Assembly of a functional HCV glycoprotein heterodimer

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 71-86

  Lavie, Muriel ^a   Goffard, Anne ^a   Dubuisson, Jean ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE BIOLOGIE DE LILLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CYANOVIRIN N; GLYCOPROTEIN E1; GLYCOPROTEIN E2; HETERODIMER; HYBRID PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; POLYPROTEIN; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; DIMERIZATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CODE; GENOTYPE; GLYCOSYLATION; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN STABILITY; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; DIMERIZATION; GLYCOPROTEINS; HEPACIVIRUS; HUMANS; VIRAL ENVELOPE PROTEINS; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS INTERNALIZATION;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

EID: 34247181978     PISSN: 14673037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Agnello, V., Abel, G., Elfahal, M., Knight, G.B., and Zhang, Q.-X. (1999). Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12766-12771.
2. Allison, S.L., Schalich, J., Stiasny, K., Mandl, C.W, and Heinz, F.X. (2001). Mutational evidence for an internal fusion peptide in flavivirus envelope protein E. J. Virol. 75, 4268-4275.
3. Allison, S.L., Schalich, J., Stiasny, K., Mandl, C.W, Kunz, C., and Heinz, F.X. (1995). Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH. J. Virol. 69, 695-700.
4. Barth, H., Schafer, C., Adah, M.I., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R.J., Toyoda, H., Kinoshita-Toyoda, A., Toida, T., Van Kuppevelt, T.H., Depla, E., et al. (2003). Cellular binding of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 requires cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 41003-41012.
5. Bartosch, B., Bukh, J., Meunier, J.C., Granier, C., Engle, R.E., Blackwelder, W.C., Emerson, S.U., Cosset, F.L., and Purcell, R.H. (2003a). In vitro assay for neutralizing antibody to hepatitis C virus: evidence for broadly conserved neutralization epitopes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 14199-14204.
6. Bartosch, B., Dubuisson, J., and Cosset, F.L. (2003b). Infectious hepatitis C pseudo-particles containing functional E1E2 envelope protein complexes. J. Exp. Med. 197, 633-642.
7. Bartosch, B., Verney, G., Dreux, M., Donot, P., Morice, Y., Penin, F., Pawlotsky, J.M., Lavillette, D., and Cosset, F.L. (2005). An interplay between the hyper-variable region 1 of the HCV E2 glycoprotein, the scavenger receptor BI and HDL promotes both enhancement of infection and protection against neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 79, 8217-8229.
8. Bartosch, B., Vitelli, A., Granier, C., Goujon, C., Dubuisson, J., Pascale, S., Scarselli, E., Cortese, R., Nicosia, A., and Cosset, F.L. (2003c). Cell entry of hepatitis C virus requires a set of co-receptors that include the CD81 tetraspanin and the SR-B1 scavenger receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 41624-41630.
9. Baumert, T F., Ito, S., Wong, D.T., and Liang, T.J. (1998). Hepatitis C virus structural proteins assemble into viruslike particles in insect calls. J. Virol. 72, 3827-3836.
10. Blanchard, E., Belouzard, S., Goueslain, L., Wakita, T., Dubuisson, J., Wychowski, C., and Rouille, Y. (2006). Hepatitis C virus entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J. Virol. 80, 6964-6972.
11. Blight, K.J., Kolykhalov, A.A., and Rice, C.M. (2000). Efficient initiation of HCV RNA replication in cell culture. Science 290, 1972-1974.
12. Brazzoli, M., Helenius, A., Foung, S.K., Houghton, M., Abrignani, S., and Merola, M. (2005). Folding and dimerization of hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins in stably transfected CHO cells. Virology 332, 438-453.
13. Buonocore, L., Blight, K.J., Rice, C.M., and Rose, J.K. (2002). Characterization of vesicular stomatitis virus recombinants that express and incorporate high levels of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins. J. Virol. 76, 6865-6872.
14. Callens, N., Ciczora, Y., Bartosch, B., Vu-Dac, N., Cosset, F.L., Pawlotsky, J.M., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2005). Basic residues in hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein e2 contribute to virus entry. J. Virol. 79, 15331-15341.
15. Carrère-Kremer, S., Montpellier, C., Lorenzo, L., Brulin, B., Cocquerel, L., Belouzard, S., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2004). Regulation of hepatitis C virus polyprotein processing by signal peptidase involves structural determinants at the p7 sequence junctions. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41384-41392.
16. Carrère-Kremer, S., Montpellier-Pala, C., Cocquerel, L., Wychowski, C., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2002). Subcellular localization and topology of the p7 polypeptide of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol. 76, 3720-3730.
17. Charloteaux, B., Lins, L., Moereels, H., and Brasseur, R. (2002). Analysis of the C-terminal membrane anchor domains of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins E1 and E2: toward a topological model. J. Virol. 76, 1944-1958.
18. Choukhi, A., Ung, S., Wychowski, C., and Dubuisson, J. (1998). Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in folding of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins. J. Virol. 72, 3851-3858.
19. Ciczora, Y., Callens, N., Montpellier, C., Bartosch, B., Cosset, F.L., Op De Beeck, A., and Dubuisson, J. (2005). Contribution of the charged residues of HCV glycoprotein E2 transmembrane domain to the functions of E1E2 heterodimer. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 2793-2798.
20. Clayton, R. F., Owsianka, A., Aitken, J., Graham, S., Bhella, D., and Patel, A. H. (2002). Analysis of antigenicity and topology of E2 glycoprotein present on recombinant hepatitis C virus-like particles. J. Virol. 76, 7672-7682.
21. Cocquerel, L., Duvet, S., Meunier, J.-C., Pillez, A., Cacan, R., Wychowski, C., and Dubuisson, J. (1999). The transmembrane domain of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E1 is a signal for static retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Virol. 73, 2641-2649.
22. Cocquerel, L., Kuo, C.-C., Dubuisson, J., and Levy, S. (2003a). CD81-dependent binding of Hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimers. J. Virol. 77, 10677-10683.
23. Cocquerel, L., Meunier, J.-C., Pillez, A., Wychowski, C., and Dubuisson, J. (1998). A retention signal necessary and sufficient for endoplasmic reticulum localization maps to the transmembrane domain of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2. J. Virol. 72, 2183-2191.
24. Cocquerel, L., Meunier, J.C., Op De Beeck, A., Bonte, D., Wychowski, C., and Dubuisson, J. (2001). Coexpression of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins E1 and E2 in cis improves the stability of membrane insertion of E2. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1629-1635.
25. Cocquerel, L., Op de Beeck, A., Lambot, M., Roussel, J., Delgrange, D., Pillez, A., Wychowski, C., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2002). Topologic changes in the Transmembrane Domains of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. EMBO J. 21, 2893-2902.
26. Cocquerel, L., Quinn, E.R., Flint, M., Hadlock, K.G., Foung, S.K., and Levy, S. (2003b). Recognition of native hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimers by a human monoclonal antibody. J. Virol. 77, 1604-1609.
27. Cocquerel, L., Wychowski, C., Minner, F., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2000). Charged residues in the transmembrane domains of Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins play a key role in the processing, subcellular localization and assembly of these envelope proteins. J. Virol. 74, 3623-3633.
28. Colman, P.M., and Lawrence, M.C. (2003). The structural biology of type I viral membrane fusion. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 309-319.
29. Connelly, M.A., and Williams, D.L. (2004). Scavenger receptor BI: a scavenger receptor with a mission to transport high density lipoprotein lipids. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 15, 287-295.
30. Cormier, E.G., Durso, R.J., Tsamis, F., Boussemart, L., Manix, C., Olson, WC., Gardner, J.P., and Dragic, T. (2004a). L-SIGN (CD209L) and DC-SIGN (CD209) mediate transinfection of liver cells by hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 14067-14072.
31. Cormier, E.G., Tsamis, F., Kajumo, F., Durso, R.J., Gardner, J.P., and Dragic, T. (2004b). CD81 is an entry coreceptor for hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 7270-7274.
32. Crotta, S., Stilla, A., Wack, A., D'Andrea, A., Nuti, S., D'Oro, U., Mosca, M., Filliponi, F., Brunetto, R.M., Bonino, F., et al. (2002). Inhibition of natural killer cells through engagement of CD81 by the major hepatitis C virus envelope protein. J. Exp. Med. 195, 35-41.
33. Deleersnyder, V., Pillez, A., Wychowski, C., Blight, K., Xu, J., Hahn, Y.S., Rice, C.M., and Dubuisson, J. (1997). Formation of native hepatitis C virus glycoprotein complexes. J. Virol. 71, 697-704.
34. Dreux, M., Pietschmann, T., Granier, C., Voisset, C., Ricard-Blum, S., Mangeot, P.E., Keck, Z., Foung, S., Vu-Dac, N., Dubuisson, J., et al. (2006). High density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus-neutralizing antibodies by stimulating call entry via activation of the scavenger receptor BI. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 18285-18295.
35. Drummer, H.E., Boo, I., Maerz, A.L., and Poumbourios, P. (2006). A conserved Gly436-Trp-Leu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Phe-Tyr motif in hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 is a determinant of CD81 binding and viral entry. J. Virol. 80, 7844-7853.
36. Drummer, H.E., Maerz, A., and Poumbourios, P. (2003). Cell surface expression of functional hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins. FEBS Lett. 546, 385-390.
37. Drummer, H.E., and Poumbourios, P. (2004). Hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 contains a membrane-proximal heptad repeat sequence that is essential for E1E2 glycoprotein heterodimerization and viral entry. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 30066-30072.
38. Dubuisson, J. (2000). Folding, assembly and subcellular localization of HCV glycoproteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 242, 135-148.
39. Dubuisson, J., Duvet, S., Meunier, J.C., Op De Beeck, A., Cacan, R., Wychowski, C., and Cocquerel, L. (2000). Glycosylation of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E1 is dependent on the presence of a downstream sequence on the viral polyprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 30605-30609.
40. Dubuisson, J., Hsu, H.H., Cheung, R.C., Greenberg, H.B., Russell, D.G., and Rice, C.M. (1994). Formation and intracellular localization of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complexes expressed by recombinant vaccinia and Sindbis viruses. J. Virol. 68, 6147-6160.
41. Dubuisson, J., Penin, F., and Moradpour, D. (2002). Interaction of hepatitis C virus proteins with host cell membranes and lipids. Trends Cell Biol. 12, 517-523.
42. Dubuisson, J., and Rice, C.M. (1996). Hepatitis C virus glycoprotein folding: disulfide bond formation and association with calnexin. J. Virol. 70, 778-786.
43. Duvet, S., Cocquerel, L., Pillez, A., Cacan, R., Verbert, A., Moradpour, D., Wychowski, C., and Dubuisson, J. (1998). Hepatitis C virus glycoprotein complex localization in the endoplasmic reticulum involves a determinant for retention and not retrieval. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32088-32095.
44. Duvet, S., Op De Beeck, A., Cocquerel, L., Wychowski, C., Cacan, R., and Dubuisson, J. (2002). Glycosylation of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E1 occurs posttranslationally in a mannosylphosphoryldolichol-deficient CHO mutant cell line. Glycobiology 12, 95-101.
45. Earp, L.J., Delos, S.E., Park, H.E., and White, J.M. (2005). The many mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 285, 25-66.
46. Farci, P., Alter, H.J., Wong, D.C., Miller, R.H., Govindarajan, S., Engle, R., Shapiro, M., and Purcell, R.H. (1994). Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody- mediated in vitro neutralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7792-7796.
47. Farci, R, Shimoda, A, Wong, D., Cabezon, T., De Gioannis, D., Strazzera, A., Shimizu, Y, Shapiro, M., Alter, H.J., and Purcell, R.H. (1996). Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees by hyperimmune serum against the hypervariable region 1 of the envelope 2 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15394-15399.
48. Flint, M., Logvinoff, C., Rice, C.M., and McKeating, J.A. (2004). Characterization of infectious retroviral pseudotype particles bearing hepatitis C virus glycoproteins. J. Virol. 78, 6875-6882.
49. Flint, M., Maidens, C., Loomis-Price, L.D., Shotton, C., Dubuisson, J., Monk, P., Higginbottom, A., Levy, S., and McKeating, J.A. (1999a). Characterization of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein interaction with a putative cellular receptor, CD81. J. Virol. 73, 6235-6244.
50. Flint, M., Thomas, J.M., Maidens, C.M., Shotton, C., Levy, S., Barclay, WS., and McKeating, J.A. (1999b). Functional analysis of cell surface-expressed hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein. J. Virol. 73, 6782-6790.
51. Forns, X., Allender, T., Rohwer-Nutter, P., and Bukh, J. (2000a). Characterization of modified hepatitis C virus E2 proteins expressed on the cell surface. Virology 274, 75-85.
52. Forns, X., Thimme, R., Govindarajan, S., Emerson, S.U., Purcell, R.H., Chisari, F.V., and Bukh, J. (2000b). Hepatitis C virus lacking the hypervariable region 1 of the second envelope protein is infectious and causes acute resolving or persistent infection in chimpanzees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13318-13323.
53. Gardner, J.R, Durso, R.J., Arrigale, R.R., Donovan, G.P., Maddon, P.J., Dragic, T., and Olson, WC. (2003). L-SIGN (CD 209L) is a liver-specific capture receptor for hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4498-4503.
54. Garry, R.F., and Dash, S. (2003). Proteomics computational analyses suggest that hepatitis C virus E1 and pestivirus E2 envelope glycoproteins are truncated class II fusion proteins. Virology 307, 255-265.
55. Gavel, Y, and von Heijne, G. (1990). Sequence differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated Asn-X-Thr/Ser acceptor sites: implications for protein engineering. Protein Eng. 3, 433-442.
56. Goffard, A., Callens, N., Bartosch, B., Wychowski, C., Cosset, F.L., Montpellier-Pala, C., and Dubuisson, J. (2005). Role of N-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 79, 8400-8409.
57. Goffard, A., and Dubuisson, J. (2003). Glycosylation of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins. Biochimie 85, 295-301.
58. Grakoui, A., Wychowski, C., Lin, C., Feinstone, S.M., and Rice, C.M. (1993). Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products. J. Virol. 67, 1385-1395.
59. Griffin, S.D., Beales, L.P., Clarke, D.S., Worsfold, O., Evans, S.D., Jaeger, J., Harris, M.P., and Rowlands, D.J. (2003). The p7 protein of hepatitis C virus forms an ion channel that is blocked by the antiviral drug, Amantadine. FEBS Lett. 535, 34-38.
60. Griffin, S.D., Harvey, R., Clarke, D.S., Barclay, W.S., Harris, M., and Rowlands, D.J. (2004). A conserved basic loop in hepatitis C virus p7 protein is required for amantadine-sensitive ion channel activity in mammalian cells but is dispensable for localization to mitochondria. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 451-461.
61. Hebert, D.N., Zhang, J.X., Chen, W., Foellmer, B., and Helenius, A. (1997). The number and location of glycans on influenza hemagglutinin determine folding and association with calnexin and calreticulin. J. Cell Biol. 139, 613-623.
62. Heldwein, E.E., Lou, H., Bender, F.C., Cohen, G.H., Eisenberg, R.J., and Harrison, S.C. (2006). Crystal structure of glycoprotein B from herpes simplex virus 1. Science 313, 217-220.
63. Helle, F., Wychowski, C., Vu-Dac, N., Gustafson, K.R., Voisset, C., and Dubuisson, J. (2006). Cyanovirin-N inhibits hepatitis C virus entry by binding to envelope protein glycans. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 25177-25183.
64. Hsu, M., Zhang, J., Flint, M., Logvinoff, C., Cheng-Mayer, C., Rice, C.M., and McKeating, J.A. (2003). Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7271-7276.
65. Imperiali, B., and O'Connor, S.E. (1999). Effect of N-linked glycosylation on glycopeptide and glycoprotein structure. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 643-649.
66. Isherwood, B.J., and Patel, A.H. (2005). Analysis of the processing and transmembrane topology of the E2p7 protein of hepatitis C virus. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 667-676.
67. Kato, N., Sekiya, H., Ootsuyama, Y, Nakazawa, T., Hijikata, M., Ohkoshi, S., and Shimotohno, K. (1993). Humoral immune response to hypervariable region 1 of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol. 67, 3923-3930.
68. Keck, Z.Y, Op De Beeck, A., Hadlock, K.G., Xia, J., Li, T.K., Dubuisson, J., and Foung, S.K. (2004). Hepatitis C virus E2 has three immunogenic domains containing conformational epitopes with distinct properties and biological functions. J. Virol. 78, 9224-9232.
69. Kobayashi, M., Bennett, M.C., Bercot, T., and Singh, I.R. (2006). Functional analysis of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins, using a cell-cell fusion assay. J. Virol. 80, 1817-1825.
70. Kornfeld, R., and Kornfeld, S. (1985). Assembly of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54, 631-664.
71. Koutsoudakis, G., Kaul, A., Steinmann, E., Kallis, S., Lohmann, V., Pietschmann, T., and Bartenschlager, R. (2006). Characterization of the early steps of hepatitis C virus infection by using luciferase reporter viruses. J. Virol. 80, 5308-5320.
72. Lagging, L.M., Meyer, K., Owens, R.J., and Ray, R. (1998). Functional role of hepatitis C virus chimeric glycoproteins in the infectivity of pseudotyped virus. J. Virol. 72, 3539-3546.
73. Lambot, M., Fretier, S., Op De Beeck, A., Quatannens, B., Lestavel, S., Clavey, V., and Dubuisson, J. (2002). Reconstitution of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins into liposomes as a surrogate model to study virus attachment. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20625-20630.
74. Lavillette, D., Bartosch, B., Nourrisson, D., Verney, G., Cosset, F.L., Penin, F., and Pecheur, E.I. (2006). Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate low pH-dependent membrane fusion with liposomes. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 3909-3917.
75. Lavillette, D., Morice, Y., Germanidis, G., Donot, P., Soulier, A., Pagkalos, E., Sakellariou, G., Intrator, L., Bartosch, B., Pawlotsky, J.M., and Cosset, F.L. (2005a). Human serum facilitates hepatitis C virus infection, and neutralizing responses inversely correlate with vira replication kinetics at the acute phase of hepatitis C Virus infection. J. Virol. 79, 6023-6034.
76. Lavillette, D., Tarr, A.W., Voisset, C., Donot, R, Bartosch, B., Bain, C., Patel, A.H., Dubuisson, J., Ball, J.K., and Cosset, F.L. (2005b). Characterization of host-range and call entry properties of hepatitis C virus of major genotypes and subtypes. Hepatology 41, 265-274.
77. Levy, S., and Shoham, T. (2005). The tetraspanin web modulates immune-signalling complexes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 136-148.
78. Lin, C., Lindenbach, B.D., Pragai, B.M., McCourt, D.W., and Rice, C.M. (1994). Processing in the hepatitis C virus E2-NS2 region: identification of p7 and two distinct E2-specific products with different C termini. J. Virol. 68, 5063-5073.
79. Lindenbach, B.D., Evans, M.J., Syder, A.J., Wolk, B., Tellinghuisen, T.L., Liu, C.C., Maruyama, T., Hynes, R.O., Burton, D.R., McKeating, J.A., and Rice, C.M. (2005). Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture. Science 309, 623-626.
80. Lindenbach, B.D., and Rice, C.M. (2005). Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function. Nature 436, 933-938.
81. Logvinoff, C., Major, M.E., Oldach, D., Heyward, S., Talal, A., Balfe, P., Feinstone, S.M., Alter, H., Rice, C.M., and McKeating, J.A. (2004). Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10149-10154.
82. Lohmann, V, Körner, F., Koch, J.-O., Herian, U., Theilmann, L., and Bartenschlager, R. (1999). Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science 285, 110-113.
83. Lozach, P.Y., Amara, A., Bartosch, B., Virelizier, J.L., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Cosset, F.L., and Altmeyer, R. (2004). C-type Lectins L-SIGN and DC-SIGN capture and transmit infectious hepatitis C virus pseudotype particles. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 32035-32045.
84. Lozach, PY, Lortat-Jacob, H., De Lacroix De Lavalette, A., Staropoli, I., Foung, S., Amara, A., Houles, C., Fieschi, F., Schwartz, Virelizier, J., et al. (2003). DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are high-affinity binding receptors for hepatitis C Virus glycoprotein E2. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 20358-20366.
85. Ludwig, I.S., Lekkerkerker, A.N., Depla, E., Bosman, F., Musters, R.J., Depraetere, S., van Kooyk, Y., and Geijtenbeek, T.B. (2004). Hepatitis C virus targets DC-SIGN and L-SIGN to escape lysosomal degradation. J. Virol. 78, 8322-8332.
86. Mackenzie, J.M., and Westaway, E.G. (2001). Assembly and maturation of the flavivirus kunjin virus appear to occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and along the secretory pathway, respectively. J. Virol. 75, 10787-10799.
87. Masciopinto, F., Giovani, C., Campagnoli, S., Galli-Stampino, L., Colombatto, P., Brunetto, M., Yen, T.S., Houghton, M., Pileri, P., and Abrignani, S. (2004). Association of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins with exosomes. Eur. J. Immunol. 34, 2834-2842.
88. Matsuura, Y., Tani, H., Suzuki, K., Kimura-Someya, T., Suzuki, R., Aizaki, H., Ishii, K., Modishi, K., Robison, C.S., Whitt, M.A., and Miyamura, T. (2001). Characterization of pseudotype VSV possessing HCV envelope proteins. Virology 286, 263-275.
89. Mazzocca, A., Sciammetta, S.C., Carloni, V., Cosmi, L., Annunziato, F., Harada, T., Abrignani, S., and Pinzani, M. (2005). Binding of hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human hepatic stellate cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 11329-11339.
90. McLauchlan, J., Lemberg, M.K., Hope, R.G., and Martoglio, B. (2002). Intramembrane proteolysis promotes trafficking of hepatitis C virus core protein to lipid droplets. EMBO J. 21, 3980-3988.
91. Meertens, L., Bertaux, C., and Dragic, T. (2006). Hepatitis C Virus entry requires a critical post-internalization step and delivery to early endosomes via clathrin coated vesicles. J. Virol., in press.
92. Merola, M., Brazzoli, M., Cocchiarella, F., Heile, J.M., Helenius, A., Weiner, AJ, Houghton, M., and Abrignani, S. (2001). Folding of hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein in a cell-free system. J. Virol. 75, 11205-11217.
93. Meunier, J.-C., Fournillier, A., Choukhi, A., Cahour, A., Coequerel, L., Dubuisson, J., and Wychowski, C. (1999). Analysis of the glycosylation sites of hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoprotein E1 and the influence of E1 glycans on the formation of the HCV glycoprotein complex. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 887-896.
94. Meunier, J.C., Engle, R.E., Faulk, K., Zhao, M., Bartosch, B., Alter, H., Emerson, S.U., Cosset, F.L., Purcell, R.H., and Bukh, J. (2005). Evidence for cross-genotype neutralization of hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles and enhancement of infectivity by apolipoprotein C1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 4560-4565.
95. Michalak, J.-P., Wychowski, C., Choukhi, A., Meunier, J.-C., Ung, S., Rice, C.M., and Dubuisson, J. (1997). Characterization of truncated forms of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 2299-2306.
96. Mizushima, H., Hijikata, M., Asabe, S.-I., Hirota, M., Kimura, K., and Shimotohno, K. (1994). Two hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 products with different C termini. J. Virol. 68, 6215-6222.
97. Modis, Y., Ogata, S., Clements, D., and Harrison, S.C. (2003). A ligand-binding pocket in the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6986-6991.
98. Monazahian, M., Bohme, I., Bonk, S., Koch, A., Scholz, C., Grethe, S., and Thomssen, R. (1999). Low density lipoprotein receptor as a candidate receptor for hepatitis C virus. J. Med. Virol. 57, 223-229.
99. Mondelli, M.U., Cerino, A., Meola, A., and Nicosia, A. (2003). Variability or conservation of hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1? Implications for immune responses. J. Biosci. 28, 305-310.
100. Mottola, G., Jourdan, N., Castaldo, G., Malagolini, N., Lahm, A., Serafini-Cessi, F., Migliaccio, G., and Bonatti, S. (2000). A new determinant of endoplasmic reticulum localization is contained in the juxtamembrane region of the ectodomain of hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E1. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24070-24079.
101. Mukhopadhyay, S., Kuhn, R.J., and Rossmann, M.G. (2005). A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 13-22.
102. Nakano, I., Fukuda, Y., Katano, Y., and Hayakawa, T. (1999). Conformational epitopes detected by cross-reactive antibodies to envelope 2 glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 1328-1333.
103. Negre, D., Duisit, G., Mangeot, RE., Moullier, R, Darlix, J.L., and Cosset, F.L. (2002). Lentiviral vectors derived from simian immunodeficiency virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 261, 53-74.
104. Ohuchi, M., Ohuchi, R., Feldmann, A., and Klenk, H.D. (1997a). Regulation of receptor binding affinity of influenza virus hemagglutinin by its carbohydrate moiety. J. Virol. 71, 8377-8384.
105. Ohuchi, R., Ohuchi, M., Garten, W., and Menk, H.D. (1997b). Oligosaccharides in the stem region maintain the influenza virus hemagglutinin in the metastable form required for fusion activity. J. Virol. 71, 3719-3725.
106. Op De Beeck, A., Cocquerel, L., and Dubuisson, J. (2001). Biogenesis of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 2589-2595.
107. Op De Beeck, A., and Dubuisson, J. (2003). Another putative receptor for hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 37, 705-707.
108. Op De Beeck, A., Molenkamp, R., Caron, M., Ben Younes, A., Bredenbeek, P., and Dubuisson, J. (2003). Role of the transmembrane domains of prM and E proteins in the formation of yellow fever virus envelope. J. Virol. 77, 813-820.
109. Op De Beeck, A., Montserret, R., Duvet, S., Cocquerel, L., Cacan, R., Barberot, B., Le Maire, M., Penin, F., and Dubuisson, J. (2000). Role of the transmembrane domains of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins E1 and E2 in the assembly of the noncovalent E1E2 heterodimer. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 31428-31437.
110. Op De Beeck, A., Voisset, C., Bartosch, B., Ciczora, Y., Cocquerel, L., Keck, Z., Foung, S., Cosset, F.L., and Dubuisson, J. (2004). Characterization of functional hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 78, 2994-3002.
111. Ott, D.E. (1997). Cellular proteins in HIV virions. Rev. Med. Virol. 7, 167-180.
112. Owsianka, A., Clayton, R.F., Loomis-Price, L.D., McKeating, J.A., and Patel, A.H. (2001). Functional analysis of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoproteins and virus-like particles reveals structural dissimilarities between different forms of E2. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1877-1883.
113. Owsianka, A.M., Timms, J.M., Tarr, A.W., Brown, R.J., Hickling, T.P., Szwejk, A., Bienkowska-Szewczyk, K., Thomson, B.J., Patel, A.H., and Ball, J.K. (2006). Identification of conserved residues in the E2 envelope glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus that are critical for CD81 binding. J. Virol. 80, 8695-8704.
114. Patel, J., Patel, A.H., and McLauchlan, J. (2001). The transmembrane domain of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein is required for correct folding of the E1 glycoprotein and native complex formation. Virology 279, 58-68.
115. Pavlovic, D., Neville, D.C., Argaud, O., Blumberg, B., Dwek, R.A., Fischer, W.B., and Zitzmann, N. (2003). The hepatitis C virus p7 protein forms an ion channel that is inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6104-6108.
116. Penin, F., Combet, C., Germanidis, G., Fraina P.O., Deléage, G., and Pawlotsky, J.M. (2001). Conservation of the conformation and positive charges of hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein hypervariable region 1 points to a role in cell attachment. J. Virol. 75, 5703-5710.
117. Penin, F., Dubuisson, J., Rey, F.A., Moradpour, D., and Pawlotsky, J.M. (2004). Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 39, 5-19.
118. Pietschmann, T, Kaul, A., Koutsoudakis, G., Shavinskaya, A., Kallis, S., Steinmann, E., Abid, K., Negro, F., Dreux, M., Cosset, F.L., and Bartenschlager, R. (2006). Construction and characterization of infectious intragenotypic and intergenotypic hepatitis C virus chimeras. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7408-7413.
119. Pileri, R, Uematsu, Y., Campagnoli, S., Galli, G., Falugi, F., Petracca, R., Weiner, A. J., Houghton, M., Rosa, D., Grandi, G., and Abrignani, S. (1998). Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science 282, 938-941.
120. Pohlmann, S., Zhang, J., Baribaud, F., Chen, Z., Leslie, G.J., Lin, G., Granelli-Piperno, A., Doms, R.W., Rice, C.M., and McKeating, J.A. (2003). Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins interact with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. J. Virol. 77, 4070-4080.
121. Premkumar, A., Wilson, L., Ewart, G.D., and Gage, P.W. (2004). Cation-selective ion channels formed by p7 of hepatitis C virus are blocked by hexamethylene amiloride. FEBS Lett. 557, 99-103.
122. Ralston, R., Thudium, K., Berger, K., Kuo, C., Gervase, B., Hall, J., Selby, M., Kuo, G., Houghton, M., and Choo, Q.-L. (1993). Characterization of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complexes expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Virol. 67, 6753-6761.
123. Reed, K.E., and Rice, C.M. (2000). Overview of hepatitis C virus genome structure, polyprotein processing, and protein properties. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 242, 55-84.
124. Rey, F.A., Heinz, FX, Mandl, C., Kunz, C., and Harrison, S.C. (1995). The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 A resolution. Nature 375, 291-298.
125. Roche, S., Bressanelli, S., Rey, F.A., and Gaudin, Y. (2006). Crystal structure of the low-pH form of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. Science 313, 187-191.
126. Rosa, D., Campagnoli, S., Moretto, C., Guenzi, E., Cousens, L., Chin, M., Dong, C., Weiner, A., Lau, J.Y.N., Choo, Q.-L., et al. (1996). A quantitative test to estimate neutralizing antibodies to the hepatitis C virus: cytofluorimetric assessment of the envelope glycoprotein 2 binding to target cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1759-1763.
127. Rosa, D., Saletti, G., De Gregorio, E., Zorat, F., Comar, C., D'Oro, U., Nuti, S., Houghton, M., Barnaba, V., Pozzato, G., and Abrignani, S. (2005). Activation of naive B lymphocytes via CD81, a pathogenetic mechanism for hepatitis C virus-associated B lymphocyte disorders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 18544-18549.
128. Rouillé Y., Helle, F., Delgrange, D., Roingeard, P., Voisset, C., Blanchard, E., Belouzard, S., McKeating, J., Patel, A. H., Maertens, G., et al. (2006). Subcellular localization of hepatitis C virus structural proteins in a cell culture system that efficiently replicates the virus. J. Virol. 80, 2832-2841.
129. Sandrin, V., Boson, B., Salmon, P., Gay, W., Nègre, D., Le Grand, R., Trono, D., and Cosset, F.-L. (2002). Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a modified RD114 envelope glycoprotein show increased stability in sera and augmented transduction of primary lymphocytes and CD34+ cells derived from human and non-human primates. Blood 100, 823-832.
130. Sandrin, V., Boulanger, P., Penin, F., Granier, C., Cosset, F.L., and Bartosch, B. (2005). Assembly of functional hepatitis C virus glycoproteins on infectious pseudoparticles occurs intracellularly and requires concomitant incorporation of E1 and E2 glycoproteins. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3189-3199.
131. Santolini, E., Migliaccio, G., and La Monica, N. (1994). Biosynthesis and biochemical properties of the hepatitis C virus core protein. J. Virol. 68, 3631-3641.
132. Saunier, B., Triyatni, M., Ulianich, L., Maruvada, P., Yen, P., and Kohn, L.D. (2003). Role of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in binding and entry of hepatitis C virus structural proteins in cultured human hepatocytes. J. Virol. 77, 546-559.
133. Scarselli, E., Ansuini, H., Cerino, R., Roccasecca, R.M., Acali, S., Filocamo, G., Traboni, C., Nicosia, A., Cortese, R., and Vitelli, A. (2002). The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. EMBO J. 21, 5017-5025.
134. Selby, M.J., Glazer, E., Masiarz, F., and Houghton, M. (1994). Complex processing and protein:protein interactions in the E2:NS2 region of HCV. Virology 204, 114-122.
135. Shimizu, Y.K., Hijikata, M., Iwamoto, A., Alter, H.J., Purcell, R.H., and Yoshikura, H. (1994). Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and the emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses. J. Virol. 68, 1494-1500.
136. Shimizu, Y.K., Igarashi, H., Kiyohara, T, Cabezon, T., Farci, P., Purcell, R.H., and Yoshikura, H. (1996). A hyperimmune serum against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus can prevent viral infection in cell cultures. Virology 223, 409-412.
137. Silberstein, S., and Gilmore, R. (1996). Biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics of the oligosaccharyltransferase. FASEB J. 10, 849-858.
138. Slater-Handshy, T., Droll, D.A., Fan, X., Di Bisceglie, A.M., and Chambers, T.J. (2004). HCV E2 glycoprotein: mutagenesis of N-linked glycosylation sites and its effects on E2 expression and processing. Virology 319, 36-48.
139. Soldaini, E., Wack, A., D'Oro, U., Nuti, S., Ulivieri, C., Baldari, C.T, and Abrignani, S. (2003). T cell costimulation by the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 binding to CD81 is mediated by Lck. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 455-464.
140. Stadler, K., Allison, S.L., Schalich, J., and Heinz, F.X. (1997). Proteolytic activation of tick-bome encephalitis virus by furin. J. Virol. 71, 8475-8481.
141. Strauss, J.H., and Strauss, E.G. (1994). The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 58, 491-562.
142. Takikawa, S., Ishii, K., Aizaki, H., Suzuki, T., Asakura, H., Matsuura, Y., and Miyamura, T. (2000). Cell fusion activity of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins. J. Virol. 74, 5066-5074.
143. Trombetta, E.S., and Helenius, A. (1998). Lectins as chaperones in glycoprotein folding. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8, 587-592.
144. Tscherne, D.M., Jones, C.T., Evans, M.J., Lindenbach, B.D., McKeating, J.A., and Rice, C.M. (2006). Time- and temperature-dependent activation of hepatitis C virus for low-pH-triggered entry. J. Virol. 80, 1734-1741.
145. Tseng, C.T., and Klimpel, G.R. (2002). Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 inhibits natural killer cell functions. J. Exp. Med. 195, 43-49.
146. van Kooyk, Y., and Geijtenbeek, T.B. (2003). DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 697-709.
147. Voisset, C., Callens, N., Blanchard, E., Op De Beeck, A., Dubuisson, J., and Vu-Dac, N. (2005). High density lipoproteins facilitate hepatitis C virus entry through the scavenger receptor class B type I. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 7793-7799.
148. Voisset, C., Op de Beeck, A., Horellou, P., Dreux, M., Gustot, T., Duverlie, G., Cosset, F.L., Vu-Dac, N., and Dubuisson, J. (2006). High-density lipoproteins reduce the neutralizing effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient antibodies by promoting HCV entry. J. Gen. Virol. 87, 2577-2581.
149. von Messling, V., and Cattaneo, R. (2003). N-linked glycans with similar location in the fusion protein head modulate paramyxovirus fusion. J. Virol. 77, 10202-10212.
150. Wack, A., Soldaini, E., Tseng, C., Nuti, S., Klimpel, G., and Abrignani, S. (2001). Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 provides a co-stimulatory signal for human T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 166-175.
151. Wakita, T., Pietschmann, T., Kato, T, Date, T., Miyamoto, M., Zhao, Z., Murthy, K., Habermann, A., Krausslich, H.G., Mizokami, M., et al. (2005). Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat. Med. 11, 791-796.
152. Wei, X., Decker, J.M., Wang, S., Hui, H., Kappes, J.C., Wu, X., Salazar-Gonzalez, J.F., Salazar, M.G., Kilby, J.M., Saag, M.S., et al. (2003). Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 422, 307-312.
153. Weiner, A.J., Brauer, R., Rosenblatt, J., Richman, K.H., Tung, J., Crarford, K., Bonino, F., Saracco, G., Choo, Q.-L., Houghton, M., and Han, J.H. (1991). Variable and hypervariable domains are found in the regions of HCV corresponding to the flavivirus envelope and NS1 proteins and the pestivirus envelope glycoproteins. Virology 180, 842-848.
154. Wormald, M.R., and Dwek, R.A. (1999). Glycoproteins: glycan presentation and protein-fold stability. Structure Fold Des. 7, R155-160.
155. Yagnik, A.T., Lahm, A., Meola, A., Roccasecca, R.M., Ercole, B.B., Nicosia, A., and Tramontano, A. (2000). A model for the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2. Proteins 40, 355-366.
156. Zhang, J., Randall, G., Higginbottom, A., Monk, P., Rice, C.M., and McKeating, J. A. (2004a). CD81 is required for hepatitis C virus glyooprotein-mediated viral infection. J. Virol. 78, 1448-1455.
157. Zhang, M., Gaschen, B., Blay, W, Foley, B., Haigwood, N., Kuiken, C., and Korber, B. (2004b). Tracking global patterns of N-linked glycosylation site variation in highly variable viral glycoproteins: HIV, SIV, and HCV envelopes and influenza hemagglutinin. Glycobiology 14, 1229-1246.
158. Zhang, W., Chipman, P.R., Corver, J., Johnson, P.R., Zhang, Y., Mukhopadhyay, S., Baker, T.S., Strauss, J.H., Rossmann, M.G., and Kuhn, R.J. (2003) Visualization of membrane protein domains by cryoelectron microscopy of dengue virus. Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 907-912.
159. Zhong, J., Gastaminza, P., Cheng, G., Kapadia, S., Kato, T., Burton, D.R., Wieland, S.F., Uprichard, S.L., Wakita, T., and Chisari, F.V. (2005). Robust hepatitis C virus infection in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9294-9299.