
75. Ikeda, T., Sakata, T., Takami, M., Kondo, N., Tezuka, N., Nakae, T., Noro, M., Enjoji, Y., Abe, R., Sugi, K. & Yamaguchi, T. [2000] "Combined assessment of T-wave alternans and late potentials used to predict arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 722-730.
76. Ikeda, T., Saito, IL, Tanno, K., Shimizu, H., Watanabe, J., Ohnishi, Y., Kasamaki, Y. & Ozawa, Y. [2002] "T-wave alternans as a predictor for sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction," Am. J. Cardiol. 89, 79--82.
77. Jordan, P. N. & Christini, D. J. [2006] "Action potential morphology influences intracellular calcium handling stability and the occurrence of alternans," Biophys. J. 90, 672 680.
78. Kaplan, D. T. & Cohen, R. J. [1990] "Is fibrillation chaos?" Circ. Res. 67, 886-892.
79. Karagueuzian, H. S., Khan, S. S., Hong, K., Kobayashi, Y., Denton, T., Mandel, W. J. & Diamond, G. A. [1993] "Action potential alternans and irregular dynamics in quinidine-intoxicated ventricular muscle cells: Implications for ventricular proarrhythrnia," Circulation 87, 1661-1672.
80. Karma, A. [1994] "Electrical alternans and spiral wave breakup in cardiac tissue," Chaos 4, 461-472.
81. Kaufman, E. S., Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., Schwartz, P. J., Iyengar, S., Eiston, R. C., Schnell, A. H., Gorodeski, E. Z., Rammohan, G., Bahhur, N. O., Connuck, D., Verrilli, L., Rosenbaum, D. S. &: Brown, A. M. [2001] "Electrocardiographic prediction of abnormal genotype in congenital long QT syndrome: experience in 101 related family members," J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 12, 455-461.
82. Keating, M. T. & Sanguinetti, M. C. [1996] "Molecular genetic insights into cardiovascular disease," Science 272, 681-685.
83. Kim, Y.-H, Garfinkel, A., Ikeda, T., Wu, T.-J., Athill, G. A., Weiss, J. N., Karagueuzian, H. S. & Chen, P.-S. [1997] "Spatiotemporal complexity of ventricular fibrillation revealed by tissue mass reduction in isolated swine right ventricle: Further evidence for the quasiperiodic route to chaos hypothesis," J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2486--2500.
84. Kinoshita, O., Tomita, T., Hanaoka, T., Tsutsui, H., Imamura, H., Yazaki, Y., Watanabe, N., Hongo, M. & Kubo, K. [2003] "T-wave alternans in patients with right ventricular tachycardia," Cardiology 100, 86-92.
85. Kitamura, H., Ohnishi, Y., Okajima, K., Ishida, A., Galeano, E. J., Adachi, K. & Yokoyama, M. [2002] "Onset heart rate of microvolt-level T-wave alternans provides clinical and prognostic value in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39, 295-300.
86. Kleber, A. G. & Rudy, Y. [2004] "Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias," Physiol. Rev. 84, 431-488.
87. Klingenheben, T., Grönefeld, G., Li, Y.-G. & Hohnloser, S. H. [2001] "Effect of metoprolol and d, l-sotalol on microvolt-level T-wave alternans. Results of a prospective, double-blind, randomized study," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 2013-2019.
88. Kobayashi, Y., Peters, W., Khan, S. S., Mandel, W. J. & Karagueuzian, H. S. [1992] "Cellular mechanisms of differential action potential duration restitution in canine ventricular muscle cells during single versus double premature stimuli," Circulation 86, 955 967.
89. + pump in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 523, 561-574.
90. Koller, M. L., Riccio, M. L. & Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [1998] "Dynamic restitution of action potential duration during electrical alternans and ventricular fibrillation," Am. J. Physiol. 275, H1635-H1642.
91. o on electrical restitution and activation dynamics during ventricular fibrillation," Am. J. Physiol. 279, H2665-H2672.
92. Kontula, K., Laitinen, P., Lehtonen, A., Toivonen, L., Viitasalo, M. & Swan, H. [2005] "Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Recent mechanistic insights," Cardiovasc. Res. 67, 379-387.
93. Koshino, T., Kimura, Y., Kameyama, Y., Takahashi, T., Yasui, T., Chisaka, II., Sugawara, J. & Okamura, K. [2003] "Fractal and periodic heart rate dynamics in fetal sheep: Comparison of conventional and new measures based on fractal analysis," Am. J. Physiol. 284, H1858-H1864.
94. Kuusela, T. A., Jartti, T. T., Tahvanainen, K. U. O. & Kaila, T. J. [2002] "Nonlinear methods of biosignal analysis in assessing terbutaline-induced heart rate and blood pressure changes," Am. J. Physiol. 282, H773-H783.
95. Lahat, H., Eldar, M., Levy-Nissenbaum, E., Bahan, T., Friedman, E., Khoury, A., Lorber, A., Kastrier, D. L., Goldman, B. & Pras, E. [2001] "Autosomal recessive catecholamine- or exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Clinical features and assignment of the disease gene to chromosome 1p13-21," Circulation 103, 2822-2827.
96. Laitinen, P. J., Brown, K. M., Piippo, K., Swan, H., Devaney, J. M., Brahmbhatt, B., Donarum, E. A., Marino, M., Tiso, N., Viitasalo, M., Toivonen, L., Stephan, D. A. & Kontula, K. [2001] "Mutations of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene in familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia," Circulation 103, 485-490.
97. Laurita, K. R., Girouard, S. D. & Rosenbaurn, D. S. [1996] "Modulation of ventricular repolarization by a premature stimulus: Role of epicardial dispersion of repolarization kinetics demonstrated by optical mapping of the intact guinea pig heart," Circ. Res. 79, 493-503.
98. Laurita, K. R., Katra, R., Wible, B., Wan, X. & Koo, M. H. [2003] "Transmural heterogeneity of calcium handling in canine," Circ. Res. 92, 668-675.
99. Laurita, K. R. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2004] "Restitution, repolarization, and alternans as arrhythmogenic substrates," in Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, 4th edition, eds. Zipes, D. P. & Jalife, J. (Saunders, Philadelphia, PA), pp. 232-241.
100. Lee, M.-H., Lin, S.-F., Ohara, T., Omichi, C., Okuyama, Y., Chudin, E., Garfinkel, A., Weiss, J. N., Karagueuzian, H. S. & Chen, P.-S. [2001] "Effects of diacetyl monoxime and cytochalasin D on ventricular fibrillation in swine right ventricles," Am. J. Physiol 280, H2689-H2696.
101. Liu, H., Clancy, C. E., Cormier, J. W. & Kass, R. S. [2003] "Mutations in cardiac sodium channels: Clinical implications," Am. J. Pharmacogenomics 3, 173-179.
102. Lombardi, F. [2000] "Chaos theory, heart rate variability, and arrhythmic mortality," Circulation 101, 8-10.
103. Luo, C.-H. & Rudy, Y. [1991] "A model of the ventricular cardiac action potential. Depolarization, repolarization, and their interaction," Circ. Res. 68, 1501-1526.
104. Luo, C.-H. & Rudy, Y. [1994a] "A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: I. Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes," Circ. Res. 74, 1071-1096.
105. Luo, C.-H. & Rudy, Y. [1994b] "A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: II. Afterdepolarization, triggered activity, and potentiation," Circ. Res. 74, 1097-1113.
106. Meyer, M. & Stiedl, O. [2003] "Self-affine fractal variability of human heartbeat interval dynamics in health and disease," Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 305-316.
107. + current in rabbit atrial myocytes," Am. J. Physiol. 269, H524-H532.
108. Narayan, S. M. & Smith, J. M. [2000] "Exploiting rate-related hysteresis in repolarization alternans to improve risk stratification for ventricular tachycardia," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 1487-1492.
109. Narayan, S. M. [2006] "T-wave alternans and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 269-281.
110. Nearing, B. D., Huang, A. H. & Verrier, R. L. [1991] "Dynamic tracking of cardiac vulnerability by complex demodulation of the T-wave," Science 252, 437-440.
111. Nemec, J., Ackerman, M. J., Tester, D. J., Hejlik, J. & Shen, W. K. [2003] "Catecholamine-provoked microvoltage T wave alternans in genotyped long QT syndrome," PACE 26, 1660-1667.
112. Nolasco, J. B. & Dahlen, R. W. [1968] "A graphic method for the study of alternation in cardiac action potential," J. Appl. Physiol 25, 191-196.
113. Omichi, C., Zhou, S., Lee, M.-H., Naik, A., Chang, C.-M., Garfinkel, A., Weiss, J. N., Lin, S.-F., Karagueuzian, H. S. & Chen, P.-S. [2002] "Effects of amiodarone on wave front dynamics during ventricular fibrillation in isolated swine right ventricles," Am. J. Physiol. 282, H1063-H1070.
114. Orchard, C. H., McCall, E., Kirby, M. S. & Boyett, M. R. [1991] "Mechanical alternans during acidosis in ferret heart muscle," Circ. Res. 68, 69-76.
115. Panfilov, A. V. [1998] "Spiral breakup as a model of ventricular fibrillation," Chaos 8, 57-64.
116. Pastore, J. M., Girouard, S. D., Laurita, K. R., Akar, F. G. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [1999] "Mechanism linking T-wave alternans to the genesis of cardiac fibrillation," Circulation 99, 1385-1394.
117. Pasture, J. M. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2000] "Role of structural barriers in the mechanism of alternans-induced reentry," Circ. Res. 87, 1157-1163.
118. Patberg, K. W., Shvilkin, A., Plotnikov, A. N., Chandra, P., Josephson, M. E. & Rosen, M. R. [2005] "Cardiac memory: Mechanisms and clinical implications," Heart Rhythm 2, 1376-1382.
119. Plaster, N. M., Tawil, R., Tristani-Firouzi, M., Canún, S., Bendahhou, S., Tsunoda, A., Donaldson, M. R., Iannaccone, S. T., Brunt, E., Barohn, R., Clark, J., Deymeer, F., George, A. L., Fish, F. A., Hahn, A., Nitu, A., Ozdernir, C., Serdaroglu, P., Subrarnony, S. H., Wolfe, G., Fu, Y.-H. & Ptácěk, L. J. [2001] "Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental arid episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen's syndrome," Cell 105, 511-519.
120. Platt, S. B., Vijgen, J. M., Albrecht, P., Van Hare, G. F., Carlson, M. D. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [1996] "Occult T wave alternans in long QT syndrome," J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 7, 144-148.
121. Postma, A. V., Denjoy, I., Hoorntje, T. M., Lupoglazoff, J.-M., Da Costa, A., Sebillon, P., Mannens, M. M. A. M., Wilde, A. A. M. & Guicheney, P. [2002] "Absence of calsequestrin 2 causes severe forms of catecholarninergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia," Circ. Res. 91, e21-e26.
122. + channel blockade, β-adrenergic stimulation, and rapid pacing in a cellular model mimicking the SCN5A and HERG defects present in the long-QT syndrome," Circ. Res. 78, 1009-1015.
123. Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., Tiso, N., Memmi, M., Vignati, G., Bloise, R., Sorrentino, V. & Danieli, G. A. [2001] "Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (hRyR2) underlie catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia," Circulation 103, 196-200.
124. Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., Schwartz, P. J., Grillo, M., Bloise, R., Ronchetti, E., Moncalvo, C., Tulipani, C., Veia, A., Bottelli, G. & Nastoli, J. [2004a] "Association of long QT syndrome loci and cardiac events among patients treated with β-blockers," JAMA 292, 1341-1344.
125. Priori, S. G., Rivolta, I. & Napolitano, C. [2004b] "Genetics of long QT, Brugada, and other channelopathies," in Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, 4th edition, eds. Zipes, D. P. & Jalife, J. (Saunders, Philadelphia, PA), pp. 462--470.
126. Priori, S. G., Pandit, S. V., Rivolta, I., Berenfeld, O., Ronchetti, E., Dhamoon, A., Napolitano, C., Anumonwo, J., di Barletta, M. R., Gudapakkam, S., Bosi, G., Stramba-Badiale, M. & Jalife, J. [2005] "A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene," Circ. Res. 96, 800-807.
127. Pruvot, E. J., Katra, R. P., Rosenbaurn, D. S. & Laurita, K. R. [2004] "Role of calcium cycling versus restitution in the mechanism of repolarization alternans," Circ. Res. 94, 1083-1090.
128. Qian, Y.-W., Clusin, W. T., Lin, S.-F., Han, J. & Sung, R. J. [2001] "Spatial heterogeneity of calcium transient alternans during the early phase of myocardial ischemia in the blood-perfused rabbit heart," Circulation 104, 2082-2087.
129. Qu, Z., Weiss, J. N. & Garfinkel, A. [1999] "Cardiac electrical restitution properties and stability of reentrant spiral waves: A simulation study," Am. J. Physiol. 276, H269 H283.
130. Qu, Z., Garfinkel, A., Chen, P.-S. & Weiss, J. N. [2000] "Mechanisms of discordant alternans and induction of reentry in simulated cardiac tissue," Circulation 102, 1664-1670.
131. Qu, Z. [2004] "Dynamical effects of diffusive cell coupling on cardiac excitation and propagation: A simulation study," Am. J. Physiol. 287, H2803-H2812.
132. Rashba, E. J., Cooklin, M., MacMurdy, K., Kavesh, N., Kirk, M., Sarang, S., Peters, R. W., Shorofsky, S. R. & Gold, M. R. [2002] "Effects of selective autonomie blockade on T-wave alternans in humans," Circulation 105, 837-842.
133. Riccio, M. L., Koller, M. L. & Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [1999] "Electrical restitution and spatiotemporal organization during ventricular fibrillation," Circ. Res. 84, 9, 55-963.
134. + pump inhibition: Evaluation of electrophysiological mechanisms," J. Pharm. Exper. Ther. 305, 765-771.
135. Roden, D. M. [2004] "Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval," N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1013-1022.
136. Rosen, M. R. & Cohen, T. S. [2006] "Cardiac memory . . . new insights into molecular mechanisms," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 570, 209-218.
137. Rosenbaum, D. S., Jackson, L. E., Smith, J. M., Garan, H., Ruskin, J. N. & Cohen, R. J. [1994] "Electrical alternans and vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias," N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 235-241.
138. to)," J. Physiol. (Lond.) 546, 5-18.
139. Saitoh, H., Bailey, J. C. & Surawicz, B. [1988] "Alternans of action potential duration after abrupt shortening of cycle length: Differences between dog Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers," Circ. Res. 62, 1027-1040.
140. Saitoh, H., Bailey, J. C. & Surawicz, B. [1989] "Action potential duration alternans in dog Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers: Further evidence in support of two different mechanisms," Circulation 80, 1421-1431.
141. Sakabe, K., Ikeda, T., Sakata, T., Kawase, A., Kumagai, K., Tezuka, N., Takami, M., Nakae, T., Noro, M., Enjoji, Y., Sugi, K. & Yamaguchi, T. [2001] "Comparison of T-wave alternans and QT interval dispersion to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and without antiarrhythmic drugs," Jpn. Heart. J. 42, 451-457.
142. Kr potassium channel," Cell 81, 299-307.
143. Schott, J.-J., Charpentier, F., Peltier, S., Foley, P., Drouin, E., Bouhour, J.-B., Donnelly, P., Vergnaud, G., Bachner, L., Moisan, J.-P., Le Marec, H. & Pascal, O. [1995] "Mapping of a gene for long QT syndrome to chromosome 4q25-27," Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57, 1114-1122.
144. Schwartz, P. J. & Malliani, A. [1975] "Electrical alternation of the T-wave: Clinical and experimental evidence of its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system and with the long Q-T syndrome," Am. Heart. J. 89, 45-50.
145. Shah, M., Akar, F. G. & Tomaselli, G. F. [2005] "Molecular basis of arrhythmias," Circulation 112, 2517-2529.
146. Shiferaw, Y., Sato, D. & Karma, A. [2005] "Coupled dynamics of voltage and calcium in paced cardiac cells," Phys. Rev. E 71, 021.903.
147. Shimizu, W. & Antzelevitch, C. [1999] "Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions," Circulation 99, 1499-1507.
148. Shimizu, W. & Antzelevitch, C. [2000] "Differential effects of beta-adreriergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 778-786.
149. Smith, J. M., Clancy, E. A., Valeri, C. R., Ruskin, J. N. & Cohen, R. J. [1988] "Electrical alternans and cardiac electrical instability," Circulation 77, 110-121.
150. Spear, J. F. & Moore, E. N. [1971] "A comparison of alternation in myocardial action potentials and contractility," Am. J. Phyaiol. 220, 1708-1716.
151. Splawski, I., Shen, J., Timothy, K. W., Lehmann, M. IT., Priori, S., Robinson, J. L., Moss, A. J., Schwartz, P. J., Towbin, J. A., Vincent, G. M. & Keating, M. T. [2000] "Spectrum of mutations in long-QT syndrome genes: KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2," Circulation 102, 1178-1185.
152. Splawski, I., Timothy, K. W., Sharpe, L. M., Becher, N., Kumar, P., Bloise, R., Napolitano, C., Schwartz, P. J., Joseph, R. M., Condouris, K., Tager-Flusberg, H., Priori, S., Sanguinetti, M. C. & Keating, M. T. [2004] "Cav1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism," Cell 119, 19-31.
153. Splawski, I., Timothy, K. W., Decher, N., Kumar, P., Sachse, F. B., Beggs, A. H., Sanguinetti, M. C. & Keating, M. T. [2005] "Severe
154. Starmer, C. F., Biktashev, V. N., Romashko, D. N., Stepanov, M. R., Makarova, O. N. & Krinsky, V. I. [1993] "Vulnerability in an excitable medium: Analytical and numerical studies of initiating unidirectional propagation," Biophys. J. 65, 1775-1787.
155. Stein, P. K., Domitrovich, P. P., Huikuri, H. V., Kleiger, R. E. & Cast, Investigators [2005] "Traditional and nonlinear heart rate variability are each independently associated with mortality after myocardial infarction," J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 16, 13-20.
156. Strauss, H. C. & Rasmusson, R. L. [2002] "Restitution, ventricular fibrillation, and drugs: Where are we now?" J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 13, 915-917.
157. Swan, H., Piippo, K., Viitasalo, M., Heikkilä, P., Paavonen, T., Kainulainen, K., Kere, J., Keto, P., Kontula, K. & Toivonen, L. [1999] "Arrhythmic disorder mapped to chromosome Iq42-q43 causes malignant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34, 2035-2042.
158. Tan, H. L., Bezzina, C. R., Smits, J. P. P., Verkerk, A. O. & Wilde, A. A. M. [2003] "Genetic control of sodium channel function," Cardiovasc. Res. 57, 961-973.
159. "The Sicilian gambit. A new approach to the classifica,tion of antiarrhythmic drugs based on their actions on arrhy thmogenic mechanisms. Task Force of the Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology," [1991] Circulation 84, 1831-1851.
160. Kr, and the underlying hERG ion channel," Basic. Res. Cardiol. 99, 279-287.
161. Thompson, J. M. T. & Steward, IT. B. [1984] Non-Linear Dynamics and Chaos (John Wiley, NY).
162. Vinet, A., Chialvo, D. A., Michaels, D. C. & Jalife, J. [1990] "Nonlinear dynamics of rate-dependent activation in models of single cardiac cells," Cine. Res. 67, 1510-1524.
163. Ks heterogeneity on action potential duration and its rate dependence: A simulation study," Circulation 99, 2466-2474.
164. Walker, M. L. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2003] "Repolarization alternans: Implications for the mechanism and prevention of sudden cardiac death," Cardiovasc. Res. 57, 599-614.
165. Walker, M. L., Wan, X., Kirsch, G. E. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2003] "Hysteresis effect implicates calcium cycling as a mechanism of repolarization alternans," Circulation 108, 2704-2709.
166. Walker, M. L. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2005] "Cellular alternans as mechanism of cardiac arrhythrnogenesis," Heart Rhythm 2, 1383-1386.
167. Wan, X., Laurita, K. R., Pruvot, E. J. & Rosenbaum, D. S. [2005] "Molecular correlates of repolarization alternans in cardiac myocytes," J. Mol. Cell. Cordial. 39, 419-428.
168. Wang, Q., Shen, J., Splawski, I., Atkinson, D., Li, Z., Robinson, J. L., Moss, A. J., Towbin, J. A. & Keating, M. T. [1995] "SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome," Cell 80, 805-811.
169. Wang, Q., Curran, M. E., Splawski, I., Burn, T. C., Millholland, J. M., VanRaay, T. J., Shen, J., Timothy, K. W., Vincent, G. M., de Jager, T., Schwartz, P. J., Towbin, J. A., Moss, A. J., Atkinson, D. L., Landes, G. M., Connors, T. D. & Keating, M. T. [1996] "Positional cloning of a novel potassium channel gene: KVLQT1 mutations cause cardiac arrhythmias," Nat. Genet. 12, 17-23.
170. Watanabe, M., Otani, N. F. & Gilmour, R. F., Jr. [1995] "Biphasic restitution of action potential duration and complex dynamics in ventricular myocardium," Circ. Res. 76, 915 921.
171. Watanabe, M. A., Fenton, F. H., Evans, S. J., Hastings, H. M. & Karma, A. [2001] "Mechanisms of discordant alternans," J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 12, 196-206.
172. Wehrens, X. H., Vos, M. A., Doevendans, P. A. & Wellens, H. J. [2002] "Novel insights in the congenital long QT syndrome," Ann. Intern. Med. 137, 981-992.
173. Wehrens, X. H. T., Lehnart, S. E., Huang, F., Vest, J. A., Reiken, S. R., Mohler, P. J., Sun, J., Guatimosim, S., Song, L.-S., Rosemblit, N., D'Armiento, J. M., Napolitano, C., Memmi, M., Priori, S. G., Lederer, W. J. & Marks, A. R. [2003] "FKBP12.6 deficiency and defective calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) function linked to exercise-induced sudden cardiac death," Cell 113, 829-840.
174. Wehrens, X. H. T. & Marks, A. R. [2004] "Molecular determinants of altered contractility in heart failure," Ann. Med. 36(Suppl 1), 70-80.
175. Weiss, J. N., Garfinkel, A., Karagueuzian, H. S., Qu, Z. & Chen, P.-S. [1999] "Chaos and the transition to ventricular fibrillation: A. new approach to antiarrhythmic drug evaluation," Circulation 99, 2819-2826.
176. Weiss, J. N., Qu, Z., Chen, P.-S., Lin, S.-F., Karagueuzian, H. R., Hayashi, H., Garfinkel., A. & Karma, A. [2005] "The dynamics of cardiac fibrillation," Circulation 112, 1232-1240.
177. Wilde, A. A. M., Antzelevitch, C., Borggrefe, M., Brugada, J., Brugada, R., Brugada, P., Corrado, D., Hauer, R. N. W., Kass, R. S., Nademanee, K., Priori, S. G., Towbin, J. A. & the Study Group on the Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology [2002] "Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report," Circulation 106, 2514-2519.
178. Winfree, A. T. [1994] "Electrical turbulence in three-dimensional heart muscle," Science 266, 1003-1006.
179. Witkowski, F. X., Leon, L. J., Penkoske, P. A., Giles, W. R., Spano, M. L., Ditto, W. L. & Winfree, A. T. [1998] "Spatiotemporal evolution of ventricular fibrillation," Nature. 392, 78-82.
180. Wu, T.-.J., Lin, S.-F., Weiss, J. N., Ting, C.-T. & Chen, P.-S. [2002] "Two types of ventricular fibrillation in isolated rabbit hearts: Importance of excitability and action potential duration restitution," Circulation 106, 1859-1866.
181. Xie, F., Qu, Z., Garfinkel, A. & Weiss, J. N. [2001] "Effects of simulated ischemia on spiral wave stability," Am. J. Physiol 280, H1667-H1673.
182. Xie, F., Qu, Z., Garfinkel, A. & Weiss, J. N. [2002] "Electrical refractory period restitution and spiral wave reentry in simulated cardiac tissue," Am. J. Physiol 283, H448-H460.
183. Yap, Y. G. & Camm, A. J. [2003] "Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes," Heart 89, 1363-1372.
184. Yehia, A. R., Jeandupeux, D., Alonso, F. & Guevara, M. R. [1999] "Hysteresis and Instability in the direct transition from 1:1 to 2:1 rhythm in periodically driven single ventricular cells," Chaos 9, 916-931.
185. Zareba, W., Moss, A. J., le Cessie, S. & Hall, W. J. [1994] "T wave alternans in idiopathic long QT syndrome," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23, 1541-1546.
186. + current in ventricular myocytes of the guinea pig type: Theoretical formulation and their role in repolarization," Circ. Res. 77, 140-152.