Molecular mechanisms of optic vesicle development: Complexities, ambiguities and controversies

Developmental Biology

Volumn 305, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-13

  Adler, Ruben ^a,b   Canto Soler, M Valeria ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Epigenetic mechanisms; Extracellular signaling molecules; Eye development; Lens induction; Morphogenetic mechanisms; Optic cup; Optic vesicle; Pattern formation; Retina development; Retinal pigment epithelium; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX6;

EMBRYO PATTERN FORMATION; EPIGENETICS; EYE DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; LENS; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OPTIC DISK CUP; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 34247101182     PISSN: 00121606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.045     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Abrahante J.E., Daul A.L., Li M., Volk M.L., Tennessen J.M., Miller E.A., and Rougvie A.E. The Caenorhabditis elegans hunchback-like gene lin-57/hbl-1 controls developmental time and is regulated by microRNAs. Dev. Cell 4 (2003) 625-637
2. Adler R., and Belecky-Adams T.L. The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in the differentiation of the ventral optic cup. Development 129 (2002) 3161-3171
3. Alfano G., Vitiello C., Caccioppoli C., Caramico T., Carola A., Szego M.J., McInnes R.R., Auricchio A., and Banfi S. Natural antisense transcripts associated with genes involved in eye development. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 913-923
4. Ashery-Padan R., and Gruss P. Pax6 lights-up the way for eye development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13 (2001) 706-714
5. Ashery-Padan R., Marquardt T., Zhou X., and Gruss P. Pax6 activity in the lens primordium is required for lens formation and for correct placement of a single retina in the eye. Genes Dev. 14 (2000) 2701-2711
6. Bailey T.J., El-Hodiri H., Zhang L., Shah R., Mathers P.H., and Jamrich M. Regulation of vertebrate eye development by Rx genes. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48 (2004) 761-770
7. Barbieri A.M., Lupo G., Bulfone A., Andreazzoli M., Mariani M., Fougerousse F., Consalez G.G., Borsani G., Beckmann J.S., Barsacchi G., Ballabio A., and Banfi S. A homeobox gene, vax2, controls the patterning of the eye dorsoventral axis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 10729-10734
8. Bartel D.P. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116 (2004) 281-297
9. Baumer N., Marquardt T., Stoykova A., Ashery-Padan R., Chowdhury K., and Gruss P. Pax6 is required for establishing naso-temporal and dorsal characteristics of the optic vesicle. Development 129 (2002) 4535-4545
10. Belecky-Adams T., and Adler R. Developmental expression patterns of bone morphogenetic proteins, receptors, and binding proteins in the chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 430 (2001) 562-572
11. Belecky-Adams T., Tomarev S., Li H.S., Ploder L., McInnes R.R., Sundin O., and Adler R. Pax-6, Prox 1, and Chx10 homeobox gene expression correlates with phenotypic fate of retinal precursor cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38 (1997) 1293-1303
12. Belecky-Adams T.L., Scheurer D., and Adler R. Activin family members in the developing chick retina: expression patterns, protein distribution, and in vitro effects. Dev. Biol. 210 (1999) 107-123
13. Belecky-Adams T.L., Adler R., and Beebe D.C. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling and the initiation of lens fiber cell differentiation. Development 129 (2002) 3795-3802
14. Bharti K., Nguyen M.T., Skuntz S., Bertuzzi S., and Arnheiter H. The other pigment cell: specification and development of the pigmented epithelium of the vertebrate eye. Pigm. Cell Res. 19 (2006) 380-394
15. Bondurand N., Kuhlbrodt K., Pingault V., Enderich J., Sajus M., Tommerup N., Warburg M., Hennekam R.C., Read A.P., Wegner M., and Goossens M. A molecular analysis of the yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome: SOX10 dysfunction causes different neurocristopathies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8 (1999) 1785-1789
16. Brady R.C., and Hilfer S.R. Optic cup formation: a calcium-regulated process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79 (1982) 5587-5591
17. Braisted J.E., McLaughlin T., Wang H.U., Friedman G.C., Anderson D.J., and O'Leary D D. Graded and lamina-specific distributions of ligands of EphB receptor tyrosine kinases in the developing retinotectal system. Dev. Biol. 191 (1997) 14-28
18. Canto-Soler M.V., and Adler R. Optic cup and lens development requires Pax6 expression in the early optic vesicle during a narrow time window. Dev. Biol. 294 (2006) 119-132
19. Cavodeassi F., Carreira-Barbosa F., Young R.M., Concha M.L., Allende M.L., Houart C., Tada M., and Wilson S.W. Early stages of zebrafish eye formation require the coordinated activity of Wnt11, Fz5, and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Neuron 47 (2005) 43-56
20. Chow R.L., and Lang R.A. Early eye development in vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17 (2001) 255-296
21. Collinson J.M., Hill R.E., and West J.D. Different roles for Pax6 in the optic vesicle and facial epithelium mediate early morphogenesis of the murine eye. Development 127 (2000) 945-956
22. Conaco C., Otto S., Han J.J., and Mandel G. Reciprocal actions of REST and a microRNA promote neuronal identity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 2422-2427
23. Coulombre J.L., and Coulombre A.J. Lens development: fiber elongation and lens orientation. Science 142 (1963) 1489-1490
24. Davis-Silberman N., Kalich T., Oron-Karni V., Marquardt T., Kroeber M., Tamm E.R., and Ashery-Padan R. Genetic dissection of Pax6 dosage requirements in the developing mouse eye. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 2265-2276
25. de la Torre J.R., Hopker V.H., Ming G.L., Poo M.M., Tessier-Lavigne M., Hemmati-Brivanlou A., and Holt C.E. Turning of retinal growth cones in a netrin-1 gradient mediated by the netrin receptor DCC. Neuron 19 (1997) 1211-1224
26. Deiner M.S., Kennedy T.E., Fazeli A., Serafini T., Tessier-Lavigne M., and Sretavan D.W. Netrin-1 and DCC mediate axon guidance locally at the optic disc: loss of function leads to optic nerve hypoplasia. Neuron 19 (1997) 575-589
27. Drager U.C., Li H., Wagner E., and McCaffery P. Retinoic acid synthesis and breakdown in the developing mouse retina. Prog. Brain Res. 131 (2001) 579-587
28. Dressler G.R., and Woolf A.S. Pax2 in development and renal disease. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43 (1999) 463-468
29. Dudley A.T., Lyons K.M., and Robertson E.J. A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of the mammalian kidney and eye. Genes Dev. 9 (1995) 2795-2807
30. Duester G., Mic F.A., and Molotkov A. Cytosolic retinoid dehydrogenases govern ubiquitous metabolism of retinol to retinaldehyde followed by tissue-specific metabolism to retinoic acid. Chem. Biol. Interact. 143-144 (2003) 201-210
31. Eimon P.M., and Harland R.M. Xenopus Dan, a member of the Dan gene family of BMP antagonists, is expressed in derivatives of the cranial and trunk neural crest. Mech. Dev. 107 (2001) 187-189
32. Ekker S.C., Ungar A.R., Greenstein P., von Kessler D.P., Porter J.A., Moon R.T., and Beachy P.A. Patterning activities of vertebrate hedgehog proteins in the developing eye and brain. Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 944-955
33. Esteve P., and Bovolenta P. Secreted inducers in vertebrate eye development: more functions for old morphogens. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16 (2006) 13-19
34. Filipe M., Goncalves L., Bento M., Silva A.C., and Belo J.A. Comparative expression of mouse and chicken Shisa homologues during early development. Dev. Dyn. 235 (2006) 2567-2573
35. Finnegan E.J., and Matzke M.A. The small RNA world. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 4689-4693
36. Fokina V.M., and Frolova E.I. Expression patterns of Wnt genes during development of an anterior part of the chicken eye. Dev. Dyn. 235 (2006) 496-505
37. Francisco-Morcillo J., Sanchez-Calderon H., Kawakami Y., Belmonte J.C., Hidalgo-Sanchez M., and Martin-Partido G. Expression of Fgf19 in the developing chick eye. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 156 (2005) 104-109
38. Frederikse P.H., Donnelly R., and Partyka L.M. miRNA and Dicer in the mammalian lens: expression of brain-specific miRNAs in the lens. Histochem. Cell Biol. 126 (2006) 1-8
39. Fuhrmann S., Levine E.M., and Reh T.A. Extraocular mesenchyme patterns the optic vesicle during early eye development in the embryonic chick. Development 127 (2000) 4599-4609
40. Fuhrmann S., Stark M.R., and Heller S. Expression of Frizzled genes in the developing chick eye. Gene Exp. Patterns 3 (2003) 659-662
41. Fujiwara M., Uchida T., Osumi-Yamashita N., and Eto K. Uchida rat (rSey): a new mutant rat with craniofacial abnormalities resembling those of the mouse Sey mutant. Differentiation 57 (1994) 31-38
42. Furuta Y., and Hogan B.L.M. BMP4 is essential for lens induction in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 3764-3775
43. Gage P.J., Suh H., and Camper S.A. Dosage requirement of Pitx2 for development of multiple organs. Development 126 (1999) 4643-4651
44. Galy A., Neron B., Planque N., Saule S., and Eychene A. Activated MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK-1) induces transdifferentiation of pigmented epithelium into neural retina. Dev. Biol. 248 (2002) 251-264
45. Glaser T., Jepeal L., Edwards J.G., Young S.R., Favor J., and Maas R.L. PAX6 gene dosage effect in a family with congenital cataracts, aniridia, anophthalmia and central nervous system defects. Nat. Genet. 7 (1994) 463-471
46. Glaser T., Walton D.S., and Maas R.L. Genomic structure, evolutionary conservation and aniridia mutations in the human PAX6 gene. Nat. Genet. 2 (1992) 232-239
47. Grainger R.M., Herry J.J., and Henderson R.A. Reinvestigation of the role of the optic vesicle in embryonic lens induction. Development 102 (1988) 517-526
48. Grainger R.M., Henry J.J., Saha M.S., and Servetnick M. Recent progress on the mechanisms of embryonic lens formation. Eye 6 Pt 2 (1992) 117-122
49. Grainger R.M., Mannion J.E., Cook Jr. T.L., and Zygar C.A. Defining intermediate stages in cell determination: acquisition of a lens-forming bias in head ectoderm during lens determination. Dev. Genet. 20 (1997) 246-257
50. Gregory-Evans C.Y., Williams M.J., Halford S., and Gregory-Evans K. Ocular coloboma: a reassessment in the age of molecular neuroscience. J. Med. Genet. 41 (2004) 881-891
51. Grewal S.I., and Rice J.C. Regulation of heterochromatin by histone methylation and small RNAs. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16 (2004) 230-238
52. Grindley J.C., Davidson D.R., and Hill R.E. The role of Pax-6 in eye and nasal development. Development 121 (1995) 1433-1442
53. Hallonet M., Hollemann T., Pieler T., and Gruss P. Vax1, a novel homeobox-containing gene, directs development of the basal forebrain and visual system. Genes Dev. 13 (1999) 3106-3114
54. Hanson I.M., Fletcher J.M., Jordan T., Brown A., Taylor D., Adams R.J., Punnett H.H., and van Heyningen V. Mutations at the PAX6 locus are found in heterogeneous anterior segment malformations including Peters' anomaly. Nat. Genet. 6 (1994) 168-173
55. Hatini V., Tao W., and Lai E. Expression of winged helix genes, BF-1 and BF-2, define adjacent domains within the developing forebrain and retina. J. Neurobiol. 25 (1994) 1293-1309
56. Henry J.J., and Grainger R.M. Inductive interactions in the spatial and temporal restriction of lens-forming potential in embryonic ectoderm of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 124 (1987) 200-214
57. Hicks D. Putative functions of fibroblast growth factors in retinal development, maturation and survival. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 9 (1998) 263-269
58. Hill R.E., Favor J., Hogan B.L., Ton C.C., Saunders G.F., Hanson I.M., Prosser J., Jordan T., Hastie N.D., and van Heyningen V. Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene. Nature 354 (1991) 522-525
59. Hogan B.L., Hirst E.M., Horsburgh G., and Hetherington C.M. Small eye (Sey): a mouse model for the genetic analysis of craniofacial abnormalities. Development 103 (1988) 115-119
60. Holash J.A., and Pasquale E.B. Polarized expression of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Cek5 in the developing avian visual system. Dev. Biol. 172 (1995) 683-693
61. Holash J.A., Soans C., Chong L.D., Shao H., Dixit V.M., and Pasquale E.B. Reciprocal expression of the Eph receptor Cek5 and its ligand(s) in the early retina. Dev. Biol. 182 (1997) 256-269
62. Hollemann T., Bellefroid E., and Pieler T. The Xenopus homologue of the Drosophila gene tailless has a function in early eye development. Development 125 (1998) 2425-2432
63. Horsford D.J., Nguyen M.T., Sellar G.C., Kothary R., Arnheiter H., and McInnes R.R. Chx10 repression of Mitf is required for the maintenance of mammalian neuroretinal identity. Development 132 (2005) 177-187
64. Hsieh J., and Gage F.H. Epigenetic control of neural stem cell fate. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 14 (2004) 461-469
65. Hsieh J., and Gage F.H. Chromatin remodeling in neural development and plasticity. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17 (2005) 664-671
66. Huillard E., Laugier D., and Marx M. Defects in chicken neuroretina misexpressing the BMP antagonist Drm/Gremlin. Dev. Biol. (2005)
67. Hyatt G.A., and Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid. A key molecule for eye and photoreceptor development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38 (1997) 1471-1475
68. Hyatt G.A., Schmitt E.A., Marsh-Armstrong N.R., and Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid-induced duplication of the zebrafish retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992) 8293-8297
69. Hyatt G.A., Schmitt E.A., Fadool J.M., and Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid alters photoreceptor development in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 (1996) 13298-13303
70. Hyatt G.A., Schmitt E.A., Marsh-Armstrong N., McCaffery P., Drager U.C., and Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid establishes ventral retinal characteristics. Development 122 (1996) 195-204
71. Hyer J. Looking at an oft-overlooked part of the eye: a new perspective on ciliary body development in chick. Dev. Neurosci. 26 (2004) 456-465
72. Hyer J., Kuhlman J., Afif E., and Mikawa T. Optic cup morphogenesis requires pre-lens ectoderm but not lens differentiation. Dev. Biol. 259 (2003) 351-363
73. Itoh N., and Ornitz D.M. Evolution of the Fgf and Fgfr gene families. Trends Genet. 20 (2004) 563-569
74. Iwano H., Nakamura M., and Tajima S. Xenopus MBD3 plays a crucial role in an early stage of development. Dev. Biol. 268 (2004) 416-428
75. Jena N., Martin-Seisdedos C., McCue P., and Croce C.M. BMP7 null mutation in mice: developmental defects in skeleton, kidney, and eye. Exp. Cell Res. 230 (1997) 28-37
76. Jean D., Ewan K., and Gruss P. Molecular regulators involved in vertebrate eye development. Mech. Dev. 76 (1998) 3-18
77. Jessell T.M. Neuronal specification in the spinal cord: inductive signals and transcriptional codes. Nat. Rev., Genet. 1 (2000) 20-29
78. Jin E.J., Burrus L.W., and Erickson C.A. The expression patterns of Wnts and their antagonists during avian eye development. Mech. Dev. 116 (2002) 173-176
79. Jordan T., Hanson I., Zaletayev D., Hodgson S., Prosser J., Seawright A., Hastie N., and van Heyningen V. The human PAX6 gene is mutated in two patients with aniridia. Nat. Genet. 1 (1992) 328-332
80. Kagiyama Y., Gotouda N., Sakagami K., Yasuda K., Mochii M., and Araki M. Extraocular dorsal signal affects the developmental fate of the optic vesicle and patterns the optic neuroepithelium. Dev. Growth Differ. 47 (2005) 523-536
81. Karsenty G., Luo G., Hofmann C., and Bradley A. BMP 7 is required for nephrogenesis, eye development, and skeletal patterning. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 785 (1996) 98-107
82. Kastner P., Grondona J.M., Mark M., Gansmuller A., LeMeur M., Decimo D., Vonesch J.L., Dolle P., and Chambon P. Genetic analysis of RXR alpha developmental function: convergence of RXR and RAR signaling pathways in heart and eye morphogenesis. Cell 78 (1994) 987-1003
83. Kessler D.S., and Melton D.A. Vertebrate embryonic induction: mesodermal and neural patterning. Science 266 (1994) 596-604
84. Khosrowshahian F., Wolanski M., Chang W.Y., Fujiki K., Jacobs L., and Crawford M.J. Lens and retina formation require expression of Pitx3 in Xenopus pre-lens ectoderm. Dev. Dyn. 234 (2005) 577-589
85. Kim J.W., and Lemke G. Hedgehog-regulated localization of Vax2 controls eye development. Genes Dev. 20 (2006) 2833-2847
86. Kloosterman W.P., and Plasterk R.H. The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease. Dev. Cell 11 (2006) 441-450
87. Koshiba-Takeuchi K., Takeuchi J.K., Matsumoto K., Momose T., Uno K., Hoepker V., Ogura K., Takahashi N., Nakamura H., Yasuda K., and Ogura T. Tbx5 and the retinotectum projection. Science 287 (2000) 134-137
88. Kurose H., Okamoto M., Shimizu M., Bito T., Marcelle C., Noji S., and Ohuchi H. FGF19-FGFR4 signaling elaborates lens induction with the FGF8-L-Maf cascade in the chick embryo. Dev. Growth Differ. 47 (2005) 213-223
89. Lang R.A. Pathways regulating lens induction in the mouse. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48 (2004) 783-791
90. Lapidot M.P.Y. Genome-wide natural antisense transcription: coupling its regulation to its different regulatory mechanisms. EMBO Rep. 7 (2006) 1216-1222 (Dec.)
91. Leconte L., Lecoin L., Martin P., and Saule S. Pax6 interacts with cVax and Tbx5 to establish the dorsoventral boundary of the developing eye. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 47272-47277
92. Lee H.Y., Wroblewski E., Philips G.T., Stair C.N., Conley K., Reedy M., Mastick G.S., and Brown N.L. Multiple requirements for Hes 1 during early eye formation. Dev. Biol. 284 (2005) 464-478
93. Lee H.S., Bong Y.S., Moore K.B., Soria K., Moody S.A., and Daar I.O. Dishevelled mediates ephrinB1 signalling in the eye field through the planar cell polarity pathway. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2006) 55-63
94. Li X., and Carthew R.W. A microRNA mediates EGF receptor signaling and promotes photoreceptor differentiation in the Drosophila eye. Cell 123 (2005) 1267-1277
95. Li H.S., Yang J.M., Jacobson R.D., Pasko D., and Sundin O. Pax-6 is first expressed in a region of ectoderm anterior to the early neural plate: implications for stepwise determination of the lens. Dev. Biol. 162 (1994) 181-194
96. Li H., Tierney C., Wen L., Wu J.Y., and Rao Y. A single morphogenetic field gives rise to two retina primordia under the influence of the prechordal plate. Development 124 (1997) 603-615
97. Lin S.Y., Johnson S.M., Abraham M., Vella M.C., Pasquinelli A., Gamberi C., Gottlieb E., and Slack F.J. The C elegans hunchback homolog, hbl-1, controls temporal patterning and is a probable microRNA target. Dev. Cell 4 (2003) 639-650
98. Liu H., Mohamed O., Dufort D., and Wallace V.A. Characterization of Wnt signaling components and activation of the Wnt canonical pathway in the murine retina. Dev. Dyn. 227 (2003) 323-334
99. Livesey F.J., and Hunt S.P. Netrin and netrin receptor expression in the embryonic mammalian nervous system suggests roles in retinal, striatal, nigral, and cerebellar development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 8 (1997) 417-429
100. Loosli F., Winkler S., Burgtorf C., Wurmbach E., Ansorge W., Henrich T., Grabher C., Arendt D., Carl M., Krone A., Grzebisz E., and Wittbrodt J. Medaka eyeless is the key factor linking retinal determination and eye growth. Development 128 (2001) 4035-4044
101. Loosli F., Staub W., Finger-Baier K.C., Ober E.A., Verkade H., Wittbrodt J., and Baier H. Loss of eyes in zebrafish caused by mutation of chokh/rx3. EMBO Rep. 4 (2003) 894-899
102. Lovicu F.J., and McAvoy J.W. Growth factor regulation of lens development. Dev. Biol. 280 (2005) 1-14
103. Luo G., Hofmann C., Bronckers A.L., Sohocki M., Bradley A., and Karsenty G. BMP-7 is an inducer of nephrogenesis, and is also required for eye development and skeletal patterning. Genes Dev. 9 (1995) 2808-2820
104. Luo T., Sakai Y., Wagner E., and Drager U.C. Retinoids, eye development, and maturation of visual function. J. Neurobiol. 66 (2006) 677-686
105. Lupo G., Andreazzoli M., Gestri G., Liu Y., He R.Q., and Barsacchi G. Homeobox genes in the genetic control of eye development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44 (2000) 627-636
106. Lupo G., Harris W.A., and Lewis K.E. Mechanisms of ventral patterning in the vertebrate nervous system. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 7 (2006) 103-114
107. Macdonald R., Barth K.A., Xu Q., Holder N., Mikkola I., and Wilson S.W. Midline signalling is required for Pax gene regulation and patterning of the eyes. Development 121 (1995) 3267-3278
108. Marcus R.C., Gale N.W., Morrison M.E., Mason C.A., and Yancopoulos G.D. Eph family receptors and their ligands distribute in opposing gradients in the developing mouse retina. Dev. Biol. 180 (1996) 786-789
109. Marsh-Armstrong N., McCaffery P., Gilbert W., Dowling J.E., and Drager U.C. Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994) 7286-7290
110. Marti E., and Bovolenta P. Sonic hedgehog in CNS development: one signal, multiple outputs. Trends Neurosci. 25 (2002) 89-96
111. Martinez-Morales J.R., Rodrigo I., and Bovolenta P. Eye development: a view from the retina pigmented epithelium. BioEssays 26 (2004) 766-777
112. Mathers P.H., and Jamrich M. Regulation of eye formation by the Rx and Pax6 homeobox genes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57 (2000) 186-194
113. Matsuo T., Osumi-Yamashita N., Noji S., Ohuchi H., Koyama E., Myokai F., Matsuo N., Taniguchi S., Doi H., Iseki S., et al. A mutation in the Pax-6 gene in rat small eye is associated with impaired migration of midbrain crest cells. Nat. Genet. 3 (1993) 299-304
114. Matt N., Dupe V., Garnier J.M., Dennefeld C., Chambon P., Mark M., and Ghyselinck N.B. Retinoic acid-dependent eye morphogenesis is orchestrated by neural crest cells. Development 132 (2005) 4789-4800
115. McCaffery P., Wagner E., O'Neil J., Petkovich M., and Drager U.C. Dorsal and ventral rentinoic territories defined by retinoic acid synthesis, break-down and nuclear receptor expression. Mech. Dev. 85 (1999) 203-214
116. Menko S., Philp N., Veneziale B., and Walker J. Integrins and development: how might these receptors regulate differentiation of the lens. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 842 (1998) 36-41
117. Mey J., McCaffery P., and Klemeit M. Sources and sink of retinoic acid in the embryonic chick retina: distribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase activities, CRABP-I, and sites of retinoic acid inactivation. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 127 (2001) 135-148
118. Mic F.A., Molotkov A., Molotkova N., and Duester G. Raldh2 expression in optic vesicle generates a retinoic acid signal needed for invagination of retina during optic cup formation. Dev. Dyn. 231 (2004) 270-277
119. Molotkov A., Molotkova N., and Duester G. Retinoic acid guides eye morphogenetic movements via paracrine signaling but is unnecessary for retinal dorsoventral patterning. Development 133 (2006) 1901-1910
120. Moody S.A. To differentiate or not to differentiate: regulation of cell fate decisions by being in the right place at the right time. Cell Cycle 3 (2004) 564-566
121. Moore K.B., Schneider M.L., and Vetter M.L. Posttranslational mechanisms control the timing of bHLH function and regulate retinal cell fate. Neuron 34 (2002) 183-195
122. Moore K.B., Mood K., Daar I.O., and Moody S.A. Morphogenetic movements underlying eye field formation require interactions between the FGF and ephrinB1 signaling pathways. Dev. Cell 6 (2004) 55-67
123. Morcillo J., Martinez-Morales J.R., Trousse F., Fermin Y., Sowden J.C., and Bovolenta P. Proper patterning of the optic fissure requires the sequential activity of BMP7 and SHH. Development 133 (2006) 3179-3190
124. Mui S.H., Kim J.W., Lemke G., and Bertuzzi S. Vax genes ventralize the embryonic eye. Genes Dev. 19 (2005) 1249-1259
125. Muller F., Albert S., Blader P., Fischer N., Hallonet M., and Strahle U. Direct action of the nodal-related signal cyclops in induction of sonic hedgehog in the ventral midline of the CNS. Development 127 (2000) 3889-3897
126. Ogino H., and Yasuda K. Sequential activation of transcription factors in lens induction. Dev. Growth Differ. 42 (2000) 437-448
127. Ogita J., Isogai E., Sudo H., Sakiyama S., Nakagawara A., and Koseki H. Expression of the Dan gene during chicken embryonic development. Mech. Dev. 109 (2001) 363-365
128. Ohsaki K., Morimitsu T., Ishida Y., Kominami R., and Takahashi N. Expression of the Vax family homeobox genes suggests multiple roles in eye development. Genes Cells 4 (1999) 267-276
129. Onwochei B.C., Simon J.W., Bateman J.B., Couture K.C., and Mir E. Ocular colobomata. Surv. Ophthalmol. 45 (2000) 175-194
130. Ornitz D.M., and Itoh N. Fibroblast growth factors. Genome Biol. 2 (2001) (REVIEWS3005)
131. Pera E.M., and Kessel M. Patterning of the chick forebrain anlage by the prechordal plate. Development 124 (1997) 4153-4162
132. Peters M.A. Patterning the neural retina. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12 (2002) 43-48
133. Peters M.A., and Cepko C.L. The dorsal-ventral axis of the neural retina is divided into multiple domains of restricted gene expression which exhibit features of lineage compartments. Dev. Biol. 251 (2002) 59-73
134. Petrausch B., Jung M., Leppert C.A., and Stuermer C.A. Lesion-induced regulation of netrin receptors and modification of netrin-1 expression in the retina of fish and grafted rats. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 16 (2000) 350-364
135. Porter F.D., Drago J., Xu Y., Cheema S.S., Wassif C., Huang S.P., Lee E., Grinberg A., Massalas J.S., Bodine D., Alt F., and Westphal H. Lhx2, a LIM homeobox gene, is required for eye, forebrain, and definitive erythrocyte development. Development 124 (1997) 2935-2944
136. Quinn J.C., West J.D., and Hill R.E. Multiple functions for Pax6 in mouse eye and nasal development. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 435-446
137. Rembold M., Loosli F., Adams R.J., and Wittbrodt J. Individual cell migration serves as the driving force for optic vesicle evagination. Science 313 (2006) 1130-1134
138. Reza H.M., and Yasuda K. The involvement of neural retina pax6 in lens fiber differentiation. Dev. Neurosci. 26 (2004) 318-327
139. Ryan D.G., Oliveira-Fernandes M., and Lavker R.M. MicroRNAs of the mammalian eye display distinct and overlapping tissue specificity. Mol. Vision 12 (2006) 1175-1184
140. Saha M.S., Spann C.L., and Grainger R.M. Embryonic lens induction: more than meets the optic vesicle. Cell Differ. Dev. 28 (1989) 153-171
141. Sakuta H., Suzuki R., Takahashi H., Kato A., Shintani T., Iemura S., Yamamoto T.S., Ueno N., and Noda M. Ventroptin: a BMP-4 antagonist expressed in a double-gradient pattern in the retina. Science 293 (2001) 111-115
142. Sakuta H., Takahashi H., Shintani T., Etani K., Aoshima A., and Noda M. Role of bone morphogenic protein 2 in retinal patterning and retinotectal projection. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 10868-10878
143. Sasagawa S., Takabatake T., Takabatake Y., Muramatsu T., and Takeshima K. Axes establishment during eye morphogenesis in Xenopus by coordinate and antagonistic actions of BMP4, Shh, and RA. Genesis 33 (2002) 86-96
144. Schedl A., Ross A., Lee M., Engelkamp D., Rashbass P., van Heyningen V., and Hastie N.D. Influence of PAX6 gene dosage on development: overexpression causes severe eye abnormalities. Cell 86 (1996) 71-82
145. Schook P. Morphogenetic movements during the early development of the chick eye. An ultrastructural and spatial reconstructive study. B. Invagination of the optic vesicle and fusion of its walls. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand. 18 (1980) 159-180
146. Schratt G.M., Tuebing F., Nigh E.A., Kane C.G., Sabatini M.E., Kiebler M., and Greenberg M.E. A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development. Nature 439 (2006) 283-289
147. Schulte D., Furukawa T., Peters M.A., Kozak C.A., and Cepko C.L. Misexpression of the Emx-related homeobox genes cVax and mVax2 ventralizes the retina and perturbs the retinotectal map. Neuron 24 (1999) 541-553
148. Schwarz M., Cecconi F., Bernier G., Andrejewski N., Kammandel B., Wagner M., and Gruss P. Spatial specification of mammalian eye territories by reciprocal transcriptional repression of Pax2 and Pax6. Development 127 (2000) 4325-4334
149. Sen J., Harpavat S., Peters M.A., and Cepko C.L. Retinoic acid regulates the expression of dorsoventral topographic guidance molecules in the chick retina. Development 132 (2005) 5147-5159
150. Skowronska-Krawczyk D., Ballivet M., Dynlacht B.D., and Matter J.-M. Highly specific interactions between bHLH transcription factors and chromatin during retina development. Development 131 (2004) 4447-4454
151. Solursh M., Langille R.M., Wood J., and Sampath T.K. Osteogenic protein-1 is required for mammalian eye development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 218 (1996) 438-443
152. Song L., and Tuan R.S. MicroRNAs and cell differentiation in mammalian development. Birth Defects Res., C Embryo Today 78 (2006) 140-149
153. Streit A., and Stern C.D. Mesoderm patterning and somite formation during node regression: differential effects of chordin and noggin. Mech. Dev. 85 (1999) 85-96
154. Stull D.L., and Wikler K.C. Retinoid-dependent gene expression regulates early morphological events in the development of the murine retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 417 (2000) 289-298
155. Sugimoto Y., Taniguchi M., Yagi T., Akagi Y., Nojyo Y., and Tamamaki N. Guidance of glial precursor cell migration by secreted cues in the developing optic nerve. Development 128 (2001) 3321-3330
156. Sullivan C.H., Braunstein L., Hazard-Leonards R.M., Holen A.L., Samaha F., Stephens L., and Grainger R.M. A re-examination of lens induction in chicken embryos: in vitro studies of early tissue interactions. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48 (2004) 771-782
157. Suzuki R., Shintani T., Sakuta H., Kato A., Ohkawara T., Osumi N., and Noda M. Identification of RALDH-3, a novel retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, expressed in the ventral region of the retina. Mech. Dev. 98 (2000) 37-50
158. Svoboda K.K., and O'Shea K.S. Optic vesicle defects induced by vincristine sulfate: an in vivo and in vitro study in the mouse embryo. Teratology 29 (1984) 223-239
159. Svoboda K.K., and O'Shea K.S. An analysis of cell shape and the neuroepithelial basal lamina during optic vesicle formation in the mouse embryo. Development 100 (1987) 185-200
160. Takahashi H., Shintani T., Sakuta H., and Noda M. CBF1 controls the retinotectal topographical map along the anteroposterior axis through multiple mechanisms. Development 130 (2003) 5203-5215
161. Take-uchi M., Clarke J.D., and Wilson S.W. Hedgehog signalling maintains the optic stalk-retinal interface through the regulation of Vax gene activity. Development 130 (2003) 955-968
162. Thanos S., and Mey J. Development of the visual system of the chick. II. Mechanisms of axonal guidance. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 35 (2001) 205-245
163. Tomita K., Ishibashi M., Nakahara K., Ang S.L., Nakanishi S., Guillemot F., and Kageyama R. Mammalian hairy and Enhancer of split homolog 1 regulates differentiation of retinal neurons and is essential for eye morphogenesis. Neuron 16 (1996) 723-734
164. Torres M., Gomez-Pardo E., and Gruss P. Pax2 contributes to inner ear patterning and optic nerve trajectory. Development 122 (1996) 3381-3391
165. Trousse F., Esteve P., and Bovolenta P. Bmp4 mediates apoptotic cell death in the developing chick eye. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 1292-1301
166. Van Raay T.J., and Vetter M.L. Wnt/frizzled signaling during vertebrate retinal development. Dev. Neurosci. 26 (2004) 352-358
167. Varga Z.M., Wegner J., and Westerfield M. Anterior movement of ventral diencephalic precursors separates the primordial eye field in the neural plate and requires cyclops. Development 126 (1999) 5533-5546
168. Viczian A.S., Bang A.G., Harris W.A., and Zuber M.E. Expression of Xenopus laevis Lhx2 during eye development and evidence for divergent expression among vertebrates. Dev. Dyn. 235 (2006) 1133-1141
169. Vo N., Klein M.E., Varlamova O., Keller D.M., Yamamoto T., Goodman R.H., and Impey S. A cAMP-response element binding protein-induced microRNA regulates neuronal morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 16426-16431
170. Vogel-Hopker A., Momose T., Rohrer H., Yasuda K., Ishihara L., and Rapaport D.H. Multiple functions of fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF-8) in chick eye development. Mech. Dev. 94 (2000) 25-36
171. Wagner E., McCaffery P., and Drager U.C. Retinoic acid in the formation of the dorsoventral retina and its central projections. Dev. Biol. 222 (2000) 460-470
172. Walther C., and Gruss P. Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS. Development 113 (1991) 1435-1449
173. Wawersik S., Purcell P., Rauchman M., Dudley A.T., Robertson E.J., and Maas R. BMP7 acts in murine lens placode development. Dev. Biol. 207 (1999) 176-188
174. Werner. Natural antisense transcripts. RNA Biol. (2005)
175. Wilson S.W., and Houart C. Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Dev. Cell 6 (2004) 167-181
176. Yamamoto A., Nagano T., Takehara S., Hibi M., and Aizawa S. Shisa promotes head formation through the inhibition of receptor protein maturation for the caudalizing factors, Wnt and FGF. Cell 120 (2005) 223-235
177. Yamashita T., Yoshioka M., and Itoh N. Identification of a novel fibroblast growth factor, FGF-23, preferentially expressed in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus of the brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277 (2000) 494-498
178. Yang X.J. Roles of cell-extrinsic growth factors in vertebrate eye pattern formation and retinogenesis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 (2004) 91-103
179. Yuasa J., Hirano S., Yamagata M., and Noda M. Visual projection map specified by topographic expression of transcription factors in the retina. Nature 382 (1996) 632-635
180. Zaghloul N.A., Yan B., and Moody S.A. Step-wise specification of retinal stem cells during normal embryogenesis. Biol. Cell 97 (2005) 321-337
181. Zelenka P.S. Regulation of cell adhesion and migration in lens development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48 (2004) 857-865
182. Zhang X.M., and Yang X.J. Temporal and spatial effects of Sonic hedgehog signaling in chick eye morphogenesis. Dev. Biol. 233 (2001) 271-290
183. Zhang L., Mathers P.H., and Jamrich M. Function of Rx, but not Pax6, is essential for the formation of retinal progenitor cells in mice. Genesis 28 (2000) 135-142
184. Zhang S.S., Fu X.Y., and Barnstable C.J. Molecular aspects of vertebrate retinal development. Mol. Neurobiol. 26 (2002) 137-152
185. Zhao S., Hung F.C., Colvin J.S., White A., Dai W., Lovicu F.J., Ornitz D.M., and Overbeek P.A. Patterning the optic neuroepithelium by FGF signaling and Ras activation. Development 128 (2001) 5051-5060
186. Zuber M.E., Gestri G., Viczian A.S., Barsacchi G., and Harris W.A. Specification of the vertebrate eye by a network of eye field transcription factors. Development 130 (2003) 5155-5167